Khaybar
 Forts of Khaybar | |
| Coordinate | 25°41′55″N 39°17′33″E / 25.69861°N 39.29250°E |
|---|---|
| Country | Saudi Arabia |
| Historical Information | |
| Year of foundation | Before Islam |
| Important events | Battle of Khaybar |
Khaybar (Arabic: خیبر) is a region in Saudi Arabia where the battle of Khaybar took place. Khaybar is located 165 km from Medina, and its center is the city of al-Shurayf. The inhabitants of Khaybar were Jewish at the beginning of Islam. According to Muslim historians, the Prophet (s) fought them because they incited the rulers of Mecca to attack the Muslims.
The Khaybar region consisted of several forts, which some have said is why it was called Khaybar (fort). In the battle of Khaybar, which took place in 7 AH/628, the Muslims conquered the forts of Khaybar. Some of the forts were conquered by Imam Ali (a). After the war, the Jews were not expelled from the area, but it was decided that they pay half of their agricultural produce to the Muslims.
According to historical sources, the Jews lived in the area until the time of Umar b. al-Khattab, the second caliph, when he forced them to leave the area.
Cause of Naming
There are various narrations about the reason for naming this region as "Khaybar".[1] According to Yaqut al-Hamawi, a geographer, "Khaybar" is a Hebrew word meaning “castle”, and this region is known by this name because there were several castles there.[2] Some have said that the reason for naming this region as Khaybar was that the name of the first person who settled in this region was Khaybar.[3]
Yaqut Hamawi mentioned seven forts in this area,[4] al-Ya'qubi named six forts,[5] and the book Tarikh-i Payambar-i Islam (s), written by Ibrahim Ayati, reported the conquest of ten castles in the battle of Khaybar by Muslims.[6]
Geographical and Climatic Conditions
The Khaybar region is located in Saudi Arabia and north of Medina, about 165 km from Medina. Its center is the city of al-Shurayf.[7] According to Yaqut al-Hamawi, in the past, Khaybar was eight stations[8] or five days[9] away from Medina. Khaybar is known as a fertile region with many springs, fields, and palm trees.[10]
History
During the Muslim war with the people of Khaybar, known as the Battle of Khaybar, the inhabitants of this area were Jews. It was considered difficult to determine the time of the arrival of the Jews in this area. Some reports indicate that the Romans invaded Palestine, and the Jews entered the Khaybar region. Some say Jews had already migrated to the area during the Babylonian rule over Jerusalem.[11]
After the Muslims' victory in the battle of Khaybar, the Muslims held the estates of this region as booty; but, at the request of the Jews living in Khaybar, the Prophet (s) allowed them to stay in Khaybar, provided they paid half of their agricultural produce to Muslims.[12]
Historians say the Jews lived in Khaybar until the time of the second caliph, Umar b. al-Khattab, when he forced them to emigrate, citing a narration attributed to the Prophet (s) suggesting that no two religions can remain simultaneously in the Arabian Peninsula.[13]
Battle of Khaybar
In 7 AH/628, the Prophet of Islam (s) attacked Khaybar with an army.[14] In this battle, the Muslims conquered the forts of Khaybar and won.[15] This war was called the battle of Khaybar.[16] Historians considered the cause of the war because the Jews of Banu Nadir, who were expelled from Medina to Khaybar after plotting the assassination of the Prophet (s), incited the rulers of Mecca to fight against the Muslims.[17]
According to Ibn Hisham, a historian of the 3rd/9th century, in the conquest of one of the forts of Khaybar, the Prophet (s) handed over the flag of his army to Abu Bakr and then to Umar b. al-Khattab; but both returned without victory. Then, he (s) handed the flag to Imam Ali (a) and promised that he would conquer the castle, and he (a) conquered the castle.[18]
Notes
- ↑ ʿAlī, al-Mufaṣṣal fī tārīkh al-ʿarab qabl al-Islām, vol. 6, p. 526-527.
- ↑ Ḥamawī, Muʿjam al-buldān, vol. 2, p. 409.
- ↑ ʿAlī, al-Mufaṣṣal fī tārīkh al-ʿarab qabl al-Islām, vol. 6, p. 526.
- ↑ Ḥamawī, Muʿjam al-buldān, vol. 2, p. 409.
- ↑ Yaʿqūbī, Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī, vol. 2, p. 56.
- ↑ Āyatī, Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām, p. 409-410.
- ↑ Nājī, Khaybar, Ghazwa, p. 584.
- ↑ Ḥamawī, Muʿjam al-buldān, vol. 2, p. 409.
- ↑ Ḥamawī, Muʿjam al-buldān, vol. 3, p. 29.
- ↑ ʿAlī, al-Mufaṣṣal fī tārīkh al-ʿarab qabl al-Islām, vol. 6, p. 525.
- ↑ ʿAlī, al-Mufaṣṣal fī tārīkh al-ʿarab qabl al-Islām, vol. 6, p. 527.
- ↑ Ibn Hishām, al-Sīra al-nabawīyya, vol. 2, p. 337.
- ↑ Nahrawānī, Tārīkh al-madina, p. 87.
- ↑ Yaʿqūbī, Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī, vol. 2, p. 56.
- ↑ Āyatī, Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām, p. 409-410.
- ↑ Āyatī, Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām, p. 407.
- ↑ Wāqidī, al-Maghāzī, vol. 2, p. 441-442.
- ↑ Ibn Hishām, al-Sīra al-nabawīyya, vol. 2, p. 334-335.
References
- Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām. Edited by Abu l-Qāsim Gurjī. Tehran: Intishārat-i Dānishgāh-i Tehran, 1378 Sh.
- ʿAlī, Jawād. Al-Mufaṣṣal fī tārīkh al-ʿarab qabl al-Islām. Beirut: Dār al-ʾIlm li-l-Malāyīn, 1391 AH.
- Ḥamawī, Yāqūt b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. Muʿjam al-buldān. Beirut: Dār al-Ṣādir, 1995.
- Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya. Edited by Muṣṭafā al-Saqā, Ibrāhīm Ābyārī and ʿAbd al-Ḥafīz Shalbī. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d].
- Nahrawānī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. Tārīkh al-madina. Port Said (Egypt): Maktabat al-Thiqāfa al-Dīnīyya, [n.d].
- Nājī, Muḥammad Riḍā. Khaybar, Ghazwa. In Dānishnāmah-yi Jahān Islām. Tehran: Bunyād-i Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-Islāmī, 1375 Sh.
- Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. Al-Maghāzī. Edited by Marsden Jones. Beirut: Muʾassisa al-Aʿlām, 1409 AH.
- Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, [n.p].