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Template:Infobox Shi'a scholars Mīr Sayyid ʿAlī Hamadānī (b. 714/1314 - d. 786/1385), known as Shāh-i Hamadān and entitled Amīr-i Kabīr, was a mystic and jurist of the eighth/fourteenth century who was born in Hamadan and whose lineage traced back to Imam al-Sajjad (a). He made numerous trips to the Hijaz, Transoxiana, and Kashmir and resided in Khuttalan for a while. His spiritual influence caused political sensitivity, including the concern of Timur Gurkani, and he then went to Kashmir, where he played an important role in the spread of Shi'ism, the Persian language, and the prosperity of handicrafts, especially shawl-weaving.

According to historical reports, Hamadani was one of the great figures of the Kubrawiyya order and a mystic committed to the Shari'a. He had teachers such as Shaykh Mahmud Mazdaqani and students such as Nur al-Din Ja'far Badakhshi and Khwaja Ishaq Khuttalani, after whom the order was divided into the Dhahabiyya and Nurbakhshiyya branches. There is a disagreement about his religion, but works such as Al-Mawadda fi l-qurba, Insan al-kamil, and Asrar-i wahy have caused many to consider him a Shi'a; as he also emphasized the love of Imam 'Ali (a) in his poems.

He wrote numerous Persian and Arabic works on mysticism and Islamic teachings, including Dhakhirat al-muluk, Sayr al-talibin, Insan al-kamil, and Al-Mawadda fi l-qurba. He died in 786/1385 on his way back from Kashmir and was buried in Kulob, Tajikistan. There are also places attributed to him in Kunar, Afghanistan, and Mansehra, Pakistan.

Lineage

Sayyid 'Ali b. Shihab al-Din Hasan Hamadani was born in 713/1313-14 or 714/1314-15, concurrent with the reign of Öljaitü (r. 703/1304 - 716/1316) in Hamadan. His lineage from his father's side reaches Imam al-Sajjad (a).[1] His mother was also from the ʿAlawīs.

Travels

Khanqah and mosque of Shah-i Hamadan in Kashmir

Part of Mir Sayyid 'Ali Hamadani's life was spent in long journeys. The Hajj journey, traveling in the cities of Iran, and traveling to Transoxiana, India, and Ceylon are among his journeys mentioned in biographical sources.[2]

Presence in Transoxiana

In the middle of the eighth/fourteenth century, Mir Sayyid 'Ali went from Hamadan to Transoxiana and resided in Khuttalān.Template:Note The reason for his journey to this land has been considered the political and social chaos of the years after the collapse of the Ilkhanid rule. He found many disciples in Transoxiana; therefore, Timur Gurkani, who had gained dominion over Transoxiana, became terrified of his influence.[3] It has been narrated that a group of scholars who were offended by Sayyid 'Ali's popularity plotted against his life and gave him poison[4] and spoke ill of him to the Sultan. Some researchers associate these reactions with the Shi'a inclinations of Mir Sayyid 'Ali.[5] After being summoned by Tamerlane and meeting with him, Mir Sayyid 'Ali left Transoxiana and traveled to Kashmir.[6]

Presence in Kashmir

Mir Sayyid 'Ali traveled to Kashmir in 774/1372-73. In his letters, he invited the surrounding kings to Islam and to observe Shari'a laws.[7] He went to Kashmir again in 781/1379-80. It is said that 700 people accompanied him on this journey. Mir Sayyid 'Ali settled in the 'Ala' al-Din Pura neighborhood of Srinagar.[citation needed]

The spread of Shi'ism and the Persian language in Kashmir have been considered as the results of his journey to Kashmir.[8] The prosperity of Iranian arts and handicrafts in this region was another result of his journey to Kashmir. Also, with his arrival, the shawl-weaving industry was revived in Kashmir.[9] Mir Sayyid 'Ali also made a living by weaving hats.[10]

Death

Tomb of Mir Sayyid 'Ali Hamadani in Tajikistan

Sayyid 'Ali Hamadani died in 786/1385 in Pakhli (Kunar, eastern Afghanistan) while traveling from Kashmir to Turkestan. His body was taken to Kulob (one of the cities of Khatlon Province in Tajikistan) and buried there.[11] The tomb building is located in a garden where a number of his children and descendants are also buried. This complex includes a library with old manuscripts of Mir Sayyid 'Ali's works.[12]
At the place of Sayyid 'Ali's death in the Kunar province of Afghanistan, there is a place called the Shrine of Shah-i Hamadan.[13] Also, in the city of Mansehra in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan, there is a shrine by this name.[14]

