Jump to content

Draft:Prophetic Hadiths

Add links
From wikishia

Prophetic Hadiths (al-aḥādīth al-nabawiyya) refers to speech that narrates the words, actions, or tacit approval (taqrir) of the Prophet (s). After the Qur'an, hadiths serve as a source for understanding the religion and derive their validity from the Qur'an itself. During his lifetime, the Prophet (s) emphasized the preservation and recording of hadiths, which led to the compilation of written works by the Companions. In Shi'a Islam, a major portion of Prophetic hadiths has been narrated through Imam Ali (a), Imam al-Baqir (a), and Imam al-Sadiq (a). The Hadith al-Thaqalayn, Hadith al-Manzila, and Hadith al-Safina are among the well-known narrations from the Prophet (s).

Although Sunni reports suggest an initial prohibition of the writing of hadith by the Prophet, Shi'a researchers consider these narrations to be fabricated. Following the Passing of the Prophet (s), the narration and writing of hadiths were prohibited by the order of the three caliphs until the early second century AH for reasons including preventing confusion with the Qur'an and avoiding division among Muslims. In subsequent centuries, Shi'a and Sunni scholars strove to collect the Prophet's hadiths in works such as Tuḥaf al-ʿuqūl and the Sihah al-Sitta, and various commentaries have been written to explain these hadiths.

Introduction and Status

Hadith is the speech that narrates the words, deeds, or tacit approval of the Prophet (s)[1] and is recognized as the second source for deriving the rulings and teachings of Islam after the Qur'an.[2] According to reports, the Prophet (s) emphasized the preservation and recording of hadiths[3] and demonstrated the importance of disseminating hadiths by emphasizing the collection of forty hadiths and Arba'eeniyyat.[4]

The Prophet's hadiths are classified in hadith books under various topics such as jurisprudence, ethics, the virtues of the Qur'an, biography (sira), and merits (manaqib). According to Mohammad Kazem Tabataba'i, a Shi'a researcher, the volume of hadiths narrated from the Prophet (s) in Shi'a Islam, which were mainly narrated through Imam Ali (a), Imam al-Baqir (a), and Imam al-Sadiq (a), exceeds the hadiths available among the Sunnis.[5] Hadith al-Thaqalayn,[6] Hadith al-Manzila,[7] Hadith Yawm al-Dar,[8] and Hadith al-Safina[9] are considered among the famous hadiths of the Prophet.

Authority and Validity of Prophetic Hadith

According to researchers, the Qur'an has endorsed the authority of Prophetic hadiths by emphasizing the explanatory role of the Prophet (s) and the necessity of obeying him.[10] In such a way that the denial of the validity of hadiths by religious scholars has been considered a denial of one of the essentials of the religion.[11] Furthermore, Prophetic hadiths are recognized as the key to understanding the Qur'an[12] and play a role in explaining the details of Sharia rulings.[13]

According to Ali Nasiri, a hadith researcher, during the time of the Prophet (s), one group through fabricating hadiths and another group with biased motives tried to present the Prophetic Sunna as non-revelatory and call the validity of hadith into question. However, the Prophet (s), by emphasizing the revelatory nature of the Prophetic Sunna, recommending the preservation and writing of hadiths, and training special students such as Imam Ali (a), confronted the phenomenon of hadith fabrication.[14]

Religious scholars cite the Qur'an,[15] Consensus,[16] and Rational proof[17] to prove the authority of the Prophet's (s) Sunna.

Dissemination of Hadiths

The Prophet's (s) diligence in issuing and spreading religious knowledge led to the emergence of methods for the dissemination of hadith.[18] Private teachings, dispatching missionaries, delivering public sermons on specific occasions, and utilizing large gatherings such as the Sermon of Ghadir Khum and the Conquest of Mecca are counted among these methods.[19]

Prohibition of Prophetic Hadith

Main article: Prohibition of Hadith

Following the passing of the Prophet (s), The Three Caliphs prevented the narration and writing of hadith.[20] Abu Bakr burned a portion of the collected hadiths,[21] and Umar b. al-Khattab continued this policy by gathering and burning the writings of the companions.[22] The reasons provided for this action in Sunni sources include preventing disagreement among Muslims[23] and the fear of hadith becoming mixed with the Qur'an.[24] This prohibition of writing continued until around the year 100 AH and the caliphate period of Umar b. Abd al-Aziz.[25]

