Statistics of the Battle of Ashura'

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The Battle of Karbala between Imam al-Husayn (a) and Yazid's army led by 'Umar b. Sa'd in Muharram 10, 61/ October 10, 680 in Karbala ended by martyrdom of Imam al-Husayn (a), his family, and companions. Survivors, including women and children were captured and taken to Kufa and then to Damascus. This event is significant for Shi'a. They mark it every year in different cities around the world. They mourn Imam al-Husayn (a) and his companions and speak about their virtues.

Number of Letters Imam al-Husayn (a) Received from Kufa

Historians reported the number of letters differently.

  • Some said there were 150 letters, each written by one, two, or four people.[1]
  • Al-Tabari said there were about fifty-three letters.[2]
  • Al-Baladhuri reported there were 50 letters.[3]
  • According to Al-Luhuf and A'yan al-Shi'a, there were 12,000 individuals who wrote letters, with each letter having multiple signatures.[4]

The report of 150 letters seems more authentic because it was mentioned in earlier sources and was more frequently reported.

In Kufa

Number of Who Pledged Allegiance to Muslim b. 'Aqil

The number of those who pledged allegiance to Muslim b. 'Aqil varies in historical sources.

It has also been reported that Zayd b. Ali said in his answer to Salama b. Kuhayl that eighty thousand people swore allegiance to Imam al-Husayn (a).[12] However, it is near to the number of people who said they were ready to fight Yazid's Army.

Al-Tabari's quotation from Abu Mikhnaf, which says they were eighteen thousand, is more authentic and mentioned in earlier sources.

People of Kufa Who prepared for the Battle

It has been mentioned in some reports that one hundred thousand people from Kufa were ready to fight Yazid's army.[13]

People Participated in Muslim b. 'Aqil's Uprising

Abu l-Faraj al-Isfahani writes: "When Muslim rose, people of Kufa gathered around him so that the Mosque of Kufa and its Bazaar filled up with people."[14]

Al-Tabari's quotation from Abu Mikhnaf and al-Shaykh al-Mufid -four thousand people- is the more authentic report.

People Surrounded Muslim b. 'Aqil

When security forces of Kufa wanted to arrest Muslim, there were sixty or seventy[20] and in another report one hundred[21] or three hundred[22] people surrounded Muslim.

Duration of Imam al-Husayn's (a) Journey to Karbala

Imam al-Husayn (a) lived for 175 days after he refused to pledge allegiance to Yazid. He spent twelve days in Medina, four months and ten days in Mecca, twenty three days on his way from Mecca to Karbala and eight days (from 2nd to 10th of Muharram) in Karbala.

Number of Stops on His Way to Karbala

Imam al-Husayn (a) passed eighteen stops (manzil) on his way toward Kufa. The distance between each stop was three Farsakh.

Statistics for Imam al-Husayn's (a) Companions

Unfortunately, there is no way to find out the exact number of Imam al-Husayn's (a) companions. Even the eyewitnesses of the Battle of Karbala have reported different numbers. Also, there was no specific way for reporting the companions' names in earlier sources. For example, one person could have been addressed as his name or his kunya or his title or his father's or his mother's or even his tribe and clan. On the other hand, the number of Imam al-Husayn's (a) companions varied in each stage has aggravated the problem.

Thus, to have a clear view of their number, statistics are given for four stages:

Leaving Medina

Many sources did not mention the number of Imam's companions in this stage.[23] The only report is a hadith from Imam al-Sadiq (a) narrated by al-Shaykh al-Saduq which says twenty one people, including his progeny and companions accompanied him.[24]

Leaving Mecca

There are different reports about the number of Imam al-Husayn's (a) companions when he left Mecca:

In Karbala (Before 'Ashura)

  • 'Ammar al-Duhni narrated from Imam al-Baqir (a) that Imam al-Husayn (a) entered Karbala along with 145 of his companions (fourty-five cavalries and one hundred infantry).[29]
  • Some historians reported that there were eighty nine people consisted of fifty companions, twenty people from the enemy army who later joined the Imam and nineteen people from his family.[30]According to some historians, there were thirty-two cavalries accompanying the Imam on his way to Karbala.[31]
  • Al-Ya'qubi reported that Imam's family and companions were sixty-two or seventy-two people.[32]
  • Al-Mas'udi is the only historian who reported Imam's companions, on his way to Karbala, five hundred cavalries, and one hundred infantry.[33]
  • Ibn Shahr Ashub said that the number of Imam's companions was eighty-two people (before 'Ashura).[34]
  • Ibn Abbar al-Balansi (d. 658/1260) has reported more than seventy cavalries and infantry.[35]

According to the aforementioned and other reports, one can conclude that Imam al-Husayn's (a) companions were between seventy to ninety people at this stage.