Mystical Path

Image of Mir Sayyid 'Ali Hamadani on Tajikistan banknote

Sayyid 'Ali Hamadani was considered one of the great figures of the mystical order called the Kubrawiyya. He has been considered a Shari'a-compliant mystic who emphasized adherence to the Shari'a in his works.[15]

His education and upbringing in childhood were undertaken by his maternal uncle, Sayyid 'Ala' al-Din, whom Mir Sayyid 'Ali himself considered to be one of the awliya' Allah (friends of God).[16] One of his most important teachers was Shaykh Mahmud Mazdaqani,[17] who was a student of 'Ala' al-Dawla Simnani and one of the shaykhs of the Kubrawiyya order. Shaykh Akhi 'Ali Dusti Simnani and Qutb al-Din Nishaburi were among his other teachers.

Among his students and disciples who accompanied him, the following individuals can be mentioned:

  • Nur al-Din Ja'far Rustabazari Badakhshi (740/1339-40 - 797/1394-95), who wrote a biographical work named Khulasat al-manaqib on the life of Mir Sayyid 'Ali.
  • Khwaja Ishaq b. Amir Aramshah 'Alishahi Khuttalani (731/1330-31 - 827/1423-24), who succeeded him after the Sayyid. The order was divided into two branches after him; one branch became known as the Dhahabiyya, and the other branch, attributed to Sayyid Muhammad Nurbakhsh (795/1392-93 - 869/1464-65, known as Sayyid Muhammad Nurbakhsh, founder of the Nurbakhshiyya order, one of the students of Ibn Fahd al-Hilli), was called Nurbakhshiyya.[18]

'Abd Allah b. Shaykh Rukn al-Din Shirazi, Burhan al-Din b. 'Abd al-Samad, Qawam al-Din Badakhshi, 'Ala' al-Din Hisari, Baba Ka' Shirazi, Shams al-Din Badakhshi, Muhammad Talaqani, and Muhammad Saray Isti were among his other students.[citation needed]

Shi'ism

Poems by Mir Sayyid 'Ali Hamadani on the 10 Somoni banknote of Tajikistan

There are disagreements about the religion of Sayyid 'Ali Hamadani. Some biographers, citing some of his works such as Al-Mawadda fi l-qurba wa ahl al-'aba, which is a collection of hadiths on the virtues of the Ahl al-Bayt (a),[19] have considered him among the Shi'a. Aqa Buzurg al-Tihrani in Al-Dharīʿa, quoting Qāḍī Nūr Allāh Shūshtarī, considered the book Al-Mawadda fi l-qurba as evidence of his Shi'ism.[20] Other works attributed to him that confirm the probability of his Shi'ism are the treatises Insan al-kamil and Asrar-i wahy.[21] Therefore, some writers do not consider doubting his Shi'ism to be permissible.[22]

Template:Poem

Works

Mir Sayyid 'Ali wrote works on various mystical, theological, and literary subjects. Most of his works are in Persian, and he has a few treatises in Arabic. Some of his works are:

Persian Treatises:

  • Dhakhirat al-muluk; which is his most detailed and famous work, and a political treatise (siyasatnama), most of whose contents are a translation of al-Ghazali's Ihya' 'ulum al-din.
  • Mir'at al-ta'ibin; on the subject of repentance (tawba).
  • Sayr al-talibin; on the etiquettes of mystical wayfaring.
  • Risala-yi i'tiqadiyya; on the knowledge of God.
  • Masharib al-adhwaq; an exposition of Ibn al-Farid's Mimiyya ode.
  • Risala-yi dah qa'ida; the paths to reaching God.
  • Risala-yi manamiyya; on the quality of imagination and the levels of sleep and dream.
  • Risala-yi hall-i mushkil; on a mystical subject.
  • Waridat-i amiriyya; supplications and aphorisms.
  • Risala-yi darwishiyya; on the necessity of submission to a pir in the mystical path.
  • Risala-yi futuwwatiyya; explaining chivalry (futuwwa).
  • Risala-yi dhikriyya; explaining dhikrs.
  • Risala-yi 'aql; on the meaning, virtue, and levels of the intellect.
  • Risala-yi faqriyya; about the awliya' and their states.
  • Asrar-i wahy; the Prophet's conversations with God on the night of Ascension (Mi'raj).
  • Chihil hadith; (Forty Hadiths).
  • Risala-yi chihil maqam-i sufiyya;
  • Risala-yi haqiqat-i iman; mystical and theological matters.
  • Risala-yi muchulka; explaining the hadith that "there is no letter of the Qur'an except that it has sixty thousand understandings".
  • Risala-yi haqq al-yaqin; exegesis of the verse "To Allah belongs the dominion of the heavens and the earth".
  • Nuriyya; on mystical etiquettes.
  • Risala-yi talqiniyya; about purification of the soul (tazkiyat al-nafs).
  • Risala-yi hamadaniyya; explaining mystical issues.
  • Risala-yi bahramshahiyya; advice to Bahram Badakhshani.
  • Risala-yi 'aqabat; the reality of faith.
  • Wujudiyya; about the Absolute Existence.
  • Chihil asrar or Ghazaliyyat; including a collection of the Sayyid's sonnets (ghazals).
  • Minhaj al-'arifin; a book of advice.


