Al-Hurr al-'Amili

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Al-Hurr al-'Amili
Tomb of al-Hurr al-'Amili in holy shrine of Imam al-Rida (a)
Tomb of al-Hurr al-'Amili in holy shrine of Imam al-Rida (a)
Personal Information
Full NameMuhammad b. al-Hasan b. Ali b. al-Husayn al-Amili
Well-Known AsAl-Shaykh al-Hurr al-Amili
Birth8th Rajab 1033/26th April 1624
ResidenceJabal Amel,Mashhad
Studied inJabal Amel
Death21st Ramadan 1104/26th May 1693
Burial PlaceHoly shrine of Imam al-Rida (a)
Scholarly Information
ProfessorsHis father Hasan b. Ali • Hasan b. Zayn al-Din al-Amili
StudentsMustafa b. Abd al-Wahid b. Sayyar Hubiz • Sayyid Muhammad b. Muhammad Baqir Husayni A'raji Mukhtari Na'ini
WorksWasa'il al-shi'a • Al-Jawahir al-Saniyya fi l-ahadith al-qudsiyya
Socio-Political Activities
Socio-Political
Activities		Qadi l-qudat,Shaykh al-Islam


Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-ʿĀmilī (Arabic: محمد بن الحسن بن علي بن الحسين العاملي) (b.1033/1624 – d.1104/1693), commonly known as Al-Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī and Ṣāḥib al-Wasāʾil, was a prominent Twelver Shi'a muhaddith, jurist and the author of Wasa'il al-Shi'a. He was an Akhbari scholar who believed in the authenticity of all hadiths in the Four Books. He is buried in the holy shrine of Imam al-Rida (a).

Life and Lineage

He was born on Friday, Rajab 8, 1033/April 26, 1624 in the village of Mashghara in the Jabal 'Amel area of southern Lebanon, a Shi'a center in the region. His lineage traces back to Hurr b. Yazid al-Riyahi through 36 generations.[1] His family is known as Al Hurr (descendants of Hurr).[2]

Family

As al-Shaykh al-Hurr al-Amili himself has stated, the family of Al Hurr was famous for being knowledgeable and supporting Ahl al-Bayt (a); they have also trained several notable jurist and scholars.

Al-Shaykh al-Hurr al-'Amili's father, Hasan b. 'Ali, was a notable scholar, literary figure, jurist and a knowledgeable figure in Arabic literature. People mostly visited him as a source of knowledge in Islam.[3] His mother was the daughter of 'Allama Shaykh 'Abd al-Salam; she was a pious woman who was knowledgeable in literature.[4]

His uncle, al-shaykh Muhammad b. 'Ali b. Muhammad al-Hurr al-'Amili, was the author of al-Rihla. He penned numerous glosses, commentaries, treaties and collections of poems.[5]

His cousin, Hasan b. Muhammad b. 'Ali, was a notable scholar and a literary figure. His grandfather, al-Shaykh 'Ali b. Muhammad al-Hurr al-Amili, was a prominent scholar who was famous for his worship and his knowledge in shari'a laws. In addition, his son, al-Shaykh Muhammad b. Muhammad, was the superior figure of his time in logics.[6]

The maternal grandmother of al-Shaykh al-Hurr al-'Amili, 'Abd al-Salam b. Shams al-Din Muhammad al-Hurr al-'Amili, was a knowledgeable figure in jurisprudential rulings.[7]

Travels

When he was forty years old, al-Shaykh al-Hurr al-'Amili moved from Jabal Amel to Iraq to make a pilgrimage of the holy shrines in 1073/1662-3. Then he moved to Mashhad to visit the shrine of Imam al-Rida (a) where he remained for the rest of his life.

Al-Hurr al-'Amili performed hajj twice in 1087/1677 and 1088/1678. In his last travel to Mecca, al-Shaykh was saved from the attacks of Ottomans. The Turks of Ottomans attacked Iranians and killed them all. Their excuse was that Iranians had disrespected Ka'ba. Al-Shaykh al-Hurr al-'Amili managed to escape the incident by the help of Sayyid Musa b. Sulayman, who was one of the lords of Mecca and a descendant of Imam al-Husayn (a). Then he moved to Iraq through Yemen.[8]

On his journey to Mashhad, he visited 'Allama al-Majlisi in Isfahan, and the two mutually granted each other the permission for the transmission of hadiths. In a meeting with Shah Sulayman Safavi, he received the titles of Qadi l-qudat (The judge of all judges) and Shaykh al-Islam of Khurasan.[9]