The Day of 'Ashura

The followings are different reports about the number of Imam al-Husayn's (a) companion on the day of 'Ashura:

However, the seventy-two-people report is more reliable because it is reported by many historians in early, reliable sources.

Tribal Composition of Imam al-Husayn's (a) Army

A contemporary researcher have provided the list of Martyrs of Karbala categorized by their tribes, as following:

  • Banu Hashim (including Muslim b. 'Aqil) and who were related to them: twenty six people
  • Banu Asad: seven people
  • Hamdan: fourteen people
  • Madhhij: eight people
  • Ansar: seven people
  • Bajal and Khath'am: four people
  • Banu Kilab: three people
  • Azd: seven people
  • 'Abd: seven people
  • Tiym: seven people
  • Tayy: two people
  • Banu Taghlib: five people
  • Juhan: three people
  • Tamim: two people
  • Others: three people[45]

Statistics for 'Umar b. Sa'd's Army

Number of Soldiers

There are different reports about the number of soldiers in 'Umar b. Sa'd's army:

  • Some sources listed the commanders and their soldiers, which became twenty-two thousand people.[46]
  • According to two narrations from Imam al-Sajjad (a) and Imam al-Sadiq (a), al-Shaykh al-Saduq says they were thirty thousand people.[47]
  • Al-Mas'udi (the author of Ithbat al-wasiyya): twenty-eight thousand people.[48]
  • Al-Tabari: fourteen thousand people.[49]
  • Ibn Shahr Ashub: thirty-five thousand people (however, in his detailed lists of commanders and soldiers, he counted twenty-five thousand people).[50]
  • Sibt b. al-Jawzi: six thousand people. [51]
  • Ibn 'Inaba: thirty-one thousand people.[52]
  • Mulla Husayn al-Kashifi reported thirty-two thousand and also seventeen thousand people.[53]
  • Al-Khasibi: fifty-six thousand people. [54]
  • Anonymous report that counted the enemy's number twenty thousand by Muharram 6.[55]

It seems that al-Shaykh al-Saduq's narration from Imam al-Sajjad (a) and Imam al-Sadiq (a) (thirty thousand people) is the most reliable report.

Fatality Rate

Al-Shaykh al-Saduq (d. 381/991-2) followed by Muhammad b. Fattal al-Nisaburi (d. 508/1114-5) has listed the number of soldiers killed by Imam's companions as following:

According to this report, 225 or 226 people were killed by these companions.

Ibn Shahrashub , however, reported a higher rate of fatalities. He reported the following numbers:

Number of Martyrs

Some historians tried hard to present a detailed list of martyrs of Karbala, but due to some lack of early sources, they could not.[60]

Total Number of Martyrs

  • The most famous report is seventy-two martyrs.[61]
  • Fudayl b. Zubayr -one of the companions of Imam al-Baqir (a) and Imam al-Sadiq (a)- has reported the number of martyrs from the beginning of Imam al-Husayn (a) movement to the end (including the injured who were martyred later) 106 people -consists of twenty people from Banu Hashim and eighty-six people as Imam's companions.[62]
  • A various narration from Zahr b. Qays reports the number of the martyrs including seventy-eight,[63] thirty-two,[64] seventy,[65] seventy-seven,[66] eighty-two,[67] and eighty-eight[68] people.
  • Al-Balkhi (d. 322/933-4) and al-Mas'udi reported eighty-seven people.[69]
  • Al-Sayyid Muhsin al-Amin counted the number of martyrs in the movement of Imam al-Husayn (a) (from the beginning to the end) 139 people.[70]
  • After an analytic discussion, Shaykh Muhammad Mahdi Shams al-Din believed that they were more than one hundred people.[71]
  • Dhabih Allah Mahallati raised the total count to 228 individuals (from the beginning to the end of the movement) , which includes the martyrdom of 'Abd Allah b. 'Afif al-Azdi while prisoners were held in Kufa.
  • In another source, the number of martyrs (from the beginning of the movement to the end) is counted 182 people.[72]
  • According to the Danishnamah-yi Imam Husayn (a) (Encyclopaedia of Imam Husayn (a)), there were 155 martyrs in Karbala. This source does not consider any number higher than 155 to be reliable.[73]

It seems that the seventy-two-people report is more acceptable as it was reported in earlier sources and also by many historians.

Banu Hashim

Reports about the number of martyrs from Banu Hashim varied between nine to thirty.[74] Some of these reports have been narrated from Imams (a). The most commonly accepted account is seventeen people,[75] which also has been written in many books.

In the earliest historical source, the number of martyrs from Banu Hashim has been counted as twenty, including Muslim b. 'Aqil and Imam al-Husayn (a).[76]

Aside from being commonly reported in many sources, the account of seventeen-people which has been narrated from Imams (a), is mentioned in earlier sources and is considered the most authentic report.

Number of Martyrs in the First Attack

It is said in some sources that in the first attack on Imam's army, more than 50 of his companions were martyred.[77]

Martyrs from the Prophet's (s) Companions

Some of the Prophet's (s) companions were martyred in Karbala.

Fadl b. Zubayr said they were six people,[78] and al-Mas'udi said they were four.[79] But some contemporary writers named these five people:

  1. Anas b. Harith al-Kahili.
  2. Habib b. Muzahir.
  3. Hani b. 'Urwa al-Muradi.
  4. Muslim b. 'Awsaja al-Asadi.
  5. Abd Allah b. Yaqtar.[80]

Companions Who were Martyred After Imam al-Husayn (a)

Four companions were martyred after Imam al-Husayn (a).

Martyrs Who Had not Reached Puberty

Although Islamic laws, including fighting, are not applied to adolescents, some companions of Imam al-Husayn (a) had not reached puberty when they were martyred.

Martyrs' Mothers

Mothers of eight martyrs were present in Karbala and witnessed their son's martyrdom:

According to some hadiths Layla, the mother of Ali al-Akbar (a) was present in Karbala. However, these hadiths have not been proven.

Captives from Imam's Companions

Two companions of Imam al-Husayn (a) were first captured then martyred:

Companions Who were Martyred in the presence of Their Fathers

Their fathers witnessed the martyrdom of six martyrs of Karbala.

Number of Who Rode Horses on Imam's Body

In some sources, it has just been mentioned that the holy body of Imam al-Husayn (a) was overridden by horses after his martyrdom, but there are no reports about the number. However, in many sources, it has been reported that they were 10 people.

Number of Injuries on Imam al-Husayn's Body

Different accounts have been reported about the number of injuries on Imam al-Husayn's (a) pure body.

  • It has been quoted from Imam al-Sadiq (a) that Imam (a) received thirty-three injuries by spears, thirty-four injuries by swords.[81] In another hadith thirty-three injuries by spears, fourty-four injuries by swords and arrows,[82] and in the third hadith, more than seventy injuries.[83]
  • In a hadith from Imam al-Baqir (a), he says that there were more than 320 injuries[84] and in another hadith from him sixty-three injuries by sword or spear or arrows on Imam al-Husayn's (a) body.[85]
  • It has been narrated from Imam al-Sajjad (a) that there were fourty wound and sword stroke injuries on Imam's body.[86]
  • Some sources reported more than 110 tears on Imam's clothes and body caused by arrows, spears, and swords.
  • Also, some sources reported 120 sword, arrow, and stone strokes.
  • Ibn Sa'd wrote thirty-three injuries.
  • 'Ali b. Muhammad al-'Amri and Ibn 'Inaba (d. 828/1424-5) reported seventy injuries.
  • Al-Sayyid b. Tawus reported seventy-two injuries.

It seems that the total number of injuries exceeded one hundred, which is supported by reports that say arrows covered the Imam al-Husayn's body.

Families

Some contemporary researchers said that three families were present in Karbala.

However, there is no authentic evidence proving that Muslim b. 'Awsaja's family were in Karbala; although it has been reported in some sources that his female servant was present in Karbala.

Decapitated Heads of Martyrs

There are different reports about the number of martyrs' heads decapitated by 'Umar b. Sa'd's army.

The first report is more authentic because it was mentioned in earlier sources.