In confronting these narrations of prohibition, different views exist. Some Sunni traditionists cite narrations that the Prophet (s) himself also occasionally prohibited the companions from writing hadith.[26] In contrast, researchers such as Subhi al-Salih, with a historical justification, consider this prohibition to pertain to the early days of the revelation and believe that after that, the Prophet issued a general permission for writing.[27] On the other hand, Shi'a researchers consider the basis of the narrations prohibiting writing to be fabricated and reject it by citing evidence that indicates the permission to write hadith given by the Prophet (s).[28]

Writings of Prophetic Hadith

Most Important Hadith Books
Shia
(The Four Books)
Al-Kafi • Man la yahduruh al-faqih • Tahdhib al-ahkam • Al-Istibsar
Sunni
(The Authentic Six)
Sahih al-Bukhari • Sahih Muslim • Sunan Abu Dawud • Sunan Ibn Maja • Jami' al-Tirmidhi • Al-Sunan al-sughra


According to some researchers, about fifty Companions used to record the Prophet's (s) hadiths.[29] According to Subhi al-Salih, a hadith researcher, most of these writings date back to the final years of the Prophet's (s) life and no tangible trace of their copies is available, but works such as the book of Sa'd b. 'Ubada al-Ansari, the book of 'Abd Allah b. Awfa, the book of Samura b. Jundub, and the book of Jabir b. 'Abd Allah are among these early works.[30]

Among the Shi'as, figures such as Abu Dharr, Ibn Abbas, and Jabir b. Abd Allah al-Ansari strove to collect and compile Prophetic narrations under the command of the Infallible Imams (a).[31] Throughout many centuries, Prophetic hadiths have been collected in the form of various books such as Sunan, Jawami', Masanid, Ma'ajim, and Mustadrakat.[32]

Commentary and Interpretation of Prophetic Hadiths

Religious scholars have written numerous commentaries on Prophetic hadiths in order to clarify terms, organize the speeches, and derive rulings from them, some of which include: al-Risālat al-ʿaliyya fī l-aḥādīth al-nabawiyya,[33] Sharḥ-i chihil ḥadīth-i nabawī, Fatḥ al-bārī sharḥ Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, ʿAwn al-maʿbūd sharḥ Sunan Abī Dāwūd, Sharḥ al-Arbaʿīn al-Nawawiyya.[34] In 1385 SH (2006-2007 CE), which was named the Year of the Great Prophet (s), 53 book titles centered on the Holy Prophet (s) were prepared for publication.[35]

Shi'a Works Regarding Prophetic Hadiths

Some Shi'a hadith books that have engaged in collecting the Prophet's (s) hadiths selectively and thematically include:

Sunni Works Regarding Prophetic Hadiths

According to Rasul Jafarian, Sunni hadith books were all authored in the late 2nd and 3rd centuries AH.[37] It has also been said that in early compilations, authors also recorded the words of the companions and the fatwas of the Tabi'un alongside hadith.[38] Despite the large volume of these collections, the number of non-repetitive hadiths in these books is considered to be less than 15,000, as many hadiths have been included repeatedly with different chains of transmission.[39] Some of the Sunni hadith books include:

  • al-Muwaṭṭaʾ Malik b. Anas
  • Sihah al-Sitta
  • Masanid such as the Musnad of Ahmad b. Hanbal and the Musnad of Abi Ya'la,
  • Musannafat such as the Muṣannaf of 'Abd al-Razzaq and the Muṣannaf of Ibn Abi Shayba.
  • al-Jāmiʿ al-ṣaghīr and al-Jāmiʿ al-kabīr, al-Suyuti (d. 911 AH),
  • Kanz al-ʿummāl (d. 975 AH), the most comprehensive Sunni book with more than 45,000 hadiths.[40]

