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Himyar Tribe
HeadTayy b. Udad
Geography
OriginYemen
Well-known Figures
FiguresMu'adh b. Jabal • Sayyid Isma'il b. Muhammad al-Himyari, known as Sayyid al-Himyari, poet of the Ahl al-Bayt (a) • Malik b. Anas • Ka'b al-Ahbar


The Himyar Tribe is recognized as one of the prominent and ancient tribes of the Qahtani Arabs, originating in Yemen. The tribe traces its lineage to Himyar b. Saba' b. Yashjub b. Ya'rub b. Qahtan b. 'Abir. Muslim historians identify Himyar by names such as al-'Aranjaj[1] or al-'Aranj and Zayd.[2] He acquired the epithet "al-Malik al-Ahmar" (the Red King) or Himyar, reportedly due to his custom of wearing red garments[3] or because of a crown of gold and rubies he wore.[4]

Historians posit that Himyar was the first to ascend to kingship following the death of his father, Saba',[5] establishing his seat in the city of Ma'rib. He orchestrated military conquests and overcame rival rulers.[6] Some sources indicate he reigned for fifty years, earning the title "al-Mutawwaj" (the Crowned). He was succeeded by his brother, Kahlan b. Saba', but after a prolonged period, authority eventually reverted to the descendants of Himyar.[7]

The capital of the Himyarites was Dhafar,[8] the ruins of which remain visible near Yarim in southern Yemen. According to Hamza al-Isfahani,[9] the history of the Himyarite kings is among the most convoluted of chronicles; Mas'udi cites the duration of their rule as 1,938 years.[10]

Religion

Regarding the religious history of the Himyarites, reports suggest the tribe initially practiced idolatry, venerating an idol named Nasr at a location known as Balkha', before later converting to Christianity.[11] Subsequently, toward the end of the fourth century AD, they adopted Judaism at the invitation of As'ad Tubba' and two Jewish scholars from Yathrib. As'ad Tubba' himself had embraced Judaism during a military expedition to Yathrib.[12]

Dhu Nuwas was the final monarch of the Himyarite state to convert to Judaism, and it is said that the majority of the Himyarites followed suit. Dhu Nuwas is infamous for excavating trenches in Najran to massacre Christians, an act for which he is identified as the "Owner of the Ditch" (Ukhdud),[13] a reference found in the Holy Qur'an.

Following the atrocities committed by Dhu Nuwas, Negus the King of Abyssinia dispatched an army to Yemen in 525 AD. The Abyssinians occupied the region, leading to the collapse of the Himyarite kingdom (the second state); shortly thereafter, Abraha assumed rule over Yemen, declaring allegiance to the Negus.[14]

In 570 AD, in response to a plea for aid from the Yemeni amir Sayf b. Dhi Yazan to Khosrow Anushirvan, Iranian forces under the command of Wahriz seized control of Yemen and expelled the Abyssinians.[15]

Islam

Following the rise of Islam, delegations from Himyar announced their conversion to the Prophet (s) in 9/630-31.[16] The Prophet (s) dispatched Mu'adh b. Jabal to instruct the Himyarites in Islamic law[17] and addressed letters to their leaders. Also in the ninth year of the Hijra, a delegation led by Nafi' b. Zayd al-Himyari visited the Prophet (s)[18] to inquire about religious jurisprudence.[19] Several hadiths praising Himyar have been attributed to the Holy Prophet (s).[20] Himyarites participated in the conquest of Syria during the caliphate of Umar. In the Battle of Siffin, factions of the tribe were present in both the army of Imam Ali (a)[21] and that of Mu'awiya.[22] According to Sayyid Murtada 'Alam al-Huda, opposition to Imam Ali (a) was prevalent among the Himyarites. Following the Islamic conquests, Himyarites settled in various regions, including Syria, Kufa, Egypt, Basra, and Andalusia.[23]

Notable Figures

Numerous scholars, literati, poets, and amirs trace their origins to Himyar, including: Ka'b al-Ahbar;[24] Isma'il b. Muhammad;[25] Malik b. Anas;[26] Sulayman b. Musa al-Kala'i;[27] Abd Allah b. Ja'far al-Himyari;[28] Muhammad b. Abd Allah b. Ja'far al-Himyari, a Shia hadith scholar during the Minor Occultation; and Sayyid Isma'il b. Muhammad al-Himyari, known as Sayyid al-Himyari, the celebrated poet of the Ahl al-Bayt (a).

