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Template:Shia Scholar Infobox ʿAbd al-Raḥīm Ḥāʾirī (Persian: عبدالرحیم حائری) (b. 1253 Sh/1874-5 – d. 1327 Sh/1948), known as ʿAbd al-Raḥīm Fuṣūlī or ʿAbd al-Raḥīm Ṣāḥib Fuṣūl, was the one who marked the boundaries of the graves of the Imams of al-Baqi' after the demolition incident by the Wahhabis. In 1345 AH/1926-7, one year after the demolition of the graves of the Imams of al-Baqi', he went to Hajj and, after negotiating with the Saudi king, obtained written and oral permission to mark the boundaries of the graves of the Imams of al-Baqi' (a). Ha'iri studied in Karbala, Najaf, and Isfahan and received more than thirty permissions for narration and Ijtihad from scholars.

After some time, he settled in Tehran, where, in addition to being the Imam of Congregational Prayer and preaching in one of Tehran's mosques, he formed the Islamic Brotherhood Association in this city and in other cities such as Qom, Arak, and Mashhad. Ha'iri Sahib Fusul was also a man of letters and a poet, and has more than fifteen works. *Hidāyat al-ʿāmma fī ithbāt al-imāma*, *Manẓūmat mulakhkhaṣ al-maqāl fī l-rijāl*, and *Manẓūmat mūjaz al-maqāl* in the science of Dirayat al-hadith are some of his works.

His grandfather, Muhammad Husayn Ha'iri Isfahani, was a Usuli jurist and Mujtahid of the 13th/19th century and the author of the book Al-Fuṣūl al-gharawiyya. Due to writing the book *Al-Fuṣūl*, his family became known as Fuṣūlī or Ṣāḥib Fuṣūl.

Marking the Boundaries of the Graves of the Imams of al-Baqi'

After the demolition of the graves of the Imams of al-Baqi' in 1344 AH/1926 by the Wahhabis and the prohibition of Hajj by the then government of Iran,[1] Ha'iri traveled to Syria the following year intending to visit the House of God and seek a solution. He first met with the Saudi ambassador in Damascus and, after obtaining the necessary security guarantee, went to Hajj.[2]

Upon arriving in Saudi Arabia in 1345 AH/1926-7,[3] Ha'iri held two negotiation sessions with the Saudi King, Malik 'Abd al-'Aziz b. 'Abd al-Rahman, in Mecca and succeeded in obtaining an official document from the King of Saudi Arabia[4] to mark the boundaries of the graves of the Imams of al-Baqi' and arrange stones around them, which remains to this day (early 15th century SH).[5] It is said that Ayatollah Burujerdi, who later became a Shi'a Marja', accompanied Ha'iri Fusuli on this trip.[6]

Contents of the Written and Oral Permission

This letter, which was published in the *Ettela'at* newspaper in those years to follow up on and prevent the harassment of Iranians during Hajj,[7] mentions honoring and respecting the graves of the Imams of al-Baqi', preserving the structure of the grave of the Prophet (s), not preventing anyone from visiting the House of God, and permission to build a wall around the graves of the Imams for protection.[8] He also obtained oral permission to rebuild the graves in a way that does not contradict the beliefs of the Sunnis.[9]

Biography

'Abd al-Rahim Ha'iri Fusuli, son of 'Abd al-Husayn, was born on Rabi' al-Awwal 2, 1294 AH (corresponding to 1253 Sh/1874-5) in Karbala.[10] His grandfather, Muhammad Husayn Ha'iri Isfahani (d. c. 1261 AH/1845), was the author of the book Al-Fuṣūl al-gharawiyya,[11] due to which his family became known as Fuṣūlī or Ṣāḥib Fuṣūl.[12] He migrated to Isfahan in 1310 AH/1892-3 and returned to Iraq after 10 years in 1320 AH/1902-3, settling in Najaf.[13] In 1330 AH/1912, he came to Iran and settled in Tehran,[14] marrying the daughter of Sayyid Sadiq Tabataba'i, the then speaker of the Iranian National Consultative Assembly.[15] In 1349 AH/1930-1, after performing Hajj twice, he went to Qom and stayed there for three years. Then he went to the city of Arak and, after a year of residence, returned to Tehran in 1354 AH/1935-6.[16]