The heads were distributed among tribes as war spoils to receive rewards from Ibn Ziyad for each head. Here is the number of heads given to each tribe:

Servants Who Were Martyred

The Injured

  • According to historians, the only survived injured was Hasan b. Hasan b. 'Ali (a) (Hasan al-Muthanna)
  • The injured who were martyred later are:
  • Suwar b. Himyar al-Jabiri
  • 'Amr b. 'Abd Allah al-Hamdani al-Jundu'i
  • Muraqqa' b. Thumama al-Asadi

Captives

Male

A study of earlier sources give us this list of male captives of the Battle of Karbala:

  • Imam al-Sajjad (a)
  • Imam al-Baqir (a)
  • 'Uamr b. Husayn (a)
  • Muhammad b. 'Ali b. al-Husayn (a)
  • Zayd b. Hasan
  • 'Amr b. Hasan
  • Muhammad b. 'Amr b. Hasan
  • Ja'far's two sons
  • 'Abd Allah b. 'Abbas b. Ali (a)
  • Qasim b. 'Abd Allah b. Ja'far
  • Qasim b. Muhammad b. Ja'far
  • Muhammad b. 'Aqil al-Asghar
  • 'Uqba b. Sam'an (the servant of Rabab)
  • The servant of 'Abd al-Rahman b. 'Abd Rabbih al-Ansari
  • Muslim b. Ribah (the servant of Imam Ali (a))
  • 'Ali b. 'Uthman Maghribi

Female

Ibn Sa'd said counted 6, Qadi Nu'man al-Maghribi 4 and Abu l-Faraj al-Isfahani 3 women of Ahl al-Bayt (a) who were captured. They are listed as following:

Imam Ali's (a) daughters

Imam al-Husayn's (a) daughters

Women Who Were Involved in Imam al-Husayn's Movement

  1. Mariya (daughter of Sa'd or Munqidh al-'Abdiyya) whose house was a gathering place for a group of Shi'a from Basra.
  2. Taw'a (Ash'ath b. Qays's servent) She gave refuge to Muslim b. 'Aqil, when he was left alone in Kufa.
  3. Diylam or Dulham (Zuhayr b. Qayn's wife) she encouraged her husband to join Imam al-Husayn (a).
  4. A woman from Kufa who provided clothes and veils (headscarf) for women of Ahl al-Bayt (a), when they were brought to Kufa as captives

Objector Women

5 women objected to the actions against Imam al-Husayn and his companions.

  1. Umm 'Abd Allah (bint Hurrbadi al-Kindi, Malik b. Nusayr's wife) objected to her husband when he took Imam al-Husayn's burnus (hooded cloak) as a spoil.
  2. The daughter of 'Abd Allah b. 'Afif al-Kindi. She supported her father when he was surrounded by Ibn Ziyad]'s agents.
  3. A woman from the tribe of Bakr b. Wa'il. She objected to the soldiers of 'Umar b. Sa'd's army when they started to loot the tents of Ahl al-Bayt (a).
  4. Nawar (wife or daughter of Ka'b b. Jabir b. 'Amr al-Azdi). She and her husband objected to the 'Umar b. Sa'd's army on fighting Imam al-Husayn (a) and killing Burayr b. Khudayr.
  5. Nawar (bint Malik b. 'Aqrab al-Hadrami, wife of Khawli). When her husband brought the head of Imam al-Husayn (a) to her house and said that he had brought something that makes them rich, she objected to him and his happiness.

Martyred Woman

Umm Wahb (wife of 'Abd Allah b. 'Umayr al-Kalbi) is the only woman who was martyred in Karbala.

Number of Stops between Kufa and Damascus

Captives of Ahl al-Bayt (a) passed 14 Stops (manzil) from Kufa to Damascus.

Duration of Staying and Mourning in Damascus

  1. Ibn A'tham, al-Shaykh al-Mufid followed by al-Shaykh al-Tusi said that captives of Ahl al-Bayt (a) stayed in Damascus for "some days."
  2. Ibn Sa'd, al-Tabari, al-Khwarazmi (quoting Ibn Mikhnaf), Ibn 'Asakir, Sibt b. al-Jawzi, Ibn Kathir and al-Majlisi reported that Ahl al-Bayt (a) and some Umayyad women mourned Imam al-Husayn (a) for three days.
  3. Qadi Nu'man al-Maghribi (d. 363/973-4) said that Ahl al-Bayt (a) stayed in Damascus for 45 days.
  4. Sayyid b. Tawus (d. 664/1266) accepted the report, which says that Ahl al-Bayt (a) were imprisoned for 1 month in Damascus.
  5. 'Imad al-Din al-Tabari (alive in 701/1301-2) and al-Majlisi (in another place) wrote: "Ahl al-Bayt (a) mourned for 7 days." Al-Majlisi added that in the 8th day, Yazid arranged their return to Medina.

