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Abu Ishaq al-Fazari
Full NameIbrahim b. Muhammad b. al-Harith al-Fazari
Companion ofImam al-Sadiq (a)
TeknonymAbu Ishaq
EpithetAl-Kufi, Al-Masisi, Shaykh al-Islam
Well Known AsMuhaddith, Faqih
Religious AffiliationUnknown
Wellknown RelativesMarwan b. Mu'awiya b. Harith (famous narrator)
Place of BirthKufa
Place(s) of ResidenceKufa, Baghdad, Sham
Demise185/801
Burial PlaceSham
ProfessorsSufyan al-Thawri, 'Abd al-Rahman al-Awza'i
WorksKitab al-Siyar fi l-akhbar wa l-ahdath


Abū Isḥāq al-Fazārī (Arabic: أبوإسحاق الفزاري) was a prominent narrator, a companion of Imam al-Sadiq (a), and a distinguished Muhaddith (hadith scholar) of the 2nd/8th century. Sunnis regarded him as a preeminent religious scholar and a leader of the Muslims. Beyond his expertise in Fiqh (jurisprudence), Abu Ishaq was proficient in disciplines such as Hadith, history, and particularly Maghazi (historiography of wars). He is celebrated as one of the renowned mystics ('Arifs) of his era and an associate of Ibrahim b. Adham. Historical sources document his studies under Sufyan al-Thawri and 'Abd al-Rahman al-Awza'i.

Abu Ishaq al-Fazari relocated from Baghdad to Al-Masisa, a border region of Sham, where he resided until his death, dedicating himself to propagating Islam among the local populace. His migration to Al-Masisa is cited as an effort to defend the borders of the Islamic lands. He transmitted numerous traditions from the Tabi'un and succeeding generations, including Malik b. Anas, 'Abd al-Rahman al-Awza'i, Sufyan al-Thawri, and Walid b. Muslim, as well as narrations mediated from Imam al-Sadiq (a). He is the author of a Sira work titled Kitab al-Siyar fi l-akhbar wa l-ahdath.

Due to the paucity of information concerning Abu Ishaq's affiliation with Shi'ism, some Shi'a scholars of Ilm al-Rijal (biographical evaluation) classify him as a figure of unknown status or a Sunni scholar. The Shi'a bibliographer Ibn al-Nadim, while acknowledging his virtue, asserts that he committed frequent errors in the narration of Hadith; conversely, Sunnis consider him Thiqah (trustworthy) and reliable.

Introduction

Ibrahim b. Muhammad b. al-Harith al-Fazari, referred to in narrations as Abu Ishaq al-Fazari,[1] was a Faqih and Muhaddith of the 2nd/8th century. Al-Shaykh al-Tusi, along with subsequent scholars, identified Ibrahim as one of the companions of Imam al-Sadiq (a).[2] His narrations appear in Shi'a sources,[3] including those transmitted indirectly from Imam al-Sadiq (a).[4] He also bore the epithets Al-Kufi and Al-Masisi.[5]

Abu Ishaq is credited with authoring works[6] on the subject of Sira[7] titled Kitab al-Siyar fi l-akhbar wa l-ahdath.[8] He commenced the transcription of hadith at the age of twenty-eight.[9]

Sunni scholars, bestowing upon Abu Ishaq al-Fazari titles such as Shaykh al-Islam,[10] Sahib Sunna (Possessor of Sunna),[11] Imam al-Hujja,[12] and Imam al-Kabir,[13] regard him as a preeminent scholar[14] of religion[15] and a leader of the Muslims[16] in the Sham region.[17] They attest to his immense renown within Islam.[18]

He enjoyed the respect of Harun al-Rashid,[19] and sources document their interactions.[20] Abu Ishaq is classified among the early sheikhs in biographical and scholarly rankings.[21]

Scholar of Various Sciences

Abu Ishaq al-Fazari is described as a righteous individual[22] and a virtuous jurist;[23] indeed, he was esteemed as the most learned jurist of his time.[24] He is further recognized as a prominent historian and Muhaddith,[25] and a prolific transmitter of hadith (Kathir al-Hadith).[26] Numerous Muhaddiths narrated from him,[27] and he is noted for his knowledge of Maghazi;[28] it is even claimed he was the first to utilize an astrolabe.[29]

Abu Ishaq al-Fazari is also counted among the mystics and ascetics,[30] and his name is mentioned alongside that of Ibrahim b. Adham;[31] reports suggest he was an associate of Ibrahim b. Adham.[32] He was a contemporary of Al-Awza'i, a Sunni scholar and mystic, and is considered one of his companions.[33] Sources reflect his studentship under Al-Awza'i and Sufyan al-Thawri.[34] Ibn 'Asakir cites a report in which Al-Nasa'i lists Abu Ishaq among the students of Sufyan al-Thawri.[35] His virtues have also been extolled by Fudayl b. 'Iyad.[36]