Death

Ha'iri Fusuli passed away on Dhu l-Qa'da 6, 1367 AH (Mordad 29, 1327 Sh/August 20, 1948)[17] and, according to his will, was buried in his personal garden in Tehran.[18]

According to the view of Mahdavī, a researcher of Isfahan history, Agha Buzurg Tehrani in Muṣaffā l-maqāl referred to Ha'iri's isolation and being a Sufi at the end of his life and his death in Sultan Abad (modern-day Arak), which, considering Ha'iri's writings criticizing Sufism and his death and burial in Tehran, is not correct.[19]

Education and Permissions

Ha'iri learned Arabic literature, rational sciences, Fiqh, and Usul (preliminary studies) until the age of 15.[20] His teachers in Karbala and Najaf[21] were Zayn al-Abidin al-Mazandarani, Mulla Isma'il Burujerdi,[22] Sayyid Muhammad Baqir Hujjat, Muhammad Baqir Isfahani,[23] and Muhammad Hashim Chaharsuqi Isfahani.[24] He also studied in Isfahan.[25] He obtained more than 30 permissions for narration and Ijtihad from Shi'a jurists.[26]

Activities

In 1347 AH/1928-9, Ha'iri went to Hajj via the Jabal route, which was one of the forbidden routes for Shi'as, and engaged in dialogue with the fanatical scholars and elders of the region who considered shedding Shi'a blood permissible.[27]

According to Heydari, an Islamic researcher, he is among the few scholars of Diraya who dedicated a chapter in the book *Mūjaz al-maqāl fī maqāṣid ʿilm al-dirāya* to the etiquette of learning, memorizing, and writing hadith.[28] He was also a man of letters and a poet, and has a Divan of mystical poetry.[29] A piece of poetry from his Divan is as follows:

Template:Poem

During his stay in Tehran, Fusuli served as the Imam of Congregational Prayer and preacher in one of Tehran's mosques.[30] He formed the Islamic Brotherhood Association in Tehran[31] and other cities such as Qom, Arak, and Mashhad.[32] He also established Friday Prayer first in a local mosque and then in the Shah Mosque (current Imam Khomeini Mosque).[33]

In Tehran, in addition to preaching Islamic transactions, Ha'iri established a joint-stock company with a precise statute and encouraged individuals to buy these shares and shops through it to build a backing for a healthy Islamic economy.[34] It is said that he was one of the proposers of the nationalization of the Iranian oil industry,[35] sending his proposal to Reza Shah through Sayyid Muhammad Khatunabadi (known as Sayyid Muhammad Imami or Imamzada), the then Friday Prayer Leader of Tehran who had connections with the Pahlavi court.[36]

Works

Ha'iri Isfahani has more than 15 works,[37] some of which are as follows:

  • *Hidāyat al-ʿāmma fī ithbāt al-imāma*[38]
  • *Manẓūmat mūjaz al-maqāl* in the science of Diraya[39]
  • *Ghanāʾim al-tibyān*, an introduction to Quranic exegesis[40]
  • *Badāʾiʿ al-aḥkām fī sharḥ sharāʾiʿ al-Islām*[41]
  • *Manẓūmat mulakhkhaṣ al-maqāl*, in the science of Rijal and biographies[42]
  • *Nāmahā-yi Ḥāʾirī* or *Nahj al-baṣīra*, which includes letters he wrote to his friends and students, collected by his student Abu Turab Huda'i.[43]
  • View of the marked graves of the Imams of al-Baqi by Ha'iri
    View of the marked graves of the Imams of al-Baqi by Ha'iri
  • View of Ha'iri Fusuli's grave
    View of Ha'iri Fusuli's grave
  • Old picture of Ha'iri and Rahim Arbab
    Old picture of Ha'iri and Rahim Arbab
  • View of the entrance to 'Abd al-Rahim Ha'iri's tomb in Tehran
    View of the entrance to 'Abd al-Rahim Ha'iri's tomb in Tehran
  • Sahib Fusuli in his youth
    Sahib Fusuli in his youth