Arabic Treatises:

  • Asrar al-nuqta; the secrets of letters.
  • Risala dar bab-i 'ulama-yi din; about the types of scholars, who are the Ashab al-Hadith, jurists, and Sufis.
  • Risalat sifat al-fuqara'; explaining poverty (faqr).
  • Arba'in-i amiriyya; forty hadiths.
  • Dhikriyya-yi 'arabiyya; the virtue of dhikr.
  • Risalat insan al-kamil; discussions on the unity of existence (waḥdat al-wujūd).
  • Awradiyya; explaining the virtue and necessity of awrad (litanies) and dhikrs.
  • Al-Mawadda fi l-qurba; hadiths of the Prophet about the virtue of the Ahl al-Bayt.
  • Hall al-fusus; an exposition of Fusus al-hikam.[23]


Commemoration and Conference

On the 700th anniversary of Mir Sayyid 'Ali Hamadani's birth, his name was registered in UNESCO's calendar of luminaries for the year 2014–2015.[24] On this occasion, a commemoration ceremony was held in cooperation with the Islamic Culture and Relations Organization, the Iranian National Commission for UNESCO, and other institutions on Aban 3, 1393 Sh/October 25, 2014, at the National Museum of Iran.[25]

Also, on Mihr 9 and Mihr 10, 1394 Sh/October 1 and 2, 2015, the International Conference on Mir Sayyid 'Ali Hamadani was held in the city of Hamadan.[26]

See Also

Footnotes

Template:Footnotes

Notes

  1. ↑ Hamadānī, Shāh-i Hamadān Mīr Sayyid ʿAlī Hamadānī, 1995, p. 12.
  2. ↑ Riyāḍ, Aḥwāl wa āthār wa ashʿār-i Mīr Sayyid ʿAlī Hamadānī, 1985, p. 28.
  3. ↑ Hollister, Tashayyuʿ dar Hind, 1373 Sh, pp. 163-164.
  4. ↑ Badakhshī, Khulāṣat al-manāqib, 1374 Sh, p. 268.
  5. ↑ Adhkāʾī, Murawwij-i Islām dar Īrān-i ṣaghīr, 1370 Sh, p. 78.
  6. ↑ Badakhshī, Khulāṣat al-manāqib, 1374 Sh, pp. 369-370.
  7. ↑ Adhkāʾī, Murawwij-i Islām dar Īrān-i ṣaghīr, 1370 Sh, p. 46.
  8. ↑ Hollister, Tashayyuʿ dar Hind, 1373 Sh, p. 163.
  9. ↑ ʿAṭāyī, "Naqsh-i Mīr Sayyid ʿAlī Hamadānī dar tawsia-yi hunar wa ṣanāyiʿ-i dastī dar Kashmīr", pp. 210-211.
  10. ↑ ʿAṭāyī, "Naqsh-i Mīr Sayyid ʿAlī Hamadānī dar tawsia-yi hunar wa ṣanāyiʿ-i dastī dar Kashmīr", pp. 210-211.
  11. ↑ Adhkāʾī, Murawwij-i Islām dar Īrān-i ṣaghīr, 1370 Sh, p. 87; Riyāḍ, Aḥwāl wa āthār wa ashʿār-i Mīr Sayyid ʿAlī Hamadānī, 1985, p. 73.
  12. ↑ "Shāh-i Hamadānī shāʿir wa ʿārif-i Īrānī āramīda dar Tājīkistān", Fars News Agency.
  13. ↑ Ḥabībī, Nasab wa zādgāh-i Sayyid Jamāl al-Dīn Afghānī, 1355 Sh, p. 33.
  14. ↑ Ḥabībī, Nasab wa zādgāh-i Sayyid Jamāl al-Dīn Afghānī, 1355 Sh, p. 33.
  15. ↑ Adhkāʾī, Murawwij-i Islām dar Īrān-i ṣaghīr, 1370 Sh, pp. 23-24, 32.
  16. ↑ Badakhshī, Khulāṣat al-manāqib, 1374 Sh, p. 13.
  17. ↑ Badakhshī, Khulāṣat al-manāqib, 1374 Sh, p. 43.
  18. ↑ Adhkāʾī, Murawwij-i Islām dar Īrān-i ṣaghīr, 1370 Sh, pp. 20-30.
  19. ↑ Hollister, Tashayyuʿ dar Hind, 1373 Sh, p. 164.
  20. ↑ Tihrānī, Al-Dharīʿa, 1403 AH, vol. 25, p. 255 and vol. 10, p. 21.
  21. ↑ Anwārī, "Mīr Sayyid ʿAlī Hamadānī wa taḥlīl-i āthār-i ū", pp. 330, 359.
  22. ↑ Adhkāʾī, Murawwij-i Islām dar Īrān-i ṣaghīr, 1370 Sh, pp. 25-29.
  23. ↑ Anwārī, "Mīr Sayyid ʿAlī Hamadānī wa taḥlīl-i āthār-i ū", p. 203 onwards.
  24. ↑ Celebration of anniversaries in 2014
  25. ↑ Iranian National Commission for UNESCO Website
  26. ↑ Website of the International Conference on Mir Sayyid 'Ali Hamadani: http://www.mirsah.ir/