Notes

  1. ↑ Subḥānī Tabrīzī, Uṣūl al-ḥadīth wa aḥkāmuh fī ʿilm al-dirāya, 1433 AH, p. 19.
  2. ↑ Gharawī Nāʾīnī, Tārīkh-i ḥadīth-i Shīʿa tā qarn-i panjum-i hijrī, 1386 SH, p. 25; Naṣīrī, Dar-āmadī bar ʿulūm-i ḥadīth, 1398 SH, p. 26; Baḥrānī, al-Muʿjam al-uṣūlī, 1426 AH, vol. 2, p. 178.
  3. ↑ al-Dārimī, Sunan al-Dārimī, 1434 AH, vol. 1, p. 147.
  4. ↑ Naṣīrī, Āshnāyī bā tārīkh wa manābiʿ-i ḥadīthī, 1385 SH, pp. 74-75.
  5. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Tārīkh-i ḥadīth-i Shīʿa (1) (ʿAṣr-i Ḥuḍūr), 1388 SH, p. 26.
  6. ↑ Nafīsī, "Thaqalayn, Hadith", p. 103.
  7. ↑ Sharaf al-Dīn, al-Murājaʿāt, 1426 AH, p. 273.
  8. ↑ Amīnī, al-Ghadīr, 1416 AH, vol. 2, pp. 279-280.
  9. ↑ Riḍāʾī, "Pazhūhishī dar ḥadīth-i safīna", pp. 97-130.
  10. ↑ Naṣīrī, Dar-āmadī bar ʿulūm-i ḥadīth, 1398 SH, p. 5.
  11. ↑ Ḥakīm, al-Uṣūl al-ʿāmma li-l-fiqh al-muqāran, 1979 CE, p. 126.
  12. ↑ Zarqā, al-Madkhal al-fiqhī al-ʿāmm, 1418 AH, vol. 1, pp. 75-76.
  13. ↑ Zarqā, al-Madkhal al-fiqhī al-ʿāmm, 1418 AH, vol. 1, p. 76; Baḥrānī, al-Muʿjam al-uṣūlī, 1426 AH, vol. 2, p. 178.
  14. ↑ Naṣīrī, Dar-āmadī bar ʿulūm-i ḥadīth, 1398 SH, pp. 31-35.
  15. ↑ Ḥakīm, al-Uṣūl al-ʿāmma li-l-fiqh al-muqāran, 1979 CE, pp. 149-159; Namla, al-Muhadhdhab fī ʿilm uṣūl al-fiqh al-muqāran, 1420 AH, vol. 2, p. 638.
  16. ↑ Namla, al-Muhadhdhab fī ʿilm uṣūl al-fiqh al-muqāran, 1420 AH, vol. 2, p. 639.
  17. ↑ Ḥakīm, al-Uṣūl al-ʿāmma li-l-fiqh al-muqāran, 1979 CE, p. 128; Namla, al-Muhadhdhab fī ʿilm uṣūl al-fiqh al-muqāran, 1420 AH, vol. 2, p. 639.
  18. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Tārīkh-i ḥadīth-i Shīʿa (1) (ʿAṣr-i Ḥuḍūr), 1388 SH, p. 23.
  19. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Tārīkh-i ḥadīth-i Shīʿa (1) (ʿAṣr-i Ḥuḍūr), 1388 SH, pp. 23–26.
  20. ↑ Maʿārif, "Tadwīn-i ḥadīth", p. 751.
  21. ↑ Suyūṭī, Jāmiʿ al-aḥādīth, Egypt, vol. 25, p. 120.
  22. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Tārīkh-i ḥadīth-i Shīʿa (1) (ʿAṣr-i Ḥuḍūr), 1388 SH, p. 22.
  23. ↑ Dhahabī, Tadhkirat al-ḥuffāẓ, 1419 AH, vol. 1, p. 9.
  24. ↑ Muttaqī al-Hindī, Kanz al-ʿummāl, 1401 AH, vol. 10, p. 285 and 292.
  25. ↑ Asqalānī, Fatḥ al-bārī, 1379 AH, vol. 1, p. 208.
  26. ↑ Asqalānī, Fatḥ al-bārī, 1379 AH, vol. 1, p. 208.
  27. ↑ Ṣāliḥ, ʿUlūm al-ḥadīth wa muṣṭalaḥuh, 1376 SH, p. 21.
  28. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, "Tārīkh-i tadwīn-i ḥadīth", pp. 103 and 104; Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Tārīkh-i ḥadīth-i Shīʿa (1) (ʿAṣr-i Ḥuḍūr), 1388 SH, p. 22; Maʿārif, "Tadwīn-i ḥadīth", p. 750.
  29. ↑ Maʿārif, "Tadwīn-i ḥadīth", 1388 SH, p. 750.
  30. ↑ Ṣāliḥ, ʿUlūm al-ḥadīth wa muṣṭalaḥuh, 1376 SH, pp. 22-24.
  31. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Tārīkh-i ḥadīth-i Shīʿa (1) (ʿAṣr-i Ḥuḍūr), 1388 SH, p. 29.
  32. ↑ Ṣabbāgh, al-Ḥadīth al-nabawī, 1401 AH, pp. 349–359.
  33. ↑ Rasekhoon website, "al-Risālat al-ʿaliyya fī l-aḥādīth al-nabawiyya (Sharḥ-i 40 ḥadīth)".
  34. ↑ Islamweb, Muʾallafāt fī sharḥ al-aḥādīth al-nabawiyya.
  35. ↑ Jomhuri Newspaper, "53 ʿunwān kitāb bā mawḍūʿ-i Payāmbar (s) dar Sāzmān-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī dar dast-i tahiya ast."
  36. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Tārīkh-i ḥadīth-i Shīʿa (1) (ʿAṣr-i Ḥuḍūr), 1388 SH, pp. 31 and 32.
  37. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, Rasūl, "Tārīkh-i tadwīn-i ḥadīth", p. 99.
  38. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Musnad-nivīsī dar tārīkh-i ḥadīth, 1377 SH, p. 73; Maʿārif, "Tadwīn-i ḥadīth", p. 752.
  39. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Tārīkh-i ḥadīth-i Shīʿa (1) (ʿAṣr-i Ḥuḍūr), 1388 SH, p. 30.
  40. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Tārīkh-i ḥadīth-i Shīʿa (1) (ʿAṣr-i Ḥuḍūr), 1388 SH, p. 30.