Notes

  1. ↑ Aḥmadī, Ravābiṭ-i Īrān va ʿArabistān dar sada-yi bīstum, 1386 Sh, p. 53; Ghaffārzāda, Daʿvat-i bashar bi yagānegī, 1374 Sh, p. 30.
  2. ↑ "Az gūsha-yi gumnāmī", p. 52; Ghaffārzāda, Daʿvat-i bashar bi yagānegī, 1374 Sh, p. 30.
  3. ↑ "Zirakī-yi 'Allāma Ṣāḥib al-Fuṣūl dar giriftan-i ijāzanāma-yi Shāh-i Saʿūdī...", Tasnim News Agency.
  4. ↑ "Zirakī-yi 'Allāma Ṣāḥib al-Fuṣūl dar giriftan-i ijāzanāma-yi Shāh-i Saʿūdī...", Tasnim News Agency; Jaʿfariyān, "Dīdār-i shigift va khāndanī-yi yek rūḥānī-yi Īrānī bā Malik 'Abd al-'Azīz Saʿūdī...", Specialized Library of Islam and Iran History.
  5. ↑ "Zirakī-yi 'Allāma Ṣāḥib al-Fuṣūl dar giriftan-i ijāzanāma-yi Shāh-i Saʿūdī...", Tasnim News Agency.
  6. ↑ Ghaffārzāda, Daʿvat-i bashar bi yagānegī, 1374 Sh, p. 34.
  7. ↑ Ghaffārzāda, Daʿvat-i bashar bi yagānegī, 1374 Sh, p. 34.
  8. ↑ Ghaffārzāda, Daʿvat-i bashar bi yagānegī, 1374 Sh, p. 31.
  9. ↑ "Az gūsha-yi gumnāmī", p. 52; Ghaffārzāda, Daʿvat-i bashar bi yagānegī, 1374 Sh, pp. 31, 34.
  10. ↑ Ṭahrānī, Muṣaffā l-maqāl, 1408 AH, pp. 226-227; Mahdavī, Dāneshmandān va buzurgān-i Iṣfahān, 1384 Sh, vol. 1, p. 412; ʿAbbāsī et al., Athar-āfarīnān, 1384 Sh, vol. 2, p. 244.
  11. ↑ Ṭahrānī, Nuqabāʾ al-bashar, 1388 Sh, vol. 3, p. 1104; Makārem, "Khurdagīrān bar ḥikmat-i mutaʿāliya...", p. 296.
  12. ↑ "Az gūsha-yi gumnāmī", p. 52; Ghaffārzāda, Daʿvat-i bashar bi yagānegī, 1374 Sh, p. 27.
  13. ↑ Mushār, Muʾallifīn-i kutub-i chāpī, 1340 Sh, vol. 3, p. 827; Mahdavī, Aʿlām-i Iṣfahān, 1386 Sh, vol. 4, p. 207; Ṭahrānī, Nuqabāʾ al-bashar, 1388 Sh, vol. 3, p. 1104.
  14. ↑ Mahdavī, Tadhkira-yi shuʿarā-yi muʿāṣir-i Iṣfahān, 1334 Sh, pp. 151-152; Mushār, Muʾallifīn-i kutub-i chāpī, 1340 Sh, vol. 3, p. 827.
