Jamkaran Mosque

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This article is about Jamkaran Mosque. For other place known as Jamkaran, see Jamkaran (disambiguation).
Jamkaran Mosque
General Information
Established4th/10th century
TypeMosque
LocationQom, Iran
Coordinates34°34′59.5″N 50°54′50″E / 34.583194°N 50.91389°E / 34.583194; 50.91389
Other namesMosque of Qadamgah • Mosque of Sahib al-Zaman
Architecture
StyleIranian-Islamic
RenovationIn different periods
Websitejamkaran.ir


Jamkarān Mosque (Persian: مَسجِد جَمْکَران) is a mosque attributed to Imam al-Mahdi (a), the twelfth Shi'a Imam, in the suburbs of Qom. Reportedly, it was constructed at his command in the fourth/tenth century. According to Mirza Husayn Nuri, a Shiite scholar of hadith in the fourteenth/ninetieth century, Jamkaran Mosque was built at the command of Imam al-Mahdi (a) by a person called Abu l-Hasan, a scholar from Qom. Muhaddith Nuri talks about a meeting between Hasan b. Muthla al-Jamkarani and Imam al-Mahdi (a), in which the Imam (a) commanded the construction of the mosque in Jamkaran. Mirza Husayn Nuri says that the event took place in 373/983-4 or 393/1002-3, attributing the story to al-Shaykh al-Saduq’s Munis al-hazin.

The Jamkaran Mosque hosts several religious ceremonies and rituals, including the celebration of the Middle of Sha'ban, al-Tawassul Supplication, and al-Nudba Supplication. People from various regions in Iran and other countries flock to this mosque, especially on Tuesday nights. According to some researchers, Imam al-Mahdi (a) recommended visiting the Jamkaran Mosque to Hasan b. Muthla al-Jamkarani. The presence of notable scholars like Muhammad Taqi Bafqi on Tuesday evenings has contributed to the widespread tradition of visiting this holy site.

The Jamkaran Mosque has undergone several repairs and reconstructions throughout its history. The oldest epigraph in the mosque dates back to 1167/1754-5, indicating that it was repaired during this time. Prior to the Iranian Islamic Revolution of 1979, the mosque comprised a modest structure. However, after the Revolution, significant expansions were made, resulting in the creation of a large complex. Today, the Jamkaran Mosque complex encompasses a courtyard, a main yard, shabistans, al-Qa'im Mosque, and various office buildings.

Specific prayers are recommended to be performed in the Jamkaran Mosque, including two rak's of the greeting prayer (al-Salat al-Tahiyya) and two rak'as of Imam al-Mahdi's (a) prayer. Muhaddith Nuri attributes these practices to Imam al-Mahdi (a), which are cited by Shaykh 'Abbas Qummi in his Mafatih al-jinan.

Place and Appellation

The Jamkaran Mosque is a mosque in the suburbs of Qom, about eight kilometers from the Shrine of Fatima al-Ma'suma (a).[1] The mosque is attributed to Imam al-Mahdi (a).[2] Since it is close to the Jamkaran village, it was called the Jamkaran Mosque.[3] Formerly the mosque was known as the Mosque of Qadamgah (literally, footstep)[4] because of a marble stone that was believed to be the footstep of the twelfth Shiite Imam (a).[5] Because of its attribution to Imam al-Mahdi (a),[6] it is also known as the Mosque of Sahib al-Zaman.[7]

Attribution to Imam al-Mahdi (a)

According to Mirza Husayn Nuri, a scholar of hadith in the fourteenth/ninetieth century, the fourth/tenth century saw the construction of the Jamkaran Mosque by Sayyid Abu l-Hasan, a Qom-based scholar who built it on the command of Imam al-Mahdi (a).[8] As quoted by Mirza Husayn Nuri, Hasan b. Muthla al-Jamkarani met Imam al-Mahdi (a) on the night of Tuesday, Ramadan 17, 393/July 20, 1003, at the location where the Jamkaran Mosque now stands. The Imam (a) instructed Hasan b. Muslim to add the land they were standing on to his land and cease farming there. He then asked him to instruct Sayyid Abu l-Hasan to construct a mosque with the money earned by Hasan b. Muslim from farming on that land.[9]