Demise

Al-'Amili passed away in Mashhad on Ramadan 21, 1104/ May 26, 1693 and was buried next to the shrine of Imam al-Rida (a).[10]

Teachers

He began his education in Jabal 'Amil area. Then he moved to Juba' where he learned from different teachers including:

Tendency toward Akhbarism

Al-'Amili was an Akhbari scholar. He believed that all the narrations of the Four Books are reliable. He brought twenty reasons in proving his claim, in the last section of the book al-Wa'il al-Shi'a.[12] In addition, he believed that we cannot act based on doubt, because of the possibility of achieving knowledge on Shari'a laws.[13]

He attended the classes of famous Akhbari scholars. Therefore, while he was under the influence of Akhbarism in Safavid era, eventually he accepted Akhbarism and became a moderate preacher of this school to expand it. However, he avoided disputes against the followers of Usul and Mujtahids, but he defended and supported Akhbarism strongly, while he tried his best to make it more dominant. He was among the first people who tried to explicitly make a distinction between Akhbari and Ijtihadi schools of thought. He fiercely criticized logical means in concluding Shari'a laws.[14] Al-'Amili explained his ideas and attitudes in his famous book, Fawa'id al-Tusiyya. In the beginning part of his book, al-'Amili explained his motivations in writing this book.[15]

Students

Al-Shaykh al-Hurr al-'Amili had popular classes in Mashhad with numerous notable students including:

  • Mustafa b. 'Abd al-Wahid b. Sayyar Hubiz
  • Al-Shaykh Muhammad Rida, the son of al-Shaykh Mustafa
  • Al-Shaykh Hasan, al-Shaykh Mustafa's son
  • Sayyid Muhammad b. Muhammad Baqir Husayni A'raji Mukhtari Na'ini
  • Sayyid Muhammad b. Muhammad Badi' Radawi Mashhadi
  • Mawla Muhammad Fadil b. Muhammad Mahdi Mashhadi
  • Sayyid Muhammad b. 'Ali b. Muhy al-Din Musawi al-'Amili
  • Mawla Muhammad Salih b. Muhammad Baqir Qazwini, known as Rowghani
  • Mawla Muhammad Taqi b. 'Abd al-Wahhab Astarabadi Mashhadi
  • Mawla Muhammad Taqi Dihkharqani Qazwini
  • Sayyid Muhammad b. Ahmad Husayni Gilani[16]

Works

The Book Wasa'il al-shi'a
Main article: List of Works by Al-Hurr al-'Amili

Al-Shaykh al-Hurr al-'Amili penned numerous valuable works. Wasa'il al-Shi'a is considered as the most important and priceless work of al-'Amili, which is still regarded highly among Shi'a jurists and mujtahids. It consists of Shi'a narrative hadiths from Shi'a hadith collections such as the Four Books and other jurisprudential books. This great collection contains 36.000 hadiths with their sources in jurisprudential matters. It was also translated and many different commentaries and glosses were written on it.

Poems

Al-Hurr al-'Amili had an exceptional talent for composing poems. He has written numerous poems praising Ahl al-Bayt (a). His Divan contains 20000 verses of poems.

Al-'Amili would compose long poems. His Qasida in praising Prophet Muhammad (s) and Ahl al-Bayt (a) is arranged with over 100 verses. Another Qasida on miracles and virtues of Ahl al-Bayt (a) is over 400 verses.

He composed poems expertly and applied different beautiful literary techniques which made his poems magnificent. Here are some poems:

Although I'm named Hurr (free), I'm a servant of Ahl al-Bayt (a)
If they grant me freedom, I'd be back serving them all

Also in another poem, he said:

If remembering friends is enjoyable, praising Ahl al-Bayt is more delightful to me.[17]

Scholars and Notable Figures view on al-Hurr al-'Amili

Al-Shaykh al-Hurr al-'Amili is considered among the most notable Shi'a scholars in the eleventh century. He has made great efforts in order to enrich Shi'ism with hadiths and notable narrators of Shi'a. He is highly respected among Shi'a scholars for his influential works.

Sayyid 'Ali Khan Madani said:

Al-Shaykh Muhammad b. al-Hasan b. 'Ali b. Muhammad al-Hurr al-Shami al-'Amili was a grand scientific figure. The universal influence of his works has significantly affected different people of different countries. His writings are regarded as stars in the sky of knowledge while his words are valuable pearls next to each other.[18]

Muhammad b. 'Ali Ardibili described al-Hurr al-'Amili as a significant figure whose virtues are ineffable and countless.[19]

Muhaddith al-Qummi stated:

Muhammad b. al-Hasan b. 'Ali Mushghiri, is the greatest narrator, virtuous scholar, knowledgeable faqih, reliable narrator, and a source of knowledge who has written significant works.[20]

'Allama Amini said about al-Hurr al-'Amili in al-Ghadir: He was the precious pearl of the time and a shining figure in the world of virtuousness. He was a knowledgeable man in every subject; he was an ultimate symbol of knowledge, graciousness, and excellence. He has written hadiths of Ahl al-Bayt (a) in proving Imamat, collecting Shari'a laws and praising them. Therefore, he has carved his name forever by his impressive works.[21]

Notes

  1. ↑ Amīn, Aʿyān al-Shīʿa, vol. 2, p. 494.
  2. ↑ Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, ʾAmal al-āmil, vol. 1, p. 9.
  3. ↑ Amīn, Aʿyān al-Shīʿa, vol. 5, p. 212.
  4. ↑ Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Ithbāt al-hudāt, vol. 1, p. 5.
  5. ↑ Afandī, Riyāḍ al-ʿulamā, vol. 5, p. 136.
  6. ↑ Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, ʾAmal al-āmil, p. 129.
  7. ↑ Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, ʾAmal al-āmil, p. 107.
  8. ↑ Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa, vol. 1, p. 79.
  9. ↑ Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 107, p. 107-111; Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Ithbāt al-hudāt, vol. 1, p. 21; Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, ʾAmal al-āmil, vol. 1, p. 47-51.
  10. ↑ Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Ithbāt al-hudāt, vol. 1, p. 20.
  11. ↑ Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 107, p. 104-109.
  12. ↑ Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa, vol. 20, p. 96-104.
  13. ↑ Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa, vol. 20, p. 105-112.
  14. ↑ Farāhānī Munfarid, Muhājirat-i ʿulamāyi Shīʿa az Jabal ʿĀmil bi Irān, p. 164.
  15. ↑ Mudīr Shānachī, ʿIlm al-ḥadīth, p. 87-88.
  16. ↑ Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Ithbāt al-hudāt, vol. 1, p. 10-12.
  17. ↑ Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa, vol. 1, Muqaddima taḥqīq, p. 84.
  18. ↑ Madanī, Sulāfat al-ʿaṣr, p. 359.
  19. ↑ Ardabīlī, Jāmiʿ al-ruwāt, p. 90.
  20. ↑ Qummī, al-Kunay wal alqāb, p. 176.
  21. ↑ Amīnī, al-Ghadīr, vol. 11, p. 336.

References

  • Ardabīlī, Muḥammad ʿAlī. Jāmiʿ al-ruwāt.Maktabat al-Muḥammadī, [n.p]. [n.d].
  • Afandī, ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿIsā. Riyāḍ al-ʿulamāʾ wa ḥiyāḍ al-fuḍalāʾ. Qom: Maṭba'at al-Khayyām, [n.d].
  • Amīn, Sayyid Muḥsin al-. Aʿyān al-Shīʿa. Beirut: Dār al-Taʿāruf, [n.d].
  • Amīnī, ʿAbd al-Ḥusayn. Al-Ghadīr fī al-kitāb wa al-sunna wa al-ʾadab. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1397.
  • Farāhānī Munfarid. Muhājirat-i ʿulamāyi Shīʿa az Jabal ʿĀmil bi Irān. Tehran: Amīrkabīr, 1388 Sh.
  • Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa. Qom: Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt, [n.d].
  • Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. Ithbāt al-hudā bi al-nuṣūṣ wa al-muʿjizāt. Beirut: Aʿlami inistitute, 1425
  • Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ʾAmal al-āmil. Baghdad: Maktabat al-Andalus, [n.d].
  • Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. Biḥār al-anwār. Beirut: Muʾassisa al-Wafaʾ, 1403 AH.
  • Madanī, Sayyid ʿAlī Khān. Sulāfat al-ʿaṣr. Tehran: Murtaḍawī, 1383 Sh.
  • Mukhtārī Riḍā and Ṣādiqī Muḥsin. Ghināʾ wa mūsīqī. Qom: Daftar-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī-yi Ḥawza-yi Ilmīya-yi Qom, 1377 Sh.
  • Qummī, Shaykh ʿAbbās. Al-Fawāʾid al-raḍawīyya fī aḥwāl ʿulamāʾ al-madhhab al-jaʿfarīyya. Qom: Būstān-i Kitāb, 1383 Sh.
  • Qummī, Shaykh ʿAbbās. Al-Kunā wa l-alqāb. Tehran: Maktabat al-Ṣadr, [n.d].
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