The reports of 1 month and 45 days are not very reliable, especially single-narrated reports. Based on the point that women from Umayyad Dynasty joined Ahl al-Bayt (a) in mourning on the 5th day, when they realized that they (Ahl al-Bayt(a)) were oppressed, one can conclude that Ahl al-Bayt (a) did not stay in Damascus more than 10 days.

See Also

Notes

  1. Ibn Aʿtham al-Kūfī, Kitāb al-Futūḥ, vol. 5, p. 29; Mufīd, al-Irshād, vol. 2, p. 38; Ibn Shahrāshūb, Manāqib, vol. 4, p. 98; Ibn al-Jawzī, al-Muntaẓam, vol. 5, p. 327; Khwārizmī, Maqtal al-Ḥusayn, vol. 1, p. 283; Irbilī, Kashf al-ghumma, vol. 2, p. 253; Shāfiʿī, Maṭālib al-saʿūl fī manāqib Āl al-Rasūl, vol. 2, p. 71; Sibṭ b. al-Jawzī, Yūsuf b. Qazāwughlī. Tadhkirat al-khawāṣ, vol. 2, p. 146; Ibn Ṭāwūs, al-Luhūf ʿalā qatlay al-ṭufūf, p. 24; Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 8, p. 162; Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Tahdhīb al-tahdhīb, vol. 2, p. 302.
  2. Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 4, p. 262.
  3. Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 3, p. 370.
  4. Ibn Ṭāwūs, al-Luhūf, p. 35; Amīn, Aʿyān al-Shīʿa, vol. 1, p. 581.
  5. Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 4, p. 275; Dīnawarī, al-Akhbār al-ṭiwāl, p. 235; Mufīd, al-Irshād, vol. 2, p. 41; Sibṭ b. al-Jawzī, Tadhkirat al-khawāṣ, vol. 2, p. 141; Ibn Nimā al-Ḥillī, Muthīr al-aḥzān, p. 21; Ibn Ṭāwūs, al-Luhūf , p. 25; Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ, vol. 3, p. 299; Ibn ʿAnba, ʿUmdat al-ṭālib, p. 191-192.
  6. Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 4, p. 259; Ibn ʿAsākir, Tarjumat al-Imām al-Ḥusayn, p. 302; Ibn Shahrāshūb, Manāqib, vol. 4, p. 99; Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ, vol. 3, p. 306; Haytamī, al-Ṣawāʿiq al-muḥriqa, p. 196; Masʿūdī, Murūj al-dhahab, vol. 3, p. 65; Sibṭ b. al-Jawzī, Tadhkirat al-khawāṣ, vol. 2, p. 141.
  7. Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, Sharḥ Nahj al-balāgha, vol. 11, p. 43; Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 44, p. 68.
  8. Ibn Aʿtham al-Kūfī, Kitāb al-Futūḥ, vol. 5, p. 40; Khwārizmī, Maqtal al-Ḥusayn, vol. 1, p. 290.
  9. Ibn Shahrāshūb, Manāqib, vol. 4, p. 99.
  10. Ibn Qutaybaal-Imāma wa l-sīyāsa, vol. 2, p. 8; Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih, al-ʿIqd al-farīd, vol. 4, p. 354.
  11. Ibn ʿAsākir, Tarjumat al-Imām al-Ḥusayn, p. 284; Ibn Nimā al-Ḥillī, Muthīr al-aḥzān, p. 16.
  12. Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 5, p. 489.
  13. Ibn Saʿd. Tarjamat al-Imām al-Ḥusayn wa maqtaluh, p. 174; Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 3, p. 422; Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 4, p. 294; Mufīd, al-Irshād, vol. 2, p. 71; Ibn Nimā al-Ḥillī, Muthīr al-aḥzān, p. 16; Sibṭ b. al-Jawzī, Tadhkirat al-khawāṣ, vol. 2, p. 141; Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ, vol. 3, p. 299.
  14. Abu l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, Maqātil al-ṭālibīyyīn, p. 70-71.