Accordingly, Sayyid Abu l-Hasan built a mosque featuring a wooden ceiling in the area designated by the Imam (a).[10]

Sources of the Story

The story of the construction of the Jamkaran Mosque is cited in books by Nuri, including Kalima tayyiba,[11] Najm al-thaqib,[12] Mustadrak al-wasa'il,[13] and Jannat al-ma'wa.[14] Nuri attributes the story to the book Tarikh-i Qom (History of Qom), which itself quotes the story from the book Munis al-hazin fi ma'rifat al-haqq wa-l-yaqin by al-Shaykh al-Saduq.[15] Moreover, in his Mustadrak al-wasa'il, Nuri states that he encountered the story in the margins of the book Naqd al-rijal with handwriting attributed to Muhammad 'Ali Bihbahani (1144-1216/1731-2-1801), Wahid al-Bihbahani’s son, as attributed to the book Munis al-hazin.[16]

Skepticisms

The dating of the Jamkaran Mosque's construction varies in Nuri's works. In some, he places it at 393/1002-3,[17] while in others he puts it at 373/983-4.[18] However, Nasir al-Shari'a, the author of Tarikh-i Qom, offers a different estimate, suggesting that the story may have occurred in 293/905-6.[19] Nuri himself mentions the date 293/905-6 in his commentaries on Naqd al-rijal.[20]

There are some researchers who express doubts about the attribution of Jamkaran Mosque to Imam al-Mahdi (a). According to Ali Dawani, there are several reasons why this skepticism exists. Firstly, the book Munis al-hazin attributed to al-Shaykh al-Saduq is not mentioned in books of rijal. Secondly, the story is not present in the translation of the available five sections of the book Tarikh Qom. Lastly, it is noteworthy that al-Shaykh al-Saduq has not referenced the story in any of his other works.[21]

Rituals of the Jamkaran Mosque

Specific rituals are recommended to be practiced in the Jamkaran Mosque: the prayer for greeting the mosque and Imam al-Mahdi’s (a) prayer.[22]

  • The second two rakas are performed with the intention of being dedicated to Imam al-Mahdi (a). In each rak'a, the verse "It is You we worship and You we ask for help"[24] of Sura al-Hamd should be repeated one hundred times, and then the rest of Sura al-Hamd and Sura al-Tawhid should be recited. Then the dhikrs of ruku' and sujud should be recited seven times each. When the salam of the prayer is recited, the dhikr "there is no god but Allah" should be recited once, and then the tasbih of Lady Fatima (a) should be recited. After that, a prostration should be performed in which salawat is recited one hundred times.[25]

Nuri attributes these practices of the Jamkaran Mosque to Imam al-Mahdi (a), quoting the Imam (a) as saying that "people should turn to this place and revere it." According to Nuri, performing these four rak'as in the Jamkaran Mosque is equal to performing the prayer in the Ka'ba.[26] Shaykh 'Abbas Qummi cites these practices in his Mafatih al-jinan, as quoting his teacher Nuri.[27] Ali Dawani, a contemporary historiographer, doubts the authenticity of these practices, as he doubted the attribution of the mosque to Imam al-Mahdi (a).[28]

Presence and Worship in the Mosque on Tuesday Nights

Mid-Sha'ban ceremony in Jamkaran Mosque.

Ali Asghar Faqihi, the author of Tarikh jami' Qom (Comprehensive history of Qom) in 1971,[29] believed that the Jamkaran Mosque was the most active mosque in Iran at the time, as people from various cities visit the mosque on Tuesday nights.[30]

According to some researchers, the tradition of visiting the Jamkaran Mosque on Tuesday nights conforms to the narrative of Hasan b. Muthla al-Jamkarani.[31] It is said that he met the Imam at the location where the mosque would eventually be built on a Tuesday night. The Imam (a) then instructed him to bring a goat from a certain herd the following day (Wednesday) to be sacrificed there, with the meat to be distributed to sick people on that same day.[32]

According to the author of Tarikh jami' Qom, the prevalence of visiting Jamkaran Mosque on Tuesday nights can be attributed to Ayatullah Muhammad Taqi Bafqi's practice of walking to the mosque on Tuesday evenings accompanied by a group of seminary students. They would perform evening and Isha' prayers there and engage in worship until morning.[33] Prior to this, as noted by Nasir al-Shari'a, some people from Qom used to worship in the mosque on Thursday nights.[34]

The Jamkaran Mosque hosts certain religious ceremonies, such as the celebration of the Middle of Sha'ban.[35] Moreover, ceremonies for recitation of al-Kumayl Supplication, al-Nudba Supplication, and al-Tawassul Supplication are held in the mosque respective on Thursday nights, Friday mornings, and Tuesday nights.[36] People from different areas visit the mosque on these days.[37] Reportedly, 15 million Iranian and non-Iranian pilgrims visit the mosque every year.[38]

History and Developments

An old picture of Jamkaran Mosque.

