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The word "tawaf" means to surround something or to turn around something on foot. "Ta'if" (Arabic:{{ia| طائف}}; the subject-adjective form) refers to someone who turns around a house. In the terminology of [[fiqh]] , "tawaf" refers to the circumambulation around the [[Ka'ba]].
The word "tawaf" means to surround something or to turn around something on foot. "Ta'if" (Arabic:{{ia| طائف}}; the subject-adjective form) refers to someone who turns around a house. In the terminology of [[fiqh]] , "tawaf" refers to the circumambulation around the [[Ka'ba]].


In fiqh, "tawaf" around the [[Ka'ba]] is an [[wajib|obligatory]] ritual of [[hajj]]. The pilgrim should circumambulate around the Ka'ba seven times with certain conditions: one should start in each turn (shawt) from the [[Black Stone]] (al-Hajar al-Aswad) and finish with it. Tawaf consists in 7 "shawt"s (circles).
In fiqh, "tawaf" around the [[Ka'ba]] is an obligatory ritual of [[hajj]]. The pilgrim should circumambulate around the Ka'ba seven times with certain conditions: one should start in each turn (shawt) from the [[Black Stone]] (al-Hajar al-Aswad) and finish with it. Tawaf consists in 7 "shawt"s (circles).


==Historical Background==
==Historical Background==
Tawaf traces back to the period of the prophet [[Adam (a)]]. When he was banished from the Heaven, he went to the Ka'ba and circumambulated around it just as [[angel]]s circumambulate around the [['Arsh]] (Divine Throne). Tawaf was a tradition throughout the history and was an essential part of hajj. Even in the age of [[Jahiliyya]] before the emergence of Islam, people who entered [[Mecca]] or wanted to depart from Mecca, the first thing they did was the tawaf of the Ka'ba. They took it to be the most important way to become close to [[God]]. In that period, there was no specific time and place for tawaf; they went to a temple with idol inside, and circumambulated around it 7 times: poor people did this with naked foot, and rich people did it with shoes on.
Tawaf traces back to the period of the prophet [[Adam (a)]]. When he was banished from the heaven, he went to the Ka'ba and circumambulated around it just as [[angel]]s circumambulate around the [['Arsh]] (Divine Throne). Tawaf was a tradition throughout the history and was an essential part of hajj. Even in the age of [[Jahiliyya]] before the emergence of Islam, people who entered [[Mecca]] or wanted to depart from Mecca, the first thing they did was the tawaf of the Ka'ba. They took it to be the most important way to become close to [[God]]. In that period, there was no specific time and place for tawaf; they went to a temple with idol inside, and circumambulated around it 7 times: poor people did this with naked foot, and rich people did it with shoes on.


===Naked Tawaf===
===Naked Tawaf===
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==In the Qur'an==
==In the Qur'an==
Tawaf and some of its rulings are mentioned in the [[Qur'an]], [[Q 2|2]]:125,{{Enote|And [remember] when We made the House a place of reward for mankind and a sanctuary, [declaring], "Take the venue of prayer from Abraham's Station." We charged Abraham and Ishmael [with its upkeep, saying], " Purify My House for those who go around it, [for] those who make it a retreat and [for] those who bow and prostrate." ([[Q 2]]:125)}} and [[Q 22|22]]:26 and 29{{Enote|When We settled for Abraham the site of the House [saying], Do not ascribe any partners to Me, and purify My House for those who go around it, and those who stand [in it for prayer], and those who bow and prostrate.([[Q 22]]:26)}}{{Enote|Then let them do away with their untidiness, and fulfill their vows, and go around the Ancient House.([[Q 22]]:29)}}. These verses imply that tawaf was an old worship common in the period of the prophet [[Ibrahim (a)]].  
Tawaf and some of its rulings are mentioned in the [[Qur'an]], [[Q 2|2]]:125,{{Enote|And [remember] when We made the House a place of reward for mankind and a sanctuary, [declaring], "Take the venue of prayer from Abraham's Station." We charged Abraham and Ishmael [with its upkeep, saying], " Purify My House for those who go around it, [for] those who make it a retreat and [for] those who bow and prostrate." (Q 2:125)}} and [[Q 22|22]]:26 and 29{{Enote|When We settled for Abraham the site of the House [saying], Do not ascribe any partners to Me, and purify My House for those who go around it, and those who stand [in it for prayer], and those who bow and prostrate.(Q 22:26)}}{{Enote|Then let them do away with their untidiness, and fulfill their vows, and go around the Ancient House.(Q 22:29)}}. These verses imply that tawaf was an old worship common in the period of the prophet [[Ibrahim (a)]].  