  15. Ibn Saʿd. Tarjamat al-Imām al-Ḥusayn wa maqtaluh, p. 175; Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ, vol. 3, p. 299.
  16. Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 4, p. 260 and 275; Mufīd, al-Irshād, vol. 2, p. 52.
  17. Ibn Aʿtham al-Kūfī, Kitāb al-Futūḥ, vol. 5, p. 29; Khwārizmī, Maqtal al-Ḥusayn, vol. 1, p. 297; Masʿūdī, Murūj al-dhahab, vol. 3, p. 68.
  18. Ibn Shahrāshūb, Manāqib, vol. 4, p. 101.
  19. Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Tahdhīb al-tahdhīb, vol. 2, p. 303.
  20. Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 4, p. 279; Abu l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, Maqātil al-ṭālibīyyīn, p. 69; Masʿūdī, Murūj al-dhahab, vol. 3, p. 69; Mufīd, al-Irshād, vol. 2, p. 57; Ṭabrisī, Iʿlām al-warā bi-aʿlām al-hudā, vol. 1, p. 443; Ibn Nimā al-Ḥillī, Muthīr al-aḥzān, p. 24.
  21. Dīnawarī, al-Akhbār al-ṭiwāl, p. 240.
  22. Ibn Aʿtham al-Kūfī, Kitāb al-Futūḥ, vol. 5, p. 53.
  23. Dīnawarī, al-Akhbār al-ṭiwāl, p. 228; Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 4, p. 253; Mufīd, al-Irshād, vol. 2, p. 34; Ibn Aʿtham al-Kūfī, Kitāb al-Futūḥ, vol. 5, p. 22; Fattāl, Rawḍat al-wāʿiẓīn, p. 171; Ṭabrisī, Iʿlām al-warā bi-aʿlām al-hudā, vol. 1, p. 435; Khwārizmī, Maqtal al-Ḥusayn, vol. 1, p. 273; Sibṭ b. al-Jawzī, Tadhkirat al-khawāṣ, vol. 2, p. 236.
  24. Ṣadūq, al-Amālī, p. 217; Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 44, p. 313.
  25. Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 10, p. 451; Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh madīnat Dimashq, vol. 14, p. 211-212.
  26. Ibn Aʿtham al-Kūfī, Kitāb al-Futūḥ, vol. 5, p. 69; Khwārizmī, Maqtal al-Ḥusayn, vol. 1, p. 317; Shāfiʿī, Maṭālib al-saʿūl, vol. 2, p. 73; Irbilī, Kashf al-ghumma, vol. 2, p. 253; Ibn Ṣabbāgh Mālikī, al-Fuṣūl al-muhimma, vol. 2, p. 6.
  27. Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, al-Imāma wa l-sīyāsa, vol. 2, p. 10; Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih, al-ʿIqd al-farīd, vol. 4, p. 355.
  28. Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 6, p. 259.
  29. Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 4, p. 292; Jurjānī Shajarī, al-Amālī l-khamīsīyya, vol. 1, p. 191-192; Ibn Ṭāwūs, al-Luhūf ʿalā qatlay al-ṭufūf, p. 60; Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ, vol. 3, p. 308; Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 8, p. 214; Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, al-Iṣāba fī tamyīz al-ṣaḥāba, vol. 2, p. 71; Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Tahdhīb al-tahdhīb, vol. 2, p. 304; Ibn Nimā al-Ḥillī, Muthīr al-aḥzān, p. 39.
  30. Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh madīnat Dimashq, p. 329; Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ, vol. 3, p. 298 and 300.
  31. Ṭabarī, Dalāʾil al-imāma, p. 178.
  32. Yaʿqūbī, Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī, vol. 2, p. 243.
  33. Masʿūdī, Murūj al-dhahab, vol. 3, p. 71.
  34. Ibn Shahrāshūb, Manāqib, vol. 4, p. 107.
  35. Ibn Abbār, Durar al-samṭ, p. 104.