According to the story cited by Mirza Husayn Nuri, the Jamkaran Mosque was built in the fourth/tenth century.[39] Sayyid Husayn al-Mudarrisi al-Tabataba'i speculates that the Jamkran Mosque is the same as the Mosque of al-Khattab al-Asadi that was built in the Jamkaran village in early second/eighth century, as reported by Tarikh-i Qom.[40] Some other researchers believe that they are distinct mosques since, according to Nuri, the Jamkaran mosque was built in the fourth/tenth century.[41]

Nevertheless, there is no information about the Jamkaran Mosque in historical sources. The only reference to this mosque can be found in the book Khulasat al-tawarikh, where it chronicles the life of Mir Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad Mirmiran in 986/1578-9. During his stay in Lanjarud village in Qom, he occasionally practiced i'tikaf at a place called "Maqam Imam al-Mahdi (a)" located in Jamkaran.[42] According to Ali Asghar Faqihi, a contemporary historian, this location is believed to be the Jamkaran Mosque.[43]

Reconstruction of the Mosque

The Jamkaran Mosque has undergone repairs and reconstruction in multiple periods throughout its history. An epigraph within the mosque, dated 1167/1753-4, indicates that Mirza Ali Akbar Jamkarani oversaw repair work on the mosque during that year. The epigraph also reveals that, at the time, the building featured a mosque measuring five by seventeen meters situated in the south of a courtyard spanning thirteen by seventeen meters.[44] Later, Ali Quli Jamkarani began the construction of one side of the courtyard, but it remained unfinished until Ai Asghar Khan Atabak completed it early after the reign of Mozaffar al-Din Shah Qajar (1853-1907).[45] Shaykh Muhammad Taqi Bafqi (d. 1946), a scholar of Qom during the Pahlawi period, also oversaw reconstructions in the mosque.[46] Moreover, in 1953, a person called Sayyid Muhammad Aqazada repaired parts of the mosque and constructed a hall in the south of its courtyard.[47]

There was a brick minaret on the southeastern part of the mosque, with a height of seventeen meters. Based on one epigraph, it was built in 1939.[48]

Expansion of the Mosque in the Islamic Republic

Following the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran, the Management Council of the Seminary of Qom appointed a board of trustees for the Jamkaran Mosque, while the Office of Endowment and Charity Affairs took on the responsibility of supervising the mosque.[49] As a result, there was a rapid expansion of the mosque, with forty hectares of land being allocated to it. Of this land, 5.5 hectares were dedicated to the main courtyard of the mosque.[50] Moreover, in 2003, a plan was approved by which about 250 hectares of land were allotted to the mosque, with approximately thirty hectares being dedicated to the Maqam Mosque and the shabistans. The rest was allocated to the courtyard as well as office and service buildings. According to this plan, the buildings of the mosque, except the Maqam Mosque, were reconstructed.[51]

The Jamkaran Mosque features various sections such as the Unit of Ceremonies and Propagations, Public Relations, Library, Publication, Registration of Kiramat, and Vows and Donations. Muhammad Husayn Rahimiyan is the current administrator of the Jamkaran Mosque, who succeeded Abu l-Qasim Wafi.[52]

Architecture and Building

The Jamkaran Mosque complex consists of various sections such as the Maqam Mosque, shabistans, the main courtyard, and office buildings.