Residence in Sham

Abu Ishaq al-Fazari was born in Kufa.[37] After residing in Kufa for a period, he traveled to Baghdad, where he was honored by Harun al-Rashid.[38] In his later years, he relocated to Sham, settling in the city of Damascus[39] or the border region of Al-Masisa,[40] where he dedicated himself to the narration of Hadith.[41] Some sources attribute his presence in the border region to the duty of guarding Islamic frontiers (Ribat).[42] Consequently, he has been categorized among the Mujahidin.[43] Ibn 'Asakir states that Abu Ishaq instructed the local population in the teachings of Islam and the Sunna.[44]

Abu Ishaq's death is recorded during the caliphate of Harun al-Rashid[45] in the border region of Al-Masisa in Sham[46] in the year 185/801,[47] 186/802,[48] or 188/803-04.[49]

Teachers and Students

Ibrahim b. Muhammad is reported to have narrated Hadith from the Tabi'un and succeeding generations.[50] He narrated from authorities such as Khalid al-Hadhdha, Hamid al-Tawil, Malik b. Anas, Musa b. 'Uqba,[51] 'Abd al-Malik b. 'Umayr, 'Abd al-Rahman al-Awza'i,[52] Mu'awiya b. 'Amr al-Rumi,[53] Sufyan al-Thawri, Walid b. Muslim,[54] Al-A'mash, Abu Ishaq al-Shaybani, Sulayman al-Taymi, Musa b. Abi 'Aisha, Yahya b. Sa'id al-Ansari, Hisham b. 'Urwa, Yunus b. 'Ubayd, 'Abd Allah b. 'Awn, Aban b. Abi 'Ayyash, and others.[55]

Notably, although Sufyan al-Thawri and 'Abd al-Rahman b. 'Amr al-Awza'i were his seniors, they narrated from him. Other narrators include Marwan b. Mu'awiya al-Fazari, 'Isa b. Yunus al-Sabi'i, Baqiyya b. al-Walid, Muhammad b. Salama al-Harrani, Mu'awiya b. 'Amr, 'Amr b. Muhammad al-Naqid, Hasan b. al-Rabi', Walid b. Muslim, and others.[56]

Sect and Reliability

Mamaqani, a Shi'a Rijal scholar, identified Abu Ishaq as a trustworthy Sunni Muhaddith and Faqih of Kufa.[57] He notes that because Shi'a Rijal books are silent regarding his reliability or lack thereof, he is classified as a Muhmal (neglected) figure.[58]

Sunni scholars have described Abu Ishaq as Thiqah (trustworthy),[59] Fadil (virtuous),[60] Salih (righteous), and reliable in Hadith.[61] Consequently, some Rijal scholars identify him as a Sunni Muhaddith.[62] Al-Awza'i described Abu Ishaq as "Sadiq al-Masduq" (Truthful and confirmed) in the narration of hadith.[63] Scholars view Al-Awza'i's praise and narration from him as evidence of his eminence.[64]

While Ibn al-Nadim and others acknowledge Abu Ishaq's virtue, they contend that he committed frequent errors in the narration of hadith.[65]