Notes

  1. ↑ Ibn Durayd, Kitāb al-ishtiqāq, 1399 AH, vol. 2, p. 362; Masʿūdī, al-Tanbīh wa-l-ishrāf, 1893, p. 185; Ibn Ḥazm, Jamharat ansāb al-ʿArab, 1982, p. 329.
  2. ↑ Yaʿqūbī, Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī, 1415 AH, vol. 1, p. 195; Masʿūdī, al-Tanbīh wa-l-ishrāf, 1893, p. 185.
  3. ↑ Ibn Durayd, Kitāb al-ishtiqāq, 1399 AH, vol. 2, p. 523; Ibn Manẓūr, Lisān al-ʿArab, under "ḥ-m-r".
  4. ↑ Yaʿqūbī, Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī, 1415 AH, vol. 1, p. 195.
  5. ↑ Ibn Qutayba, al-Maʿārif, 1960, p. 626; Dīnawarī, al-Akhbār al-ṭiwāl, 1960, p. 10; Yaʿqūbī, Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī, 1415 AH, vol. 1, p. 195.
  6. ↑ Ibn Saʿīd Maghribī, Nashwat al-ṭarab, 1402 AH, vol. 1, pp. 97–98.
  7. ↑ Masʿūdī, Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿādin al-jawhar, 1409 AH, vol. 2, p. 59.
  8. ↑ Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī, Muʿjam al-buldān, 1995, vol. 4, p. 60.
  9. ↑ Ḥamza al-Iṣfahānī, Tārīkh sinī mulūk al-arḍ, Dār Maktabat al-Ḥayāt, pp. 113–114.
  10. ↑ Masʿūdī, al-Tanbīh wa-l-ishrāf, 1893, p. 72.
  11. ↑ ʿAlī, al-Mufaṣṣal fī tārīkh al-ʿArab qabl al-Islām, 1978, vol. 2, p. 526; Aḥmad al-ʿAlī, Tārīkh al-ʿArab al-qadīm wa-l-baʿtha al-nabawiyya, 1424 AH, p. 30; Ibn Hishām, al-Sīra al-nabawiyya, Dār al-Maʿrifa, vol. 1, pp. 19–20, 27–28; Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa-l-mulūk, 1387 AH, vol. 2, pp. 107–109; Masʿūdī, Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿādin al-jawhar, 1409 AH, vol. 2, p. 198.
  12. ↑ Ibn Hishām, al-Sīra al-nabawiyya, Dār al-Maʿrifa, vol. 1, p. 82; Ṭabarī, Jāmiʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān, 1412 AH, under Noah: 23; Ibn Ḥabīb, Kitāb al-munammaq fī akhbār Quraysh, 1405 AH, p. 328; Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī, Muʿjam al-buldān, 1995, under "Balkha'" and "Nasr".
  13. ↑ Ibn Hishām, al-Sīra al-nabawiyya, Dār al-Maʿrifa, vol. 1, pp. 32, 37; Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa-l-mulūk, 1387 AH, vol. 2, pp. 119, 123.
  14. ↑ Ibn Hishām, al-Sīra al-nabawiyya, Dār al-Maʿrifa, vol. 1, pp. 38–39, 43–44; Masʿūdī, Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿādin al-jawhar, 1409 AH, vol. 2, p. 200.
  15. ↑ Ibn Hishām, al-Sīra al-nabawiyya, Dār al-Maʿrifa, vol. 1, pp. 64–71; Masʿūdī, Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿādin al-jawhar, 1409 AH, vol. 2, pp. 202–205.
  16. ↑ Ibn Hishām, al-Sīra al-nabawiyya, Dār al-Maʿrifa, vol. 4, pp. 235–237; Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa-l-mulūk, 1387 AH, vol. 3, pp. 120–122.
  17. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, vol. 5, p. 530; Yaʿqūbī, Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī, 1415 AH, vol. 2, p. 79.
  18. ↑ Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Fatḥ al-Bārī, 1379 AH, vol. 8, pp. 75–76.
  19. ↑ Ṭabarī, Jāmiʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān, 1412 AH, under al-Baqara: 223.
  20. ↑ Ibn Ḥanbal, Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal, Dār al-Minhāj, vol. 2, p. 278, vol. 5, p. 272; al-Sharīf al-Raḍī, al-Majāzāt al-nabawiyya, 1968, pp. 339–340.
  21. ↑ Ibn Sayyār al-Minqarī, Waqʿat Ṣiffīn, 1404 AH, p. 117.
  22. ↑ Ibn al-Kalbī, Nasab Maʿadd wa-l-Yaman al-kabīr, 1408 AH, vol. 2, pp. 540–541, 543; Ibn Sayyār al-Minqarī, Waqʿat Ṣiffīn, 1404 AH, pp. 227, 290–291, 297.
  23. ↑ ʿAṣfurī, Kitāb al-ṭabaqāt, 1414 AH, p. 267; Ibn Durayd, Kitāb al-ishtiqāq, 1399 AH, vol. 2, p. 363.
  24. ↑ Ibn Qutayba, al-Maʿārif, Cairo 1960, p. 430.
  25. ↑ Abū al-Faraj, al-Aghānī, 1415 AH, vol. 7, p. 167.
  26. ↑ Ibn Qutayba, al-Maʿārif, 1960, p. 498.
  27. ↑ Ḥajrī Yamānī, Majmūʿ buldān al-Yaman wa qabāʾilihā, 1416 AH, vol. 1, part 2, pp. 283–284; Ziriklī, al-Aʿlām, 1984, vol. 2, p. 285.
  28. ↑ Māmaqānī, Tanqīḥ al-maqāl, vol. 2, p. 176.

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