References

  • Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Dārimī, Musnad al-Dārimī al-maʿrūf bi-Sunan al-Dārimī, edited by: Nabil Hashim al-Ghamri, Beirut, Dār al-Bashāʾir, first edition, 1434 AH.
  • Ibn Abī Shayba, Abū Bakr, Muṣannaf Ibn Abī Shayba, edited by: Kamal Yusuf al-Hut, Riyadh, Maktabat al-Rushd, 1409 AH.
  • Ibn Ḥanbal, Aḥmad, Musnad Aḥmad mukharrajan, edited by: Shu'ayb al-Arna'ut - Adil Murshid, n.p., Muʾassisat al-Risāla, 1421 AH.
  • Aḥmadī Miyānajī, ʿAlī, Makātīb al-Rasūl (s), Qom, Dar al-Hadith, first edition, 1419 AH.
  • Amīnī, ʿAbd al-Ḥusayn, al-Ghadīr fī l-kitāb wa l-sunna wa l-adab, Qom, Markaz al-Ghadir li-l-Dirāsāt al-Islāmiyya, first edition, 1416 AH.
  • Pākatchī, Aḥmad, Pazhūhishī pīrāmūn-i jawāmiʿ-i ḥadīthī-yi Ahl-i Sunnat, Imam Sadiq University (a), Tehran, 1392 SH.
  • Jaʿfariyān, Rasūl, "Tārīkh-i tadwīn-i ḥadīth", Journal of Nūr-i ʿIlm, no. 23, Aban 1366 SH.
  • Khalīl, Maḥmūd Muḥammad, al-Musnad al-jāmiʿ, Beirut, Dār al-Jīl li-l-Ṭibāʿa wa l-Nashr wa l-Tawzīʿ, first edition, 1413 AH.
  • Dhahabī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad, Tadhkirat al-ḥuffāẓ, Beirut, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1419 AH.
  • Riḍāʾī, Ghulām-riḍā, "Pazhūhishī dar ḥadīth-i safīna", Quarterly Journal of Kalām-i Islāmī, no. 84, Winter 1391 SH.
  • Jomhuri Newspaper, "53 ʿunwān kitāb bā mawḍūʿ-i Payāmbar (s) dar Sāzmān-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī dar dast-i tahiya ast", Aban 16, 1385 SH, accessed: Mehr 9, 1403 SH.
  • Islamweb website, "Muʾallafāt fī sharḥ al-aḥādīth al-nabawiyya", Rabi' al-Akhir 26, 1423 AH, accessed: Mehr 10, 1404 AH.
  • Rasekhoon website, "al-Risālat al-ʿaliyya fī l-aḥādīth al-nabawiyya (Sharḥ-i 40 ḥadīth)", Aban 3, 1396 SH, accessed: Mehr 10, 1404 AH.
  • Subḥānī Tabrīzī, Jaʿfar, Uṣūl al-ḥadīth wa aḥkāmuh fī ʿilm al-dirāya, Beirut, Dār Jawād al-Aʾimma (a), 1433 AH.
  • Sijistānī, Abū Dāwūd Sulaymān b. al-Ashʿath, Sunan Abī Dāwūd, edited by: Abd al-Hamid Muhammad Muhyi al-Din, Beirut, al-Maktabat al-ʿAṣriyya, n.d.
  • Suyūṭī, Jalāl al-Dīn, Jāmiʿ al-aḥādīth, n.p., Egypt, n.d.
  • Sharaf al-Dīn, Sayyid ʿAbd al-Ḥusayn, al-Murājaʿāt, edited by: Husayn Radi, Qom, World Assembly of the Ahl al-Bayt (a), second edition, 1426 AH.
  • Al-Shaykh al-Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī, al-Khiṣāl, edited by: Ali Akbar Ghaffari, Qom, Society of Seminary Teachers, first edition, 1362 SH.
  • Ṣāliḥ, Ṣubḥī, ʿUlūm al-ḥadīth wa muṣṭalaḥuh, translated by: Adil Nader Ali, Tehran, Uswah, 1376 SH.
