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==Literal Meaning==
==Literal Meaning==
The word "Amir al-Mu'minin" literally means the ruler, governor or leader of Muslim believers.
The word "Amir al-Mu'minin" literally means the ruler, governor or leader of Muslim believers.<ref>''Dāʾirat al-maʿārif tashayyuʿ'', vol. 2, p. 522.</ref>


On its literal meaning, the phrase applies to the [[Prophet (s)]], since he was the leader of all Muslims. With the same literal connotation, the word has been used for [[Rashidun Caliphs]] as well as [[Umayyad]] and [[Abbasid Caliphs]]. In Islamic sources the title was commonly used among Muslims with political and religious implications.
On its literal meaning, the phrase applies to the [[Prophet (s)]], since he was the leader of all Muslims. With the same literal connotation, the word has been used for [[Rashidun Caliphs]] as well as [[Umayyad]] and [[Abbasid Caliphs]]. In Islamic sources the title was commonly used among Muslims with political and religious implications.


==Historical Background==
==Historical Background==
Shiites believe that the title was used for [['Ali b. Abi Talib (a)]] in the period of the [[Prophet (s)]] too, appealing to [[hadith]]s cited in Shiite and Sunni sources. For example, [[Ibn 'Asakir]] is quoted [[Abu Burayda al-Aslami]] as saying that
Shiites believe that the title was used for [['Ali b. Abi Talib (a)]] in the period of the [[Prophet (s)]] too,<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 37, p. 334; Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol. 14, p. 600.</ref> appealing to [[hadith]]s cited in Shiite and Sunni sources. For example, [[Ibn 'Asakir]] is quoted [[Abu Burayda al-Aslami]] as saying that


::"the Prophet (s) ordered that we greet 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a) as Amir al-Mu'minin".
::"The Prophet (s) ordered that we greet 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a) as Amir al-Mu'minin".


In another hadith, Abu Burayda is also quoted as saying that
In another hadith, Abu Burayda is also quoted as saying that


:: "[[Abu Bakr]] came to the Prophet (s). The Prophet told him: 'Go and greet Amir al-Mu'minin.' Abu Bakr said: 'even now that you are still alive?' The Prophet (s) said: 'Yes.' Then [['Umar b. al-Khattab]] came and the Prophet (s) said the same to him."
:: "[[Abu Bakr]] came to the Prophet (s). The Prophet (s) told him: 'Go and greet Amir al-Mu'minin.' Abu Bakr said: 'even now that you are still alive?' The Prophet (s) said: 'Yes.' Then [['Umar b. al-Khattab]] came and the Prophet (s) said the same to him."


However, Sunni Muslims believe that after the demise of the Prophet (s), 'Umar was the first [[Caliph]] who used the title of "Amir al-Mu'minin" for himself. [[Ibn Khaldun]] took [['Abd Allah b. Jahsh]] to be the first person who gave the title to 'Umar, but some others took [['Amr b. al-'As]] or [[Mughira b. Shu'ba]] to be the first people who gave the title to 'Umar. However, 'Abd Allah b. Jahsh died before the [[caliphate]] of 'Umar, and so he cannot be the one who gave the title to 'Umar.
However, Sunni Muslims believe that after the demise of the Prophet (s), 'Umar was the first [[Caliph]] who used the title of "Amir al-Mu'minin" for himself. [[Ibn Khaldun]] took [['Abd Allah b. Jahsh]] to be the first person who gave the title to 'Umar, but some others took [['Amr b. al-'As]] or [[Mughira b. Shu'ba]] to be the first people who gave the title to 'Umar.<ref>Ibn Khaldūn, ''Dīwan al-mubtadaʾ wa l-khabar'', vol. 1, p. 283.</ref> However, 'Abd Allah b. Jahsh died before the [[caliphate]] of 'Umar, and so he cannot be the one who gave the title to 'Umar.


