Draft:Khusrān
Khusrān (Arabic: خُسران) is a Qur'anic and hadith term meaning decrease, destruction, loss, and misguidance.[1] According to Qur'anic researchers, the word "khusran" and its cognate words have appeared 65 times in 60 verses of the Qur'an in various morphological forms.[2] Based on the verses of the Qur'an, khusran is directly related to disbelief (kufr) and destruction. The more a person is immersed in kufr, the more his khusran increases[3] and he will suffer otherworldly destruction.[4] Unlike worldly losses, this khusran is permanent and irreparable, and the Qur'an introduces it as "al-khusrān al-mubīn" (the manifest loss).[5] To be saved from this khusran, the Qur'an considers faith in God, righteous deeds, and advising to the truth and patience as necessary.[6]
In the Qur'an, God has subjected the disbelievers to increasing khusran due to their disobedience to the commands of the Qur'an and lack of faith in it.[7] These individuals, by refusing to accept the book of God, in addition to the khusran they had before the revelation of the Qur'an, will be subjected to divine punishment. In contrast, the Qur'an brings mercy and healing for the believers, because by acting upon the Qur'an, they exit from ignorance and are included in divine blessings. The Qur'an also introduces those who lose their faith due to pessimism towards God and facing hardships as being in khusran.[8] Some exegetes believe that as long as man is not placed on the path of the training of the prophets, he is in khusran and the only way to escape from it is faith and righteous deeds, even if he cannot perform all good deeds.[9]
In Islamic narrations, it is stated that whoever disobeys the command of God and His Messenger is in manifest khusran.[10] Also, engaging in matters that distance a person from God is considered to cause his khusran:[11] Among these matters, one can mention not paying zakat,[12] arrogance, charity accompanied by reproach, deceit in selling goods,[13] negligence in prayer,[14] and enmity towards the Ahl al-Bayt (a) of the Prophet (s).[15]
Notes
- ↑ Farāhīdī, Kitāb al-ʿayn, 1409 AH, under the word "khasara"; Ibn Manẓūr, Lisān al-ʿArab, 1414 AH, under the word "khasara".
- ↑ ʿAbd al-Bāqī, Al-Muʿjam al-mufahras, 1408 AH, under the word "khasara".
- ↑ Qur'an 35:39.
- ↑ Qur'an 18:5.
- ↑ Qur'an 39:15.
- ↑ Qur'an 103:3.
- ↑ Qur'an 17:82.
- ↑ Qur'an 22:11.
- ↑ Qarāʾatī, Tafsīr-i Nūr, 1383 Sh, vol. 10, p. 590.
- ↑ Kulaynī, Al-Kāfī, 1407 AH, vol. 1, p. 142.
- ↑ For example, see: Kulaynī, Al-Kāfī, 1407 AH, vol. 1, p. 45.
- ↑ Qushayrī al-Nīshābūrī, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, 1398 AH, vol. 3, p. 7475.
- ↑ Ibn Māja, Sunan Ibn Māja, 1954, vol. 2, p. 745.
- ↑ Tirmidhī, Sunan al-Tirmidhī, 1403 AH, vol. 1, p. 258.
- ↑ Al-Shaykh al-Ṣadūq, Al-Amālī, 1376 Sh, p. 342.
References
- ʿAbd al-Bāqī, Muḥammad Fuʾād. Al-Muʿjam al-mufahras li-alfāẓ al-Qurʾān al-karīm. Beirut, Dār al-Jīl, 1408 AH.
- Farāhīdī, Khalīl b. Aḥmad al-. Kitāb al-ʿayn. Edited by Mahdī Makhzūmī and Ibrāhīm Sāmarrāʾī. Qom, 1409 AH.
- Ibn Māja. Sunan Ibn Māja. Edited by Muḥammad Fuʾād ʿAbd al-Bāqī. Cairo, 1954.
- Ibn Manẓūr, Jamāl al-Dīn. Lisān al-ʿArab. Beirut, Dār Ṣādir, 1414 AH.
- Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. Al-Kāfī. Edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī and Muḥammad Ākhūndī. Tehran, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1407 AH.
- Qarāʾatī, Muḥsin. Tafsīr-i Nūr. Tehran, Markaz-i Farhangī-yi Darshāyī az Qurʾān, 1383 Sh.
- Qushayrī al-Nīshābūrī, Muslim b. Ḥajjāj al-. Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim. Edited by Muḥammad Fuʾād ʿAbd al-Bāqī. Beirut, Dār al-Fikr, 1398 AH.
- Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. Al-Amālī. Tehran, Kitābchī, 1376 Sh.
- Tirmidhī, Muḥammad b. ʿĪsā al-. Sunan al-Tirmidhī. Edited by ʿAbd al-Wahhāb ʿAbd al-Laṭīf. Beirut, 1403 AH.
External Links
- Article source: The Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam