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Draft:Verse 97 of Sura al-Tawba

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Verse 97 of Sura al-Tawba
Verse's Information
Suraal-Tawba (Qur'an 9)
Verse97
Juz'11
Content Information
Place of
Revelation		Medina
AboutDisbelief and hypocrisy of some Bedouins
Related VersesQur'an 9:98 and Qur'an 9:99


Qur'an 9:97 asserts that the disbelief and hypocrisy of the Bedouin hypocrites are more severe than that of their urban counterparts,[1] deeming them more prone to ignorance regarding God's statutes.[2] Scholars attribute this distinction to the Bedouins' isolation from educational and spiritual cultivation, specifically their lack of exposure to Divine verses and the teachings of the Prophet (s);[3] consequently, they are characterized as having hearts that are harder and more cruel than those of city dwellers.[4] This verse follows a sequence of revelations reproaching the hypocrites of Medina.[5]

Lexicographers define the term "A'rab" as referring specifically to Bedouin Arabs,[6] identifying it as the plural of "A'rabi" rather than "Arab".[7] The term appears ten times in the Qur'an, predominantly in contexts of censure.[8] The term "hudud" (limits) is interpreted here to denote Divine rulings and the essence of their meanings.[9]

In his commentary on this verse in Tafsir Nur al-Thaqalayn,[10] the author cites a hadith from Imam al-Sadiq (a) stating that anyone who lacks deep understanding in religion, reflection, and a profound grasp of its teachings is considered an A'rabi.[11]

Some Quranic exegetes infer from Qur'an 9:97 that the social and cultural environment significantly influences human insight and knowledge; consequently, individuals isolated from cultural centers may become susceptible tools in the hands of unbelievers and hypocrites.[12] Furthermore, scholars view this verse as a warning to Muslims against assuming that hypocrisy is limited to urban populations; rather, Bedouin hypocrites are often harsher, and the Muslim community faced repeated hostilities from this group.[13]

Notes

  1. ↑ Fayḍ al-Islām Iṣfahānī, Tarjuma wa tafsīr-i Qurʾān-i ʿaẓīm, 1378 Sh, vol. 1, p. 387.
  2. ↑ Al-Ṭabrisī, Majmaʿ al-bayān, 1382 Sh, vol. 5, p. 95.
  3. ↑ Al-Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Al-Mīzān, 1417 AH, vol. 9, p. 370; Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i namūna, 1374 Sh, vol. 8, p. 93.
  4. ↑ Al-Ṭabrisī, Majmaʿ al-bayān, 1382 Sh, vol. 5, p. 96.
  5. ↑ Fayḍ al-Islām Iṣfahānī, Tarjuma wa tafsīr-i Qurʾān-i ʿaẓīm, 1378 Sh, vol. 1, p. 387.
  6. ↑ Al-Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, Al-Mufradāt, 1412 AH, p. 557; Qarashī, Qāmūs-i Qurʾān, 1371 Sh, vol. 4, p. 313.
  7. ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i namūna, 1374 Sh, vol. 8, p. 93.
  8. ↑ Qarāʾatī, Tafsīr-i nūr, 1383 Sh, vol. 3, p. 490.
  9. ↑ Al-Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, Al-Mufradāt, 1412 AH, p. 221; Al-Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Al-Mīzān, 1417 AH, vol. 9, p. 370.
  10. ↑ ʿArūsī Huwayzī, Tafsīr nūr al-thaqalayn, 1415 AH, vol. 2, p. 254.
  11. ↑ Al-Kulaynī, Al-Kāfī, 1407 AH, vol. 1, p. 31.
  12. ↑ Qarāʾatī, Tafsīr-i nūr, 1383 Sh, vol. 3, p. 491.
  13. ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i namūna, 1374 Sh, vol. 8, p. 93.

References

  • Al-Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb, Al-Kāfī, research and correction by ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī and Muḥammad Ākhūndī, Tehran, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 4th ed., 1407 AH.
  • Al-Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, Ḥusayn b. Muḥammad, Al-Mufradāt fī gharīb al-Qurʾān, research by Ṣafwān ʿAdnān Dāwūdī, Damascus-Beirut, Dār al-Qalam-Al-Dār al-Shāmiyya, 1st ed., 1412 AH.
  • Al-Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Sayyid Muḥammad Ḥusayn, Al-Mīzān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān, Qom, Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 5th ed., 1417 AH.
  • Al-Ṭabrisī, Faḍl b. Ḥasan, Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān, with introduction by Muḥammad Jawād Balāghī, Tehran, Nāṣir Khusraw, 3rd ed., 1382 Sh.
  • ʿArūsī Huwayzī, ʿAbd ʿAlī b. Jumʿa, Tafsīr nūr al-thaqalayn, research by Sayyid Hāshim Rasūlī Maḥallātī, Qom, Intishārāt-i Ismāʿīliyān, 4th ed., 1415 AH.
  • Fayḍ al-Islām Iṣfahānī, Sayyid ʿAlī Naqī, Tarjuma wa tafsīr-i Qurʾān-i ʿaẓīm, Tehran, Faqīh, 1st ed., 1378 Sh.
  • Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir, Tafsīr-i namūna, Tehran, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1st ed., 1374 Sh.
  • Qarāʾatī, Muḥsin, Tafsīr-i nūr, Tehran, Markaz-i Farhangī-yi Dars-hāyī az Qurʾān, 11th ed., 1383 Sh.
  • Qarashī, Sayyid ʿAlī Akbar, Qāmūs-i Qurʾān, Tehran, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 6th ed., 1371 Sh.
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