  36. Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 4, p. 320; Mufīd, al-Irshād, vol. 2, p. 95; Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 3, p. 395; Dīnawarī, al-Akhbār al-ṭiwāl, p. 256; Ibn Aʿtham al-Kūfī, Kitāb al-Futūḥ, vol. 5, p. 101; Ibn Ḥayyūn, Sharḥ al-akhbār, vol. 3, p. 155; Ṭabarī, Dalāʾil al-imāma, p. 178; Fattāl, Rawḍat al-wāʿiẓīn, p. 184; Ṭabrisī, Iʿlām al-warā bi-aʿlām al-hudā, vol. 1, p. 457; Khwārizmī, Maqtal al-Ḥusayn, vol. 2, p. 6; Ibn al-Jawzī, al-Muntaẓam, vol. 5, p. 339; Ṭabarī, Kāmil Bahāʾīe, vol. 2, p . 281; Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 8, p. 192.
  37. Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 4, p. 295; Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 3, p. 424; Dhahabī, Tārīkh al-Islām, vol. 5, p. 15.
  38. Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 5, p. 489.
  39. Ibn Ḥayyūn, Sharḥ al-akhbār, vol. 3, p. 154; Maqdisī, al-Badʾ wa l-tārīkh, vol. 2, p. 241.
  40. Masʿūdī, Ithbāt al-waṣiyya, p. 166.
  41. Ḥusaynī Mūsawī, Taslīyat al-mujālis wa zīnat al-majālis, vol. 2, p. 275; Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 45, p. 4.
  42. Sibṭ b. al-Jawzī, Tadhkirat al-khawāṣ, vol. 2, p. 160.
  43. Haytamī, al-Ṣawāʿiq al-muḥriqa, p. 197.
  44. Muḥammadī Reyshahrī, Dānishnāmah-yi Imām Ḥusayn (a) bar pāya-yi Qurʾān, ḥadīth wa tārīkh, vol. 7, p. 291.
  45. Samāwī, Ibṣār al-ʿayn, p. 49.
  46. Ibn Aʿtham al-Kūfī, Kitāb al-Futūḥ, vol. 5, p. 84-90 and 101; Khwārizmī, Maqtal al-Ḥusayn, vol. 1, p. 341-345; Ḥanbalī al-Damishqī, Shadharāt al-dhahab, vol. 1, p. 274; Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 44, p. 386.
  47. Ṣadūq, al-Amālī, p. 177 and 547; Ibn Ṭāwūs, al-Luhūf ʿalā qatlay al-ṭufūf, p. 70.
  48. Masʿūdī, Ithbāt al-waṣiyya, p. 166.
  49. Ṭabarī, Dalāʾil al-imāma, p. 178.
  50. Ibn Shahrāshūb, Manāqib, vol. 4, p. 106.
  51. Sibṭ b. al-Jawzī, Tadhkirat al-khawāṣ, vol. 2, p. 161.
  52. Ibn ʿInaba, ʿUmdat al-ṭālib, p. 192.
  53. Wāʿiẓ Kāshifī, Rawḍat al-Shuhadā, p. 346.
  54. Khuṣaybī, al-Hidāya al-kubrā, p. 202.
  55. Ibn Ṣabbāgh Mālikī, al-Fuṣūl al-muhimma, p. 191.
  56. Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 3, p. 405 and Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 4, p. 340, wrote the number of dead as five people.
  57. Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 3, p. 404 and Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 4, p. 336, wrote the number of dead as twelve people.
  58. Ṣadūq, al-Amālī, p. 223-226; Fattāl, Rawḍat al-wāʿiẓīn, p. 186-188.
  59. Ibn Shahrāshūb, Manāqib, vol. 4, p. 109-114.
  60. Muḥammadī Reyshahrī, Shahādatnāmah-yi Imām Ḥusayn (a), p. 650.
  61. Ibn Saʿd. Tarjamat al-Imām al-Ḥusayn wa maqtaluh, p. 184; Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 3, p. 411; Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 4, p. 348; Abū ʿAlī Miskawayh, Tajārub al-umam, vol. 2, p. 73; Ṭabrisī, Tāj al-mawālīd, p. 31; Khwārizmī, Maqtal al-Ḥusayn, vol. 2, p. 44; Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 8, p. 205.
  62. Kūfī Asadī, Tasmīya man qutila maʿa l-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī (a), p. 149-156.