In 2:158,{{enote|Indeed Safa and Marwah are among Allah's sacraments. So whoever makes hajj to the House, or performs the" umrah, there is no sin upon him to circuit between them. Should anyone do good of his own accord, then Allah is indeed appreciative, all-knowing.([[Q 2]]:158)}} running between [[Safa]] and [[Marwa]] is also called 'tawaf'. In some other verses, the root, " t-w-f ", (Arabic:{{InlineArabic| طوف}}) is used in its literal meaning (that is, turning around something).
In 2:158,{{enote|Indeed Safa and Marwah are among Allah's sacraments. So whoever makes hajj to the House, or performs the" umrah, there is no sin upon him to circuit between them. Should anyone do good of his own accord, then Allah is indeed appreciative, all-knowing.([[Q 2]]:158)}} running between [[Safa]] and [[Marwa]] is also called 'tawaf'. In some other verses, the root, " t-w-f ", (Arabic:{{InlineArabic| طوف}}) is used in its literal meaning (that is, turning around something).
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* Tawaf prevents divine [[punishment]]s.
* Tawaf prevents divine [[punishment]]s.


* It leads to the divine forgiveness.
* It leads to the divine forgiveness. . * It raises one's spiritual degrees.
 
* It raises one's spiritual degrees.


* It is [[reward]]ed by God like the emancipation of one to 70,000 slaves.
* It is [[reward]]ed by God like the emancipation of one to 70,000 slaves.
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It is [[recommended]] for a person who visits Mecca to practice the tawaf 360 times, and if they cannot do that, then they can practice it 360 turns (shawts), and if still not possible, then they are recommended to practice it as many times as they can do while they are in Mecca.
It is [[recommended]] for a person who visits Mecca to practice the tawaf 360 times, and if they cannot do that, then they can practice it 360 turns (shawts), and if still not possible, then they are recommended to practice it as many times as they can do while they are in Mecca.


According to some hadiths, tawaf consists of 7 turns because, in the story of the prophet [[Adam (a)]], angels had to ask for divine forgiveness and worshipped for 7,000 years. So each shawt is equivalent to 1000 years.
According to some hadiths, tawaf consists of 7 turns because, in the story of the prophet Adam (a), angels had to ask for divine forgiveness and worshipped for 7,000 years. So each shawt is equivalent to 1000 years.


There are 445 hadiths in ''[[Wasa'il al-shi'a]]'' regarding the details of the rulings of tawaf.
There are 445 hadiths in ''[[Wasa'il al-shi'a]]'' regarding the details of the rulings of tawaf.
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* In al-'umrat al-mufrada, it is the second action practiced after [[ihram]] with ihram clothes. It can be done during the year, except the specific days of hajj.
* In al-'umrat al-mufrada, it is the second action practiced after [[ihram]] with ihram clothes. It can be done during the year, except the specific days of hajj.


* In 'umrat al-tamattu', it is the second action done after ihram with ihram clothes. It should be done from [[Shawwal 1]] to [[Dhu l-Hijja 9]] ([[Day of 'Arafa]]).
* In al-'umrat al-tamattu', it is the second action done after ihram with ihram clothes. It should be done from [[Shawwal 1]] to [[Dhu l-Hijja 9]] ([[Day of 'Arafa]]).


* In hajj, it is the 7th action done after [[Halq and Taqsir |halq or taqsir]] (shaving or shortening of hair and nails) on [[Dhu l-Hijja 10]] with migration from [[Mina]] to [[Mecca]]. It can also be done after the return from Mina ([[Dhu l-Hijja 12]]), but it is recommended to be done on the Day of 'Arafa. This tawaf is done in clothes other than ihram, because after halq or taqsir, the pilgrim should take off his or her ihram clothes. This is called tawaf al-ziyarah (tawaf of pilgrimage) because after the practices of Mina on [[Eid al-Adha]], the pilgrim goes back to Mecca to visit the Ka'ba and practice tawaf, and then returns to Mina to practice the rest of the rituals. After this tawaf, it is permissible for the pilgrim to wear a perfume.
* In hajj, it is the 7th action done after [[Halq and Taqsir |halq or taqsir]] (shaving or shortening of hair and nails) on [[Dhu l-Hijja 10]] with migration from [[Mina]] to [[Mecca]]. It can also be done after the return from Mina ([[Dhu l-Hijja 12]]), but it is recommended to be done on the Day of 'Arafa. This tawaf is done in clothes other than ihram, because after halq or taqsir, the pilgrim should take off his or her ihram clothes. This is called tawaf al-ziyarah (tawaf of pilgrimage) because after the practices of Mina on [[Eid al-Adha]], the pilgrim goes back to Mecca to visit the Ka'ba and practice tawaf, and then returns to Mina to practice the rest of the rituals. After this tawaf, it is permissible for the pilgrim to wear a perfume.
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===Recommended tawaf===
===Recommended tawaf===
In addition to obligatory tawafs, one can practice [[recommended]] tawafs in [[Masjid al-Haram]] as well.  
In addition to obligatory tawafs, one can practice recommended tawafs in [[Masjid al-Haram]] as well.  