Maqam Mosque

The building of the main shabistan of the Jamkaran Mosque is called the "Maqam Mosque." It has an area of approximately one thousand and one hundred square meters. The entry iwan or porch of the mosque features three entries to the shabistan. The porch is flanked by two sixty-meter minarets on both sides. The shabistan has eight pillars, on which the dome of the mosque stands with a metal structure. The trunk of the dome has twenty three windows that supply the light of the shabistan. The exterior of the dome is covered by turquoise tiles and adorned with Tahlil inscriptions and turanj patterns featuring the phrase "Ya Mahdi adrikni" (O Mahdi! Help me). The interior of the dome is adorned with a combination of mosaic tiles and bricks. Furthermore, the pillars, the mihrab, and the entry porch of the Shabistan as well as its minarets are adorned with mosaic and muqarnas tiles.[53]

The Main Courtyard

Jamkaran Mosque.

The Jamkaran Mosque has six entries. The northeastern entry directly goes to the main shabistan of the mosque. Minarets have been built around the courtyard, which according to the administrators will amount to fourteen.[54]

Shabistans

Western and eastern shabistans: on the two sides of the Maqam Mosque, there are two shabistans, each with an area of four thousand square meters, built in two floors. The interiors of the shabistans feature mirror work, with each having symmetrical domes.[55]

Well of Requests

The "Well of Requests" (Chah-i 'Arida) is located in the external courtyard at the rear of the Maqam Mosque.[56] It is a well-known site where some Shiites venerate and throw their requests and letters addressed to Imam al-Mahdi (a).[57] However, there is no evidence to support the sacredness of this well, and none of the Shiite authorities acknowledge its sanctity.[58] Even Ayatullah Khamenei, the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran,[59] and Ayatullah Makarim Shirazi,[60] a Shiite authority, have spoken out against the practice of throwing letters into the well. In addition, there used to be a small well in the middle of the mihrab, from which some pilgrims would take soil as a blessing. As per reports from several news websites, the well was shut down in November 2020. Moreover, there existed a stone in the mihrab of the mosque that bore a carving of a footprint, signifying the mosque as a footstep (Qadamgah). In 1931, Mirza Muhammad Fayd Qummi (d. 1951) ordered the destruction of the stone, deeming it as heretical.[61]

For Further Reading

Ja'far Mir 'Azimi's book, titled Masjid-i Muqaddas-i Jamkaran Tajalligah-i Sahib al-Zaman: (The holy Jamkaran Mosque: the manifestation of Imam al-Mahdi (a)), provides an in-depth look into the history of the Jamkaran Mosque.[62] The author also references the opinions and beliefs of various scholars and Shiite authorities concerning the mosque.[63] Furthermore, the book highlights several supernatural events (kiramat) that have taken place within the mosque and includes poems dedicated to its honor.[64] The Publications of the Jamkaran Mosque has released several editions of this book.