==For Shiites and Sunnis==
==For Shiites and Sunnis==
In accordance with its literal meaning, Sunni Muslims have used the word "Amir al-Mu'minin" for all Rashidun, [[Umayyad]] and [[Abbasid Caliphs]].
In accordance with its literal meaning, Sunni Muslims have used the word "Amir al-Mu'minin" for all Rashidun, [[Umayyad]] and [[Abbasid Caliphs]].<ref>Ibn Khaldūn, ''Dīwan al-mubtadaʾ wa l-khabar'', vol. 1, p. 283.</ref>


According to Shiite hadiths, however, "Amir al-Mu'minin" is considered as a privileged, specific title of [[Imam 'Ali (a)]]. In these hadiths, the word has a particular meaning that implies an immediate succession or [[Khilafa]] of the [[Prophet (s)]], and such a position is specific to Imam 'Ali (a), since according to Shiites, he was the only one who truly deserved the position. According to some hadiths, even at the time of the Prophet (s), the title was used for 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a). The specification of the title to Imam 'Ali (a) can only be grounded in the idea that the title implies the immediate succession of the Prophet (s), that is, the idea that he should have been the ruler of Muslims immediately after the demise of the Prophet (s). This is perhaps why the Prophet (s) is quoted as saying that:
According to Shiite hadiths, however, "Amir al-Mu'minin" is considered as a privileged, specific title of [[Imam 'Ali (a)]].<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 1, p. 48; Ibn ʿUqda al-Kūfī, ''Faḍaʾīl Amīr al-Muʾminīn'', p. 13; Ibn ʿAsākir, ''Tārīkh madīnat Dimashq'', vol. 42, p. 303, 386; Abū Nuʿaym, ''Ḥilyat al-awlīyāʾ wa ṭabaqāt al-aṣfīyaʾ'', vol. 1, p. 63.</ref> In these hadiths, the word has a particular meaning that implies an immediate succession or [[Khilafa]] of the [[Prophet (s)]], and such a position is specific to Imam 'Ali (a), since according to Shiites, he was the only one who truly deserved the position. According to some hadiths, even at the time of the Prophet (s), the title was used for 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a). The specification of the title to Imam 'Ali (a) can only be grounded in the idea that the title implies the immediate succession of the Prophet (s), that is, the idea that he should have been the ruler of Muslims immediately after the demise of the Prophet (s). This is perhaps why the Prophet (s) is quoted as saying that:


:: If people knew when 'Ali was given this title, they would not deny his virtues; he was given the title when [[Adam (a)]] was between the soul and the body, when God said: "Am I not your Lord?" And people said: "Yes". He said: "I am your Lord, [[Muhammad]] is your prophet, and 'Ali is your Amir."
:: If people knew when 'Ali was given this title, they would not deny his virtues; he was given the title when [[Adam (a)]] was between the soul and the body, when God said: "Am I not your Lord?" And people said: "Yes". He said: "I am your Lord, [[Muhammad]] is your prophet, and 'Ali is your Amir."


However, [[Isma'ilyya]] Shiites use the title for [[Fatimi Caliphs]] and [[Zaydiyya]] Shiites use it for any [['Alawi Imam]] who established his [[imamate]] on the basis of war.
However, [[Isma'ilyya]] Shiites use the title for [[Fatimi Caliphs]] and [[Zaydiyya]] Shiites use it for any [['Alawi Imam]] who established his [[imamate]] on the basis of war.
==Notes==
{{notes}}


