Kashf al-murad (book)
 | |
| Author | Al-'Allama al-Hilli |
|---|---|
| Original title | كشف المراد في شرح تجريد الاعتقاد |
| Language | Arabic |
| Series | 1 vol. |
| Subject | Theology, Philosophy |
| Published | 1407/1986 |
| Publisher | Al-Nashr al-Islami Institute |
Kashf al-murād fī sharḥ tajrīd al-i‘tiqād (Arabic: كشف المراد في شرح تجريد الاعتقاد) is a Shi'a theological work written by al-'Allama al-Hilli in Arabic. It is recognized as the first and the best commentary on Tajrid al-i‘tiqad by Khwaja Nasir al-Din al-Tusi. Kashf al-murad begins with philosophical issues, such as existence and quiddity, and then covers a whole range of the principles of Imami beliefs from monotheism to resurrection.
This is a seminary textbook, and many commentaries have been written on it.
The Author
Hasan b. Yusuf b. Mutahhar al-Hilli (b. 648/1250 - d. 726/1325), known as al-'Allama al-Hilli, was a jurist and theologian in the eighth/fourteen century. He wrote many books in different disciplines, including jurisprudence, principles of jurisprudence, religious beliefs, philosophy, and logic,[1] such as Manahij al-yaqin fi usul al-din, Kashf al-murad, Nahj al-haqq wa kashf al-sidq, al-Bab al-hadi 'ashar, Khulasat al-aqwal, and al-Jawhar al-nadid. He is known as the first scholar who was titled "Ayatollah" (literally: the sign of God) because of his vast knowledge.[2] His debates and works led to Sultan Muhammad Khudabanda's conversion to Shiism and the propagation of Shiism in Iran.[3]
Motivation for Writing
In his preface to Kashf al-murad, al-'Allama al-Hilli says that his motivation for writing the book was to elaborate and elucidate the unclear parts of Khwaja Nasir al-Din al-Tusi's Tajrid al-i'tiqad. For in his view the latter book is very brief, although it covers a whole range of theological problems, which has made it difficult to understand.[4]
Significance of the Book
Kashf al-murad is an important Islamic seminary textbook.[5]The book is said to be superior to other commentaries on Tajrid al-i'tiqad for two reasons: this is the first commentary, and its author was a student of Tajrid al-i'tiqad's author.[6]
According to Hasan Hasanzada Amuli, the critical editor of the book, Tajrid al-i'tiqad is the origin of theological books and Kashf al-murad is the first and the best commentary on it. He also quotes al-Fadil al-Qushchi as saying that, without Kashf al-murad, Tajrid al-i'tiqad could not be properly understood.[7] Moreover, Aqa Buzurg Tihrani, the author of al-Dhari'a, quotes Shams al-Din al-Isfahani, a commentator on Tajrid al-i'tiqad, as saying that without Kashf al-murad, no one could explain the meanings of Tajrid al-i‘tiqad.[8]
Book’s Content and Structure
Kashf al-murad discusses purely philosophical issues, such as existence and nonexistence, as well as a whole range of theological issues from monotheism to resurrection. The book consists of six parts, each of which is called "Maqsad" (destination). Some of these sections consist of a number of chapters, in which a variety of issues are discussed:
- General issues, including three chapters: existence and nonexistence, quiddity and its addenda, causes and effects.
- Substances and accidents, including five chapters: substances, physical objects, other features of physical objects, immaterial substances, accidents.
- Proof for the creator, including three chapters: God's existence, God's attributes, God’s deeds.
- Prophethood, including seven problems, such as the necessity of sending the prophets, the necessity of infallibility, how to know the truth of a prophet’s claim, and the prophethood of Prophet Muhammad (s).
- Imamate, including nine problems, such as the necessity of appointing an Imam, the necessity of the Imam's infallibility, the necessity of the Imam's superiority over others, the necessity of there being an explicit text about the Imam, Ali b. Abi Talibs immediate Imamate after the Prophet's demise, Imam Ali's superiority to other companions, and the Imamate of the other twelve Imams (a).