Notes

  1. ↑ Māmaqānī, Tanqīḥ al-maqāl, 1431 AH, vol. 4, p. 293.
  2. ↑ Ṭūsī, Rijāl al-Ṭūsī, 1994, p. 457; Māmaqānī, Tanqīḥ al-maqāl, 1431 AH, vol. 4, p. 293.
  3. ↑ Al-Shaykh al-Ṣadūq, Al-Amālī, 1997, p. 312.
  4. ↑ For example see: Al-Shaykh al-Ṣadūq, Al-Amālī, 1997, p. 566; Al-Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Ithbāt al-hudā, 1425 AH, vol. 3, p. 72.
  5. ↑ Shabistarī, Al-Fāʾiq fī ruwāt wa aṣḥāb al-Imām al-Ṣādiq (a), 1418 AH, vol. 1, p. 60.
  6. ↑ Dāraquṭnī, Dhikr asmāʾ al-tābiʿīn, 1406 AH, vol. 1, p. 56.
  7. ↑ Ibn Qutayba, Al-Maʿārif, 1992, p. 514.
  8. ↑ Ibn al-Nadīm, Al-Fihrist, Beirut, p. 135; Ziriklī, Al-Aʿlām, 1989, vol. 1, p. 59; Kaḥḥāla, Muʿjam al-muʾallifīn, 1376 AH, vol. 1, p. 91.
  9. ↑ Ibn Ḥibbān, Al-Thiqāt, 1393 AH, vol. 6, p. 23.
  10. ↑ Ibn al-ʿImād al-Ḥanbalī, Shadharāt al-dhahab, 1406 AH, vol. 2, p. 383; Dhahabī, Tadhkirat al-ḥuffāẓ, 1428 AH, vol. 1, p. 200.
  11. ↑ Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh Madīnat Dimashq, 1415 AH, vol. 7, p. 126.
  12. ↑ Dhahabī, Tadhkirat al-ḥuffāẓ, 1428 AH, vol. 1, p. 200.
  13. ↑ Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ, 1405 AH, vol. 8, p. 539.
  14. ↑ Ziriklī, Al-Aʿlām, 1989, vol. 1, p. 59; Ṣafadī, Al-Wāfī bi-l-wafayāt, 1401 AH, vol. 6, p. 104.
  15. ↑ Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh Madīnat Dimashq, 1415 AH, vol. 7, p. 119.
  16. ↑ Ibn Qāniʿ al-Baghdādī, Muʿjam al-ṣaḥāba, 1424 AH, vol. 3, p. 908.
  17. ↑ Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh Madīnat Dimashq, 1415 AH, vol. 7, p. 122.
  18. ↑ Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh Madīnat Dimashq, 1415 AH, vol. 7, p. 127.
  19. ↑ Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh Madīnat Dimashq, 1415 AH, vol. 7, pp. 119-133; Ziriklī, Al-Aʿlām, 1989, vol. 1, p. 59.
  20. ↑ Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh Madīnat Dimashq, 1415 AH, vol. 7, p. 130.
  21. ↑ Ibn al-Athīr, Al-Mukhtār min manāqib al-akhyār, 1424 AH, vol. 1, p. 269.
  22. ↑ Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh Madīnat Dimashq, 1415 AH, vol. 7, p. 126.
  23. ↑ Ibn Ḥazm, Jamharat ansāb al-ʿArab, 1418 AH, p. 257.
  24. ↑ Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh Madīnat Dimashq, 1415 AH, vol. 7, p. 124.
  25. ↑ Sezgin, Tārīkh al-turāth al-ʿArabī, 1412 AH, part 2, vol. 1, p. 95.
  26. ↑ Suyūṭī, Ṭabaqāt al-ḥuffāẓ, 1403 AH, vol. 1, p. 123.
  27. ↑ Ṣafadī, Al-Wāfī bi-l-wafayāt, 1401 AH, vol. 6, p. 104.
  28. ↑ Shabistarī, Al-Fāʾiq fī ruwāt wa aṣḥāb al-Imām al-Ṣādiq (a), 1418 AH, vol. 1, p. 60.
  29. ↑ Kaḥḥāla, Muʿjam al-muʾallifīn, 1376 AH, vol. 1, p. 90.
  30. ↑ Ibn Ḥibbān, Al-Thiqāt, 1393 AH, vol. 6, p. 23; Abū Makhrama, Qilādat al-naḥr, 1428 AH, vol. 2, p. 286.
  31. ↑ Khwānsārī, Rawḍāt al-jannāt, 1390 AH, vol. 3, p. 332.
  32. ↑ Ibn al-Athīr, Al-Mukhtār min manāqib al-akhyār, 1424 AH, vol. 1, p. 269.
  33. ↑ Ziriklī, Al-Aʿlām, 1989, vol. 1, p. 59.
  34. ↑ Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh Madīnat Dimashq, 1415 AH, vol. 7, p. 132; Khazrajī, Khulāṣat tadhhīb tahdhīb al-kamāl, 1416 AH, vol. 1, p. 20.
  35. ↑ Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh Madīnat Dimashq, 1415 AH, vol. 7, p. 122.
  36. ↑ Ibn al-ʿImād al-Ḥanbalī, Shadharāt al-dhahab, 1406 AH, vol. 2, p. 383.
  37. ↑ Ziriklī, Al-Aʿlām, 1989, vol. 1, p. 59; Sezgin, Tārīkh al-turāth al-ʿArabī, 1412 AH, part 2, vol. 1, p. 95.
  38. ↑ Ziriklī, Al-Aʿlām, 1989, vol. 1, p. 59.
  39. ↑ Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh Madīnat Dimashq, 1415 AH, vol. 7, p. 119; Ziriklī, Al-Aʿlām, 1989, vol. 1, p. 59.