See Also

Gallery

  • Well of Requests

    Well of Requests

  • Courtyard of the mosque

    Courtyard of the mosque

Notes

  1. ↑ KhānMuḥammadī and Anwārī, "Chāh-i ʿarīḍa-yi Jamkarān; az khurāfa tā wāqiʿīyyat". p. 162.
  2. ↑ Nūrī, Jannat al-Maʾwā, p. 54-58; Nūrī, Najm al-thāqib, vol. 2, p. 454-458; Nūrī, Kalima Ṭayyiba, p. 682-686.
  3. ↑ ʿArab, "Jamkaran Mosque", p. 747.
  4. ↑ Fayḍ, Ganjīna āthār-i Qom, vol. 2, p. 667; qouted from ʿArab, "Jamkaran Mosque", p. 747.
  5. ↑ Nāṣir al-Sharīʿa, Tārīkh-i Qom, p. 233.
  6. ↑ ʿArab, "Jamkaran Mosque", p. 747.
  7. ↑ Mudarrisī Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Turbat-i pākān, vol. 2, p. 164.
  8. ↑ Nūrī, Jannat al-Maʾwā, p. 54-58.
  9. ↑ Nūrī, Jannat al-Maʾwā, p. 54-58.
  10. ↑ Nūrī, Jannat al-Maʾwā, p. 54-58; Nūrī, Najm al-thāqib, vol. 2, p. 454-458; Nūrī, Kalima Ṭayyiba, p. 682-686.
  11. ↑ Nūrī, Kalima Ṭayyiba, p. 682-686.
  12. ↑ Nūrī, Najm al-thāqib, vol. 2, p. 454-458.
  13. ↑ Nūrī, Mustadrak al-wasāʾil, vol. 3, p. 447.
  14. ↑ Nūrī, Jannat al-Maʾwā, p. 54-58.
  15. ↑ Nūrī, Jannat al-Maʾwā, p. 54.
  16. ↑ Nūrī, Mustadrak al-wasāʾil, vol. 3, p. 432 and 447.
  17. ↑ Nūrī, Jannat al-Maʾwā, p. 54-58; Nūrī, Kalima Ṭayyiba, p. 682-686.
  18. ↑ Nūrī, Mustadrak al-wasāʾil, vol. 3, p. 447; Nūrī, Najm al-thāqib, vol. 2, p. 458.
  19. ↑ Nāṣir al-Sharīʿa, Tārīkh-i Qom, p. 239.
  20. ↑ Nūrī, Najm al-thāqib, vol. 2, p. 458.
  21. ↑ Nāṣir al-Sharīʿa, Tārīkh-i Qom, p. 29-30.
  22. ↑ Nūrī, Jannat al-Maʾwā, p. 56; Nūrī, Kalima Ṭayyiba, p. 684.
  23. ↑ Qummī, Kulliyāt-i Mafātīḥ al-jinān, p. 427-429.
  24. ↑ Qur'an, 2:5.
  25. ↑ Nūrī, Jannat al-Maʾwā, p. 55-56; Nūrī, Najm al-thāqib, vol. 2, p. 456; Qummī, Kulliyāt-i Mafātīḥ al-jinān, p. 427-429.
  26. ↑ Nūrī, Jannat al-Maʾwā, p. 56; Nūrī, Kalima Ṭayyiba, p. 684; Qummī, Kulliyāt-i Mafātīḥ al-jinān, p. 427-429.
  27. ↑ Qummī, Kulliyāt-i Mafātīḥ al-jinān, p. 427-429.
  28. ↑ Nāṣir al-Sharīʿa, Tārīkh-i Qom, p. 30.
  29. ↑ Faqīhī, Tārikh-i madhhabī-yi Qom, p. 7-10.
  30. ↑ Faqīhī, Tārikh-i madhhabī-yi Qom, p. 273.
  31. ↑ Nūrī, Jannat al-Maʾwā, p. 54-58; Riḍwānī, Mawʿūdshināsī wa pāsukh bi Shubahāt, p. 486.
  32. ↑ Riḍwānī, Mawʿūdshināsī wa pāsukh bi Shubahāt, p. 486.
  33. ↑ Faqīhī, Tārikh-i madhhabī-yi Qom, p. 273-274.
  34. ↑ Nāṣir al-Sharīʿa, Tārīkh-i Qom, p. 233.
  35. ↑ Announcement of special programs for Mid-Sha'ban in the holy mosque of Jamkaran(Persian)).
  36. ↑ This week's ceremony of Jamkaran Holy Mosque.(Persian)
  37. ↑ KhānMuḥammadī and Anwārī, "Chāh-i ʿarīḍa-yi Jamkarān; az khurāfa tā wāqiʿīyyat". p. 162.
  38. ↑ Wizhanāma-yi Jamkarān, p. 7-11; ʿArab, qouted from "Jamkaran Mosque", p. 748.
  39. ↑ Nūrī, Jannat al-Maʾwā, p. 54-58; Nūrī, Najm al-thāqib, vol. 2, p. 454-458; Nūrī, Kalima Ṭayyiba, p. 682-686.
  40. ↑ Mudarrisī Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Turbat-i pākān, vol. 2, p. 163-164.
  41. ↑ Faqīhī, Tārikh-i madhhabī-yi Qom, p. 272.
  42. ↑ Munshī Qummī, Khulāṣat al-Tawārīkh, vol. 2, p. 1019; qouted from ʿArab, "Jamkaran Mosque", p. 747.
  43. ↑ Faqīhī, Qom Dar masīr-i Tārikh, p. 171; qouted from ʿArab, "Jamkaran Mosque", p. 747.
  44. ↑ Mudarrisī Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Turbat-i pākān, vol. 2, p. 164.
  45. ↑ Nāṣir al-Sharīʿa, Tārīkh-i Qom, p. 233.
  46. ↑ Kūchakzāda, Tārīkhcha-yi Qom wa masājid-i tārīkhī-yi ān, p. 246; qouted from ʿArab, "Jamkaran Mosque", p. 748.
  47. ↑ Fayḍ, Ganjīna āthār-i Qom, vol. 2, p. 668-671; qouted from ʿArab, "Jamkaran Mosque", p. 748.
  48. ↑ Fayḍ, Ganjīna āthār-i Qom, vol. 2, p. 670-672; qouted from ʿArab, "Jamkaran Mosque", p. 748.
  49. ↑ Zandīyya, "Masjid-i Jamkarān", p. 80; qouted from ʿArab, "Jamkaran Mosque", p. 748.
  50. ↑ Zandīyya, "Masjid-i Jamkarān", p. 78; qouted from ʿArab, "Jamkaran Mosque", p. 749.
  51. ↑ ʿArab, "Jamkaran Mosque", p. 749.
  52. ↑ The guardianship of the holy mosque of Jamkaran. (Persian)
  53. ↑ ʿArab, "Jamkaran Mosque", p. 749.
  54. ↑ The development of Jamkaran Mosque requires 170 billion Tomans. (Persian)
  55. ↑ ʿArab, "Jamkaran Mosque", p. 749.
  56. ↑ KhānMuḥammadī and Anwārī, "Chāh-i ʿarīḍa-yi Jamkarān; az khurāfa tā wāqiʿīyyat". p. 162.
  57. ↑ KhānMuḥammadī and Anwārī, "Chāh-i ʿarīḍa-yi Jamkarān; az khurāfa tā wāqiʿīyyat". p. 163.
  58. ↑ KhānMuḥammadī and Anwārī, "Chāh-i ʿarīḍa-yi Jamkarān; az khurāfa tā wāqiʿīyyat". p. 175.
  59. ↑ Kumita-yi intishārāt-i muʾassasa-yi farhangī hunarī-yi Imān-i jaḥādī. Masīḥ dar shab-i Qadr, p. 431.
  60. ↑ The petition well in Jamkaran Mosque. (Persian)
  61. ↑ Fayḍ, Ganjīna āthār-i Qom, vol. 2, p. 668; qouted from ʿArab, "Jamkaran Mosque", p. 748.
  62. ↑ Mīr ʿAẓīmī, Masjid-i Muqaddas-i Jamkarān tajallīgāh-i Ṣāḥib al-zamān, p. 27-35.
  63. ↑ Mīr ʿAẓīmī, Masjid-i Muqaddas-i Jamkarān tajallīgāh-i Ṣāḥib al-zamān, p. 37-68.
  64. ↑ Mīr ʿAẓīmī, Masjid-i Muqaddas-i Jamkarān tajallīgāh-i Ṣāḥib al-zamān, p. 70-178.