  15. ↑ Ghaffārzāda, Daʿvat-i bashar bi yagānegī, 1374 Sh, p. 30.
  16. ↑ Ghaffārzāda, Daʿvat-i bashar bi yagānegī, 1374 Sh, p. 35.
  17. ↑ Mushār, Muʾallifīn-i kutub-i chāpī, 1340 Sh, vol. 3, p. 827; Mahdavī, Tārīkh-i ʿilmī va ijtimāʿī-yi Iṣfahān, 1367 Sh, vol. 3, p. 232.
  18. ↑ Makārem, "Khurdagīrān bar ḥikmat-i mutaʿāliya...", p. 297; Mahdavī, Dāneshmandān va buzurgān-i Iṣfahān, 1384 Sh, vol. 1, p. 412.
  19. ↑ Mahdavī, Tārīkh-i ʿilmī va ijtimāʿī-yi Iṣfahān, 1367 Sh, vol. 3, pp. 232-233.
  20. ↑ Mahdavī, Aʿlām-i Iṣfahān, 1386 Sh, vol. 4, p. 206; Mushār, Muʾallifīn-i kutub-i chāpī, 1340 Sh, vol. 3, pp. 826-827.
  21. ↑ Ṭahrānī, Muṣaffā l-maqāl, 1408 AH, p. 227; ʿAbbāsī et al., Athar-āfarīnān, 1384 Sh, vol. 2, p. 244; Mahdavī, Tadhkira-yi shuʿarā-yi muʿāṣir-i Iṣfahān, 1334 Sh, p. 151.
  22. ↑ ʿAbbāsī et al., Athar-āfarīnān, 1384 Sh, vol. 2, p. 244; Ṭahrānī, Nuqabāʾ al-bashar, 1388 Sh, vol. 3, p. 1104.
  23. ↑ "Al-Shaykh 'Abd al-Raḥīm ḥafīd Ṣāḥib al-Fuṣūl al-Gharawiyya", Markaz Turāth al-Karbalā.
  24. ↑ Ṭahrānī, Nuqabāʾ al-bashar, 1388 Sh, vol. 3, p. 1104; Mahdavī, Tārīkh-i ʿilmī va ijtimāʿī-yi Iṣfahān, 1367 Sh, vol. 3, p. 231.
  25. ↑ Ṭahrānī, Muṣaffā l-maqāl, 1408 AH, p. 227; Mahdavī, Tārīkh-i ʿilmī va ijtimāʿī-yi Iṣfahān, 1367 Sh, vol. 3, p. 231.
  26. ↑ ʿAbbāsī et al., Athar-āfarīnān, 1384 Sh, vol. 2, p. 244; Makārem, "Khurdagīrān bar ḥikmat-i mutaʿāliya...", p. 296; Mahdavī, Aʿlām-i Iṣfahān, 1386 Sh, vol. 4, p. 206.
  27. ↑ "Az gūsha-yi gumnāmī", p. 52; Ghaffārzāda, Daʿvat-i bashar bi yagānegī, 1374 Sh, p. 35.
  28. ↑ Ḥaydarī Fiṭrat, "Manẓūma-yi dānish-hā-yi ḥadīthī-yi Shīʿa...", p. 42.
  29. ↑ Mahdavī, Aʿlām-i Iṣfahān, 1386 Sh, vol. 4, p. 206; Mahdavī, Tadhkira-yi shuʿarā-yi muʿāṣir-i Iṣfahān, 1334 Sh, pp. 152-155.
