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The Peace Treaty of Imam al-Ḥasan (a) refers to a peace treaty between Imam al-Hasan (a) with Mua'wiya in 41/661, after Imam Ali's (a) demise. This treaty was made after the war whose cause was Mu'awiya's greed and his rejection to pledge allegiance to Imam al-Hasan (a), caliph of Muslims. It is said that due to people's disloyalty, some commanders' betrayal, protection of Shi'as, and the threat of Khawarij, Imam al-Hasan (a) was forced to sign the treaty. Based on this peace treaty, caliphate was handed on to Mu'awiya. This treaty included some provisions, the most important of which was Mu'awiya not assigning a successor, not to conspire against Imam al-Hasan (a), and to protect Muslims' lives. Mu'awiya conformed to none of these conditions afterwards.
After Imam Ali (a), Muslims pledged allegiance to his son Imam al-Hasan (a), however, it was clearly revealed, by the first day of his caliphate, that he had to face many difficulties of his time. Some of them are:
- The fate of Kufa was challenged by outbursts and commotions.
- The absence of an efficient and effective governor.
- Mu'awiya's rulership over Syria and his disposition to dominate other areas of Iraq by making further aggressions.
- The lack of faithful, tactful and courageous force.
- The disinterested Muslims and among them Shi'as who were lied to by Mu'awiya....
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