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Ethics

Moral Verses
Ifk Verses • Al-Ukhuwwa Verse • Al-It'am Verse • Al-Naba' Verse • Najwa Verse • Verse of Trusts • Al-Sulh Verse

Moral Hadiths
Hadith of qurb al-nawafil • Hadith Makarim al-akhlaq • Hadith of Mi'raj • Hadith Junud al-'Aql wa l-Jahl

Moral Virtues
Humility • Contentment • Generosity • Controlling Anger • Truthfulness • Hilm (forbearance) • Asceticism • Bravery • Chastity • Insaf (Equity) • Silat al-Rahim • Wara' • Islah dhat al-bayn

Moral Vices
Hubris • Greed • Envy • Lie • Backbiting • Namima (Talebearing) • Miserliness • Disobedience to Parents • 'Ujb (self-conceit) • Sum'a • Cutting blood relation • Spreading grave sins • Ingratitude • Hypocrisy • Tabdhir

Moral Terminologies
Jihad with the self • Self-critical soul • Commanding Soul • Soul at peace • Self-reckoning • Muraqaba • Musharata • Sin • Morality lessons • Istidraj

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Muhammad Mahdi Naraqi • Ahmad al-Naraqi • Sayyid 'Ali Qadi Tabataba'i • Sayyid Rida Baha' al-Dini • Sayyid 'Abd al-Husayn Dastghayb • Muhammad Taqi Bahjat

References of Ethics

Qur'an • Nahj al-balagha • Misbah al-shari'a wa miftah al-haqiqa • Makarim al-Akhlaq • Al-Mahajjat al-bayda' • Tanbih al-khawatir wa nuzhat al-nawazir • Jami' al-sa'adat • Mi'raj al-sa'ada • Al-Muraqabat

Seeking forgiveness or istiḥlāl (Arabic: اِسْتِحْلال) denotes the act of soliciting pardon[1] regarding outstanding financial or non-financial rights (ḥuqūq) owed to others.[2] Financial obligations encompass transgressions such as usurpation (ghaṣb) and short-changing (kam-furūshī), whereas non-financial rights pertain to offenses like backbiting (ghayba).[3] According to jurists, obtaining absolution for financial liabilities is obligatory;[4] however, regarding non-financial rights, legal opinions diverge, with some deeming it obligatory and others classifying it as permissible.[5] Furthermore, in instances where seeking forgiveness might precipitate greater corruption (mafsada), it is considered disliked (reprehensible) by some scholars,[6] while others deem it haram (forbidden).[7]

In the context of the Qur'an, seeking forgiveness is interpreted as liberation from the burdens or rights incumbent upon an individual.[8] The scriptural prerequisites for valid remediation include pure intention, sincerity, patience in securing satisfaction, the avoidance of excuses, heartfelt remorse, and timeliness.[9]

Islamic narrations emphasize the urgency of seeking immediate forgiveness. Traditions warn that if a transgressor fails to obtain absolution in this world, God will, on the Day of Judgment, transfer their merits to the victim. Should the transgressor possess no good deeds, the sins of the oppressed will be transferred to the account of the oppressor.[10]

The act of seeking forgiveness is not temporally or spatially restricted. However, due to the emphasis on discharging all rights of people (ḥaqq al-nās) prior to performing major acts of worship—such as the hajj rituals—[11] a common misconception has arisen that seeking forgiveness is requisite only in such contexts or prior to pilgrimage journeys.[12]

Notes

  1. ↑ Dehkhodā, Lughatnāma, under "ḥalālī khwāstan"; Muʿīn, Lughatnāma, 1386 Sh, under "istiḥlāl".
  2. ↑ Anṣārī, Al-Mawsūʿat al-fiqhiyya al-muyassara, 1424 AH, vol. 2, p. 279.
  3. ↑ Anṣārī, Al-Mawsūʿat al-fiqhiyya al-muyassara, 1424 AH, vol. 2, p. 280.
  4. ↑ Najafī, Jawāhir al-kalām, 1981, vol. 41, p. 112.
  5. ↑ Imam Khomeini, Istiftāʾāt, 1392 Sh, vol. 5, p. 595, r. 6769.
  6. ↑ Imam Khomeini, Istiftāʾāt, 1392 Sh, vol. 5, p. 595, r. 6770.
  7. ↑ Khūʾī, Minhāj al-ṣāliḥīn, 1410 AH, vol. 1, p. 11.
  8. ↑ Karīmiyān, "ʿUdhr-khwāhī wa ḥalāllīyat-ṭalabī adab wa āthār-i ān", p. 6.
  9. ↑ Karīmiyān, "ʿUdhr-khwāhī wa ḥalāllīyat-ṭalabī adab wa āthār-i ān", p. 6.
  10. ↑ Ḥaqqī, Rūḥ al-bayān, Dār al-Fikr, vol. 2, p. 167.
  11. ↑ "Ādāb-i safar-i Ḥajj", Comprehensive Humanities Portal.
  12. ↑ "Ādāb-i safar-i Ḥajj", Comprehensive Humanities Portal.

References

  • Anṣārī, Muḥammad ʿAlī. Al-Mawsūʿat al-fiqhiyya al-muyassara. Qom, Muʾassisa-yi Fikr-i Islāmī, 1424 AH.
  • Dehkhodā, ʿAlī Akbar, et al. Lughatnāma. Tehran, Intishārāt-i Dānishgāh-i Tehrān, 2nd ed., 1377 Sh.
  • Ḥaqqī, Ismāʿīl. Rūḥ al-bayān. Beirut, Dār al-Fikr, n.d.
  • Imam Khomeini, Sayyid Rūḥallāh. Istiftāʾāt. Tehran, Muʾassisa-yi Tanẓīm wa Nashr-i Āthār-i Imam Khomeini, 1392 Sh.
  • Karīmiyān, Ḥusayn. "ʿUdhr-khwāhī wa ḥalāllīyat-ṭalabī adab wa āthār-i ān". In Kīhān Newspaper, September 30, 2016.
  • Khūʾī, Sayyid Abū l-Qāsim al-. Minhāj al-ṣāliḥīn. Qom, Madīnat al-ʿIlm, 1410 AH.
  • Muʿīn, Muḥammad. Lughatnāma. Tehran, Ādenā, 4th ed., 1386 Sh.
  • Najafī, Muḥammad Ḥasan al-. Jawāhir al-kalām fī sharḥ sharāʾiʿ al-Islām. Researched by ʿAbbās Qūchānī and ʿAlī Ākhūndī. Beirut, Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 7th ed., 1981.
  • "Ādāb-i safar-i Ḥajj". Comprehensive Humanities Portal.
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