  30. ↑ Ṭahrānī, Nuqabāʾ al-bashar, 1388 Sh, vol. 3, p. 1104; Ghaffārzāda, Daʿvat-i bashar bi yagānegī, 1374 Sh, p. 30.
  31. ↑ Ṭahrānī, Nuqabāʾ al-bashar, 1388 Sh, vol. 3, p. 1104; Mahdavī, Tārīkh-i ʿilmī va ijtimāʿī-yi Iṣfahān, 1367 Sh, vol. 3, p. 231.
  32. ↑ "Az gūsha-yi gumnāmī", p. 53; ʿAbbāsī et al., Athar-āfarīnān, 1384 Sh, vol. 2, p. 244.
  33. ↑ Ghaffārzāda, Daʿvat-i bashar bi yagānegī, 1374 Sh, p. 37.
  34. ↑ "Az gūsha-yi gumnāmī", p. 52; Ghaffārzāda, Daʿvat-i bashar bi yagānegī, 1374 Sh, pp. 41-43.
  35. ↑ ʿAbbāsī et al., Athar-āfarīnān, 1384 Sh, vol. 2, p. 244.
  36. ↑ "Az gūsha-yi gumnāmī", p. 53; ʿAbbāsī et al., Athar-āfarīnān, 1384 Sh, vol. 2, p. 244; Ghaffārzāda, Daʿvat-i bashar bi yagānegī, 1374 Sh, pp. 43-44.
  37. ↑ See: Mahdavī, Aʿlām-i Iṣfahān, 1386 Sh, vol. 4, pp. 207-208; "Az gūsha-yi gumnāmī", p. 52.
  38. ↑ Makārem, "Khurdagīrān bar ḥikmat-i mutaʿāliya...", p. 297; Ghaffārzāda, Daʿvat-i bashar bi yagānegī, 1374 Sh, p. 36.
  39. ↑ Mushār, Muʾallifīn-i kutub-i chāpī, 1340 Sh, vol. 3, p. 828; Mahdavī, Tadhkira-yi shuʿarā-yi muʿāṣir-i Iṣfahān, 1334 Sh, p. 152; Ṭahrānī, Muṣaffā l-maqāl, 1408 AH, p. 227.
  40. ↑ Mahdavī, Dāneshmandān va buzurgān-i Iṣfahān, 1384 Sh, vol. 1, p. 412; Makārem, "Khurdagīrān bar ḥikmat-i mutaʿāliya...", p. 298.
  41. ↑ Mahdavī, Tadhkira-yi shuʿarā-yi muʿāṣir-i Iṣfahān, 1334 Sh, p. 152; "Az gūsha-yi gumnāmī", p. 52; Mahdavī, Tārīkh-i ʿilmī va ijtimāʿī-yi Iṣfahān, 1367 Sh, vol. 3, p. 231.
  42. ↑ Ṭahrānī, Nuqabāʾ al-bashar, 1388 Sh, vol. 3, p. 1104; Mahdavī, Aʿlām-i Iṣfahān, 1386 Sh, vol. 4, p. 207; Ṭahrānī, Muṣaffā l-maqāl, 1408 AH, p. 227; Mushār, Muʾallifīn-i kutub-i chāpī, 1340 Sh, vol. 3, p. 828.
  43. ↑ Makārem, "Khurdagīrān bar ḥikmat-i mutaʿāliya...", p. 299; "Az gūsha-yi gumnāmī", p. 52.