After each tawaf, one should say two [[rak'a]]s of prayers. In obligatory tawafs, the prayers should be said behind [[Maqam Ibrahim (a)]], and in recommended tawafs, it can be said anywhere in Masjid al-Haram. It is recommended to practice the tawaf upon entering [[Mecca]] (tawaf of entrance) and upon leaving the city (farewell tawaf).
After each tawaf, one should say two rak'as of prayers. In obligatory tawafs, the prayers should be said behind [[Maqam Ibrahim (a)]], and in recommended tawafs, it can be said anywhere in Masjid al-Haram. It is recommended to practice the tawaf upon entering [[Mecca]] (tawaf of entrance) and upon leaving the city (farewell tawaf).


The first obligatory or recommended tawaf practiced upon entering Mecca is called "tawaf al-qudum".
The first obligatory or recommended tawaf practiced upon entering Mecca is called "tawaf al-qudum".
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In order to practice the tawaf, one needs to circumambulate around the [[Ka'ba]] with the intention of tawaf (tawaf al-ziyarah, tawaf al-nisa', representative tawaf, recommended tawaf) seven times (seven shawts) counterclockwise.
In order to practice the tawaf, one needs to circumambulate around the [[Ka'ba]] with the intention of tawaf (tawaf al-ziyarah, tawaf al-nisa', representative tawaf, recommended tawaf) seven times (seven shawts) counterclockwise.


The tawaf begins and ends with the [[Black Stone]] (Hajar al-Aswad) that is now marked with balck marbles from this rukn (corner) to the end of Masjid al-Haram.
The tawaf begins and ends with the Black Stone that is now marked with balck marbles from this rukn (corner) to the end of Masjid al-Haram.


Just like [[prayer]], one should have [[tahara]] during the tawaf, and no [[ghusl]] should be obligatory for the person. One's clothes should also be ritually pure.
Just like [[prayer]], one should have [[tahara]] during the tawaf, and no [[ghusl]] should be obligatory for the person. One's clothes should also be ritually pure.
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===New Constructions of Masjid al-Haram===
===New Constructions of Masjid al-Haram===
[[File:Sazejadid (3).jpg|350px|thumbnail|[[Masjid al-Haram]], the two-floor temporary metal constructions]]
[[File:Sazejadid (3).jpg|350px|thumbnail|[[Masjid al-Haram]], the two-floor temporary metal constructions]]
If we take the confines of tawaf to be the whole area of [[Masjid al-Haram]] or because of large populations, people have to practice the tawaf in areas more distant from Maqam Ibrahim (a), then the question arises whether it is valid to do it on the second floor of Masjid al-Haram or the two-floor temporary metal constructions in the courtyard of the mosque.  
If we take the confines of tawaf to be the whole area of Masjid al-Haram or because of large populations, people have to practice the tawaf in areas more distant from Maqam Ibrahim (a), then the question arises whether it is valid to do it on the second floor of Masjid al-Haram or the two-floor temporary metal constructions in the courtyard of the mosque.  


Some Shiite and [[Sunni]] scholars of [[fiqh]] take this tawaf to be valid, and some people believe that if the constructions are higher than the ceiling of the Ka'ba, then it will be invalid. In 2015, it was reported that the second floor of Masjid al-Haram and the second floor of the metal construction in the courtyard are higher than the ceiling of the Ka'ba, while the first floor of the metal construction is lower than the ceiling.
Some Shiite and [[Sunni]] scholars of [[fiqh]] take this tawaf to be valid, and some people believe that if the constructions are higher than the ceiling of the Ka'ba, then it will be invalid. In 2015, it was reported that the second floor of Masjid al-Haram and the second floor of the metal construction in the courtyard are higher than the ceiling of the Ka'ba, while the first floor of the metal construction is lower than the ceiling.
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