  • Ṣabbāgh, Muḥammad, al-Ḥadīth al-nabawī, Beirut, al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 1401 AH.
  • Ṣadr, Sayyid Ḥasan, Taʾsīs al-Shīʿa li-ʿulūm al-Islām, n.p., n.d., 1375 SH.
  • al-Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī, al-Amālī, Tehran, Ketabchi, sixth edition, 1376 SH.
  • Ṣaffār, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan, Baṣāʾir al-darajāt fī faḍāʾil Āl Muḥammad (s), Qom, Library of Ayatollah Mar'ashi Najafi, 1404 AH.
  • Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Sayyid Muḥammad Kāẓim, Tārīkh-i ḥadīth-i Shīʿa (1) (ʿAṣr-i Ḥuḍūr), Tehran, Faculty of Hadith Sciences, 1388 SH.
  • Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Sayyid Muḥammad Kāẓim, Musnad-nivīsī dar tārīkh-i ḥadīth, Qom, Islamic Propagation Office of the Qom Seminary Press, 1377 SH.
  • Asqalānī, Ibn Ḥajar, Fatḥ al-bārī sharḥ Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, Beirut, Dār al-Maʿrifa, 1379 AH.
  • Gharawī Nāʾīnī, Tārīkh-i ḥadīth-i Shīʿa tā qarn-i panjum-i hijrī, Qom, Shi'a-shinasi, first edition, 1386 SH.
  • Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb, al-Kāfī, edited by: Ali Akbar Ghaffari and Muhammad Akhundi, Tehran, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, fourth edition, 1407 AH.
  • Muttaqī al-Hindī, ʿAlī b. Ḥusām al-Dīn, Kanz al-ʿummāl, edited by: Bakri Hayyani and Safwat al-Saqqa, n.p., Muʾassisat al-Risāla, fifth edition, 1401 AH.
  • Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir, Biḥār al-anwār, edited by: a group of researchers, Beirut, Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, second edition, 1403 AH.
  • Maʿārif, Majīd, "Tadwīn-i ḥadīth" in Dānishnāmih-yi Jahān-i Islām, vol. 6, Tehran, Islamic Encyclopedia Foundation, 1388 SH.
  • Maʿārif, Majīd, Pazhūhishī dar tārīkh-i ḥadīth-i Shīʿa, Tehran, Darih Cultural and Artistic Institute, 1374 SH.
  • al-Najāshī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī, Rijāl al-Najāshī, Qom, Islamic Publishing Institute affiliated with the Society of Seminary Teachers, sixth edition, 1365 SH.
  • Naṣīrī, ʿAlī, Āshnāyī bā tārīkh wa manābiʿ-i ḥadīthī, Qom, World Center for Islamic Sciences, first edition, 1385 SH.
  • Naṣīrī, ʿAlī, Dar-āmadī bar ʿulūm-i ḥadīth, Qom, Management Center, first edition, 1398 SH.
  • Nafīsī, Shādī, "Thaqalayn, Hadith", in Dānishnāmih-yi Jahān-i Islām, vol. 9, Tehran, Islamic Encyclopedia Foundation, first edition, 1384 SH.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikishia.net/w/index.php?title=Draft:Prophetic_Hadiths&oldid=207358"