References

  • ʿAbbāsī, Ḥabīballāh et al. Athar-āfarīnān: Zindagīnāma-yi nāmāvarān-i farhangī-yi Īrān. N.p., Anjuman-i Āthār va Mafākhir-i Farhangī, 2nd ed., 1384 Sh.
  • Aḥmadī, Ḥamīd. Ravābiṭ-i Īrān va ʿArabistān dar sada-yi bīstum (dawra-yi Pahlavī). N.p., Markaz-i Asnād va Tārīkh-i Dīplumāsī-yi Vizārat-i Umūr-i Khārija, 1386 Sh.
  • "Al-Shaykh 'Abd al-Raḥīm ḥafīd Ṣāḥib al-Fuṣūl al-Gharawiyya". Markaz Turāth al-Karbalā. Published: 21 Azar 1395 Sh. Accessed: 21 Azar 1402 Sh.
  • "Az gūsha-yi gumnāmī". Keyhan-i Farhangī. No. 62, Ordībihisht 1368 Sh.
  • Ghaffārzāda, Saʿīd. Daʿvat-i bashar bi yagānegī; Sharḥī bar chahār maqāla-yi ustād ʿallāma Ḥāj Shaykh ʿAbd al-Raḥīm Ṣāḥib al-Fuṣūl 'Ḥāʾirī'. Tehran, Saʿīd Ghaffārzāda, 1374 Sh.
  • Ḥaydarī Fiṭrat, Jamāl al-Dīn. "Manẓūma-yi dānish-hā-yi ḥadīthī-yi Shīʿa; Bā nigāh bi falsafa-yi ʿilm va taʾkīd bar dānish-hā-yi faʿʿāl". Dū-faṣlnāma-yi Ḥadīth-i Ḥawza. No. 15, Autumn & Winter 1396 Sh.
  • Jaʿfariyān, Rasūl. "Dīdār-i shigift va khāndanī-yi yek rūḥānī-yi Īrānī bā Malik 'Abd al-'Azīz Saʿūdī dar sāl-i 1304 Sh". Specialized Library of Islam and Iran History. Published: 19 Azar 1393 Sh. Accessed: 22 Azar 1402 Sh.
  • Mahdavī, Sayyid Muṣliḥ al-Dīn. Aʿlām-i Iṣfahān. Ed. Gholāmreżā Naṣrallāhī. Isfahan, Sāzmān-i Farhangī Tafrīḥī-yi Shahrdārī-yi Iṣfahān, 1st ed., 1386 Sh.
  • Mahdavī, Sayyid Muṣliḥ al-Dīn. Dāneshmandān va buzurgān-i Iṣfahān. Ed. Muḥammad Reżā Nīlfarūshān & Raḥīm Qāsemī. Isfahan, Goldasteh, 1384 Sh.
  • Mahdavī, Sayyid Muṣliḥ al-Dīn. Tadhkira-yi shuʿarā-yi muʿāṣir-i Iṣfahān. Isfahan, Kitābfurūshī-yi Taʾyīd-i Iṣfahān, 1334 Sh.
  • Mahdavī, Sayyid Muṣliḥ al-Dīn. Tārīkh-i ʿilmī va ijtimāʿī-yi Iṣfahān dar dū qarn-i akhīr. Qom, Nashr-i al-Hidāya, 1st ed., 1367 Sh.
  • Makārem, Hādī. "Khurdagīrān bar ḥikmat-i mutaʿāliya va muntaqidān-i Ṣadr al-Mutaʾallihīn". Majalla-yi Ḥawza. No. 93, Murdād & Shahrīvar 1378 Sh.
  • Mushār, Khān Bābā. Muʾallifīn-i kutub-i chāpī-yi Fārsī va ʿArabī az āghāz-i chāp tākunūn. N.p., n.n., 1340 Sh.
  • "Shamāyil-i kunūnī-yi Baqīʿ rā chi kasī sākht+ʿaks". Al-Kawthar TV Website. Published: 1 Tir 1397 Sh. Accessed: 21 Azar 1402 Sh.
  • Ṭahrānī, Muḥammad Muḥsin Āghā Buzurg al-. Al-Dharīʿa ilā taṣānīf al-Shīʿa. Ed. Aḥmad b. Muḥammad Ḥusaynī. Beirut, Dār al-Aḍwāʾ, 1403 AH.
  • Ṭahrānī, Muḥammad Muḥsin Āghā Buzurg al-. Muṣaffā l-maqāl fī muṣannifī ʿilm al-rijāl. Ed. Aḥmad Munzawī. Beirut, Dār al-ʿUlūm, 1408 AH.
  • Ṭahrānī, Muḥammad Muḥsin Āghā Buzurg al-. Nuqabāʾ al-bashar. Ed. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Ṭabāṭabāʾī & Muḥammad Ṭabāṭabāʾī Bihbahānī. Mashhad, Dār al-Murtaḍā li-l-Nashr, 1388 Sh.
  • "Zirakī-yi 'Allāma Ṣāḥib al-Fuṣūl dar giriftan-i ijāzanāma-yi Shāh-i Saʿūdī barāy-i tarmīm va ziyārat-i qubūr-i aʾimma-yi Baqīʿ (a)". Tasnim News Agency. Published: 26 Aban 1396 Sh. Accessed: 20 Azar 1402 Sh.

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