  63. Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 4, p. 351; Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, al-Imāma wa l-sīyāsa, p. 260; Mufīd, al-Irshād, vol. 2, p. 118; Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh madīnat Dimashq, vol. 18, p. 445; Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 8, p. 208; Ṣafdī. al-Wāfī bi l-Wafīyāt, vol. 14, p. 189; Ibn Ṣabbāgh Mālikī, al-Fuṣūl al-muhimma, p. 193; Mīrkhānd. Tārīkh Rawḍat al-ṣafā, vol. 5, p. 270.
  64. Ibn Aʿtham al-Kūfī, Kitāb al-Futūḥ, vol. 5, p. 127.
  65. Ibn al-Jawzī, al-Muntaẓam, vol. 2, p. 193.
  66. Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih, al-ʿIqd al-farīd, vol. 4, p. 328.
  67. Khwārizmī, Maqtal al-Ḥusayn, vol. 2, p. 62.
  68. Ibn ʿAsākir, Tarjumat al-Imām al-Ḥusayn, p. 190.
  69. Maqdisī, al-Badʾ wa l-tārīkh, vol. 2, p. 241; Masʿūdī, Murūj al-dhahab, vol. 3, p. 72.
  70. Amīn, Aʿyān al-Shīʿa, vol. 1, p. 610-612.
  71. Shams al-Dīn, Anṣār al-Ḥusayn (a), p. 49 and 52.
  72. Zargarī Nijād, Nahḍat-i Imām Ḥusayn (a) wa qiyām-i Karbalā, p. 291-386.
  73. Muḥammadī Reyshahrī, Dānishnāmah-yi Imām Ḥusayn (a) bar pāya-yi Qurʾān, ḥadīth wa tārīkh, vol. 7, p. 291.
  74. Ranjbar, "Āshūrā dar āʾīna-yi āmār wa arqām", p. 66-67.
  75. Ibn ʿAsākir, Tarjumat al-Imām al-Ḥusayn, p. 196; Khalīfa b. Khayyāṭ. Kitab al-ṭabaqāt, p. 179; Ṭabarānī, al-Muʿjam al-kabīr, vol. 3, p. 104 and 119; Ṣadūq, Kamāl al-dīn wa itmām al-niʿma, p. 533; Ṣadūq, al-Amālī, p. 694; Mufīd, al-Irshād, vol. 2, p. 125-126; Ṭūsī, al-Amālī, p.162; Ṭabarī, Bishārat al-Muṣṭafā, p. 426; Khwārizmī, Maqtal al-Ḥusayn, vol. 2, p. 53; Irbilī, Kashf al-ghumma, vol. 2, p. 267; Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 8, p. 205.
  76. Kūfī Asadī, Tasmīya man qutila maʿa l-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī (a), p. 149-151; Ṣadūq, al-Khiṣāl, p. 519; Ibn Shahrāshūb, Manāqib, vol. 4, p. 179; Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, Sharḥ Nahj al-balāgha, vol. 15, p. 251.
  77. Khwārizmī, Maqtal al-Ḥusayn, vol. 2, p. 11.
  78. Kūfī Asadī, Tasmīya man qutila maʿa l-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī (a), p. 153-154.
  79. Masʿūdī, Murūj al-dhahab, vol. 3, p. 72.
  80. Samāwī, Ibṣār al-ʿayn, p. 221.
  81. Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 4, p. 346; Khwārizmī, Maqtal al-Ḥusayn, vol. 2, p. 42; Ibn Shahrāshūb, Manāqib, vol. 4, p. 120; Ibn Nimā al-Ḥillī, Muthīr al-aḥzān, p. 58; Ibn Ṭāwūs, al-Luhūf, p. 76; Maḥallī, al-Ḥadāʾiq al-wardiyya, vol. 1, p.212.
  82. Ibn Ḥayyūn, Sharḥ al-akhbār, vol. 3, p. 164; Ṭabarī, Dalāʾil al-imāma, p. 178.
  83. Ṭūsī, al-Amālī, p.677.
  84. Ṣadūq, al-Amālī, p. 228; Fattāl, Rawḍat al-wāʿiẓīn, p. 189; Ṭabrisī, Tāj al-mawālīd, p. 31; Ibn Shahrāshūb, Manāqib, vol. 4, p. 120; Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 45, p. 82 and vol. 4, p. 120.
  85. Kulaynī, Uṣūl al-Kāfī, vol. 6, p. 452; Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 45, p. 92.
  86. Tamīmī Maghribī, Daʿāim al-Islām, vol. 2, p. 154.

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