- Resurrection, including sixteen problems, such as the possibility of an afterlife, physical resurrection, ihbat (cancellation of the rewards of one’s deeds) and takfir (excommunication), intercession, repentance, and the sufferings of the grave.[9]
Expositions, Commentaries, and Translations
According to the book, Kitabshinasi Tajrid al-i‘tiqad (The bibliography of Tajrid al-i‘tiqad), many expositions and commentaries have been written for Kashf al-murad, including the following:
- Hashiya Sayyid Abu l-Qasim b. Husayn Radawi Qumi Ha'iri Lahuri Naqawi (d. 1324/1906)
- Hashiya Mirza Abd al-Razzaq b. Ali Rida Muhaddith Hamadani (d. 1962)
- Al-Ta'liqat ala Kashf al-murad written by Hasan Hasanzada Amuli
- Tawdih al-murad fi sharh Kashf al-murad, by Sayyid Hashim Husayni Tihrani (d. 1991)
- Hashiya Sayyid Muhammad Hashim b. Jalal al-Din Rawdati
- Ta'liqa 'ala sharh al-Tajrid al-Allama by Hafiz Bashir Najafi (b. 1942)
- Ta'liqa 'ala Kashf al-murad fi sharh al-Tajrid, by Ibrahim b. Sajid b. Baqir Musawi Abhari Zanjani (d. 1999)
- Tarjuma wa sharh Kashf al-murad in Persian, written by Abu l-Hasan Sha'rani (d. 1973)
- Sharh Kashf al-murad by Ali Muhammadi (b. 1957) in Persian.[10]
Publication and Manuscripts
There are manuscripts of Kashf al-murad written during al-'Allama al-Hilli’s lifetime or shortly after his death,[11] including a manuscript written in 713/1313-4 during his lifetime. Moreover, there is a manuscript written in 745/1344-5, which was proofread by the scribe in the presence of Fakhr al-Muhaqqiqin, al-‘Allama al-Hilli's son.[12] The latter manuscript is kept in the Library of Astan Quds Razavi.
Kashf al-murad has been published in Iran, Lebanon, and India, including a publication by Jami'a Mudarrisin Hawzah 'Ilmiyya Qom in 1407/1986 which was critically edited and commentated by Hasan Hasanzada Amuli in 646 pages.[13]
Notes
- ↑ Afandī Iṣfahānī, Riyāḍ al-ʿulamāʾ, vol. 1, p. 358- 359.
- ↑ Mulawī, Ayatullāh, p. 260.
- ↑ Khāwnsārī, Rawḍāt al-jannāt, vol. 2, p. 279- 280.
- ↑ Ḥillī, Kashf al-murād, p. 19- 20.
- ↑ Ḥillī, Kashf al-murād, p. 1.
- ↑ Khāligīyān, Az ʿAllāma Ḥillī tā Abu l-Ḥassan Shaʿrānī, p. 27.
- ↑ Ḥillī, Kashf al-murād, p. 3.
- ↑ Āqā Buzurg al-Tihrānī, al-Dharīʿa, vol. 18, p. 60.
- ↑ Ḥillī, Kashf al-murād, p. 581- 592.
- ↑ Ṣadrāyī Khoeī wa Marʿashī Najafī, Kitābshināsī tajrīd al-iʿtiqād, p. 38- 41.
- ↑ Ṣadrāyī Khoeī wa Marʿashī Najafī, Kitābshināsī tajrīd al-iʿtiqād, p. 36- 37.
- ↑ Āqā Buzurg al-Tihrānī, al-Dharīʿa, vol. 18, p. 60.
- ↑ Ṣadrāyī Khoeī wa Marʿashī Najafī, Kitābshināsī tajrīd al-iʿtiqād, p. 37- 38.
References
- Afandī Iṣfahānī, ʿAbd Allāh. Riyāḍ al-ʿulamāʾ wa ḥiyāḍ al-fuḍalāʾ. Edited by Aḥmad Ḥusaynī Ashkwarī. Qom: Khayyām, 1401 AH.
- Āqā Buzurg al-Tihrānī, Muḥammad Muḥsin. Al-Dharīʿa ilā taṣānīf al-shīʿa. Edited by ʿAlī Naqī Munzawī and Aḥmad Munzawī. Beirut: 1403 AH.
- Khāligīyān, Faḍl Allāh. Az ʿAllāma Ḥillī tā Abu l-Ḥassan Shaʿrānī; muqāyasa-i bayn-i shurūḥ-i tajrīd al-iʿtiqād. Rushd-i āmūzish-i maʿārif-i Islāmī 76 (1389).
- Khāwnsārī, Muḥammad Bāqir. Rawḍāt al-jannāt fī aḥwāl al-ʿulamā wa al-sādāt. Qom: Ismāʿīlīyān, 1390.
- Ṣadrāyī Khoeī wa Marʿashī Najafī, ʿAlī wa Sayyid Maḥmūd. Kitābshināsī tajrīd al-iʿtiqād. 1st dition. Qom: Kitābkhāna-yi Ayatullāh Marʿashī Najafī, 1382 Sh.
- Ḥillī, al-Ḥasan b. Yūsuf al-. Kashf al-murād fī sharḥ tajrīd al-iʿtiqād. Edited by Ḥasan Ḥasanzāda Āmulī. 7th edition. Qom: Muʾassisat al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1417 AH.
- Mulawī, Muḥammad ʿAlī. Ayatullāh. Dāʾirat al-maʿārif-i buzurg-i Islāmī. Tehran: Markaz-i Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif-i Buzurg-i Islāmī, 1374 Sh.