References

  • Adhkāʾī, Parwīz. Murawwij-i Islām dar Īrān-i ṣaghīr, aḥwāl wa āthār-i Mīr Sayyid ʿAlī Hamadānī bi-inḍimām-i Risāla-yi Hamadāniyya. Hamadan, Intishārāt-i Dānishgāh-i Bū ʿAlī Sīnā, 1370 Sh.
  • Anwārī, Sayyid Maḥmūd. "Mīr Sayyid ʿAlī Hamadānī wa taḥlīl-i āthār-i ū". Nashriyya-yi Dānishkada-yi Adabiyyāt wa ʿUlūm-i Insānī-yi Tabrīz, no. 123, Autumn 1356 Sh.
  • ʿAṭāyī, ʿAbd Allāh. "Naqsh-i Mīr Sayyid ʿAlī Hamadānī dar tawsia-yi hunar wa ṣanāyiʿ-i dastī dar Kashmīr". Āyina-yi Mīrāth, year 6, no. 4, Winter 1378 Sh.
  • Badakhshī, Nūr al-Dīn Jaʿfar. Khulāṣat al-manāqib (dar manāqib-i Mīr Sayyid ʿAlī Hamadānī). Islamabad, Markaz-i Taḥqīqāt-i Fārsī-yi Īrān wa Pākistān, 1374 Sh.
  • Hamadānī, Mīr Sayyid ʿAlī. Risāla-yi iʿtiqādiyya. Edited by Iḥsān Fattāḥī Urdakānī. Mīthāq-i Amīn, pre-issue no. 3, Summer 1386 Sh.
  • Hamadānī, Sayyid Ḥusayn Shāh. Shāh-i Hamadān, Mīr Sayyid ʿAlī Hamadānī. Translated by Muḥammad Riyāḍ Khān. Islamabad, Markaz-i Taḥqīqāt-i Fārsī-yi Īrān wa Pākistān, 1995.
  • Hollister, John Norman. Tashayyuʿ dar Hind. Translated by Āzarmīdukht Mashāyikh Farīdanī. Tehran, Markaz-i Nashr-i Dānishgāhī, 1373 Sh.
  • "Risāla-yi Mīr Sayyid ʿAlī Hamadānī dar sharḥ-i murādāt-i Ḥāfiẓ". ʿIrfān-i Islāmī website. Accessed: Isfand 1, 1404 Sh.
  • Riyāḍ, Muḥammad. Aḥwāl wa āthār wa ashʿār-i Mīr Sayyid ʿAlī Hamadānī. Islamabad, Markaz-i Taḥqīqāt-i Fārsī-yi Īrān wa Pākistān, 1985.
  • "Shāh-i Hamadānī shāʿir wa ʿārif-i Īrānī āramīda dar Tājīkistān". Fars News Agency. Published: Murdād 8, 1391 Sh.
  • Tihrānī, Muḥammad Muḥsin Āqā Buzurg al-. Al-Dharīʿa ilā taṣānīf al-Shīʿa. Beirut, Dār al-Aḍwāʾ, 1403 AH.
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