  40. ↑ Māmaqānī, Tanqīḥ al-maqāl, 1431 AH, vol. 4, p. 293; Shabistarī, Al-Fāʾiq fī ruwāt wa aṣḥāb al-Imām al-Ṣādiq (a), 1418 AH, vol. 1, p. 60.
  41. ↑ Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh Madīnat Dimashq, 1415 AH, vol. 7, p. 119; Ziriklī, Al-Aʿlām, 1989, vol. 1, p. 59.
  42. ↑ Dhahabī, Tadhkirat al-ḥuffāẓ, 1428 AH, vol. 1, p. 200.
  43. ↑ Abū Makhrama, Qilādat al-naḥr, 1428 AH, vol. 2, p. 286; Dhahabī, Al-ʿIbar fī khabar man ghabar, Beirut, vol. 1, p. 224; Ibn al-Athīr, Al-Mukhtār min manāqib al-akhyār, 1424 AH, vol. 1, p. 269.
  44. ↑ Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh Madīnat Dimashq, 1415 AH, vol. 7, p. 126.
  45. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, 1410 AH, vol. 7, p. 339.
  46. ↑ Ibn al-Nadīm, Al-Fihrist, Beirut, p. 135; Ibn Saʿd, Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, 1410 AH, vol. 7, p. 339; Ibn al-Athīr, Al-Mukhtār min manāqib al-akhyār, 1424 AH, vol. 1, p. 269; Ibn Ḥibbān, Al-Thiqāt, 1393 AH, vol. 6, p. 23.
  47. ↑ Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh Madīnat Dimashq, 1415 AH, vol. 7, pp. 130-131; ʿĀmirī al-Ḥaraḍī, Ghirbāl al-zamān, 1405 AH, p. 169; Dhahabī, Tārīkh al-Islām, 1413 AH, vol. 12, p. 17; Ibn al-ʿImād al-Ḥanbalī, Shadharāt al-dhahab, 1406 AH, vol. 2, p. 383.
  48. ↑ Shabistarī, Al-Fāʾiq fī ruwāt wa aṣḥāb al-Imām al-Ṣādiq (a), 1418 AH, vol. 1, p. 60; Suyūṭī, Ṭabaqāt al-ḥuffāẓ, 1403 AH, vol. 1, p. 123; Bukhārī, Al-Tārīkh al-kabīr, Hyderabad, vol. 1, p. 321.
  49. ↑ Ibn al-Nadīm, Al-Fihrist, Beirut, p. 135; Ibn Saʿd, Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, 1410 AH, vol. 7, p. 339.
  50. ↑ Ibn al-Athīr, Al-Mukhtār min manāqib al-akhyār, 1424 AH, vol. 1, p. 269.
  51. ↑ Abū Makhrama, Qilādat al-naḥr, 1428 AH, vol. 2, p. 287.
  52. ↑ Ibn al-ʿImād al-Ḥanbalī, Shadharāt al-dhahab, 1406 AH, vol. 2, p. 383.
  53. ↑ Ibn al-Nadīm, Al-Fihrist, Beirut, p. 135.
  54. ↑ Shabistarī, Al-Fāʾiq fī ruwāt wa aṣḥāb al-Imām al-Ṣādiq (a), 1418 AH, vol. 1, p. 60.
  55. ↑ Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh Madīnat Dimashq, 1415 AH, vol. 7, p. 119.
  56. ↑ Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh Madīnat Dimashq, 1415 AH, vol. 7, p. 119.
  57. ↑ Māmaqānī, Tanqīḥ al-maqāl, 1431 AH, vol. 4, pp. 293-294.
  58. ↑ Māmaqānī, Tanqīḥ al-maqāl, 1431 AH, vol. 4, p. 294.
  59. ↑ Ibn Qāniʿ al-Baghdādī, Muʿjam al-ṣaḥāba, 1424 AH, vol. 3, p. 908, quoting Sunni scholars.
  60. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, 1410 AH, vol. 7, p. 339; Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh Madīnat Dimashq, 1415 AH, vol. 7, p. 121.
  61. ↑ Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh Madīnat Dimashq, 1415 AH, vol. 7, p. 122; Ibn Qāniʿ al-Baghdādī, Muʿjam al-ṣaḥāba, 1424 AH, vol. 3, p. 908, quoting Sunni scholars.
  62. ↑ Shabistarī, Al-Fāʾiq fī ruwāt wa aṣḥāb al-Imām al-Ṣādiq (a), 1418 AH, vol. 1, p. 60.
  63. ↑ Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh Madīnat Dimashq, 1415 AH, vol. 7, p. 124; Ibn al-Athīr, Al-Mukhtār min manāqib al-akhyār, 1424 AH, vol. 1, p. 269.
  64. ↑ Ibn al-ʿImād al-Ḥanbalī, Shadharāt al-dhahab, 1406 AH, vol. 2, p. 383; Dhahabī, Al-ʿIbar fī khabar man ghabar, Beirut, vol. 1, p. 224.
  65. ↑ Ibn al-Nadīm, Al-Fihrist, Beirut, p. 135; Ibn Saʿd, Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, 1410 AH, vol. 7, p. 339; Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh Madīnat Dimashq, 1415 AH, vol. 7, p. 121.

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