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  • Zandīyya, Ḥasan. "Masjid-i Jamkarān". Masjid 25. (1375 Sh).
  • چاه مسجد جمکران بسته و تخریب شد (Jamkaran mosque well was closed and destroyed. (Persian)). Accessed: 2023/07/21.
  • چاه مسجد جمکران موقتا بسته شد (Jamkaran mosque well was temporarily closed. (Persian)). Accessed: 2023/07/21.
  • چاه عریضه در مسجد جمکران (The petition well in Jamkaran Mosque. (Persian)). Accessed: 2023/07/21.
  • اعلام برنامه های ویژه نیمه شعبان در مسجد مقدس جمکران (Announcement of special programs for Mid-Sha'ban in the holy mosque of Jamkaran(Persian)). Accessed: 2023/07/21.
  • توسعه مسجد جمکران نیازمند ۱۷۰ میلیارد تومان اعتبار است (The development of Jamkaran Mosque requires 170 billion Tomans. (Persian)). Accessed: 2023/07/21.
  • تولیت مسجد مقدس جمکران (The guardianship of the holy mosque of Jamkaran. (Persian)). Accessed: 2023/07/21.
  • KhānMuḥammadī and Anwārī, Karīm and Muḥammad riḍā. "Chāh-i ʿarīḍa-yi Jamkarān; az khurāfa tā wāqiʿīyyat". Shīʿashināsī 37. (1392 Sh).
  • مراسم این هفته مسجد مقدس جمکران (This week's ceremony of Jamkaran Holy Mosque.(Persian)). Accessed: 2023/08/05.
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