==References==
==References==
* The material for this article is mainly taken from [http://fa.wikishia.net/view/امیرالمؤمنین {{ia|(لقب) امیرالمومنین}}] in Farsi Wikishia.
{{references}}
* Āmidī, Abū l-Fatḥ ʿAbd al-Wāhid b. Muḥammad al-. ''Ghurar al-ḥikam wa durar al-kalim''. Qom: Dār al-Kitāb al-Islāmī, 1410 AH.
* Abū Naʿīm, Aḥmad b. ʿAbd Allāh. ''Ḥilyat al-awlīyāʾ wa ṭabaqāt al-aṣfīyaʾ''. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1407 AH.
* ʿAbdūs, Muḥammad Taqī and Ishtihārdī Muḥammad Mahdī. ''Bīst-o-panj aṣl az uṣūl-i akhlāqī-yi Imāmān''. Qom: Markaz-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī-yi Daftar-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī, 1377 Sh.
* Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa''. Qom: Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt li-Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth, 1414 AH.
* Ibn Khaldūn, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad. ''Dīwan al-mubtadaʾ wa l-khabar''. Edited by Khalīl al-Shaḥāda. Second edition. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1408 AH.
* Ibn Mardiwayah, Aḥmad b. Mūsā. ''Manāqib ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib''. Qom: Dār al-Ḥadīth, 1382 Sh.
* Ibn ʿAsākir, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥasan. ''Tārīkh madīnat Dimashq''. Edited by ʿAlī Shīrī. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1425 AH.
* Ibn ʿUqda al-Kūfī, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad. ''Faḍaʾīl Amīr al-Muʾminīn''. Edited by ʿAbd al-Razzāq Muḥammad Ḥusayn Ḥirz al-Dīn. Qom: Dalīl-i Mā, 1379 Sh.
* Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-. ''Al-Irshād fī maʿrifat ḥujaj Allāh ʿala l-ʿibād''. Qom: al-Muʾtamar al-ʿĀlamīyya li-alfīya al-Shaykh al-Mufīd, 1413.
* Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. ''Biḥār al-anwār''. Beirut: Muʾassisa al-Wafaʾ, 1403 AH.
* Muntazarī Muqaddam, Ḥāmid. ''Barrasī-yi kārburdhā-yi laqab-i Amīr al-Muʾminīn dar bastar-i tārīkh''. Tārīkh-i Islām dar Āyīna-yi Pazhūhish. Qom: Muʾassisa-yi Imām Khomeinī. Spring 87. 
* Ṣadr Ḥājsayyid Jawādī, Aḥmad; Fānī Kāmrān and Khurramshāhī, Bahāʾ al-Dīn. ''Dāʾirat al-maʿārif tashayyuʿ''. vol. 2. Tehran: Muʾassisa-yi Intishārāt-i Ḥikmat, 1368 Sh.
* Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-.''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk''. Edited by Muḥammad Abu l-faḍl Ibrāhīm. Beirut: Dar al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, [n.d].
* Taqaddumī Maʿṣūmī, Amīr. ''Nūr al-amīr (a) fī tathbīt khuṭbat al-ghadīr: muʾayyīdāt ḥadīthīyya min kutub Ahl al-Sunna li-khuṭbat al-Nabī al-Aʿzam al-ghadīrīyya''. Qom: Mawlūd Kaʿba, 1379 Sh.
* Qummī, Shaykh Abbās. ''Mafātīḥ al-jinān''. Translated by Mūsawī Damghānī. Mashhad: Intishārāt-i Āstān-i Quds-i Raḍawī, [n.d].
* Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī''. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, n.p.
{{end}}
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Revision as of 22:45, 10 November 2020

This article is about a religious title. For Imam 'Ali (a), see Imam 'Ali (a).
'Ali b. Abi Talib
1st Shi'a Imam
Amir al-Mu'minin
The Holy Shrine of Imam 'Ali (a), Najaf
Born(599-10-11)11 October 599 CE
(Rajab 13, 23 BH)
BirthplaceMecca, Arabia
Beginning of ImamateFrom Safar 28, 11/May 28, 632
Duration of Imamate29 years
Reign656 – 661
Martyrdom31 January 661(661-01-31) (aged 61)
(Ramadan 21, 40 AH)
DeathplaceKufa, Iraq
Place of BurialNajaf, Iraq, 31°59′45″N 44°18′52.7″E / 31.99583°N 44.314639°E / 31.99583; 44.314639
SuccessorAl-Hasan (a)
(As the Second Imamof the Shia and Caliph, and As the Fifth of Rashidun Caliphate)
FatherAbu Talib b. 'Abd al-Muttalib
MotherFatima bt. Asad
Brother(s)Ja'far, 'Aqil, Talib
Spouse(s)Fatima, Umama, Umm al-Banin, Layla, Asma', Sahba', Khawla
Son(s)Al-Hasan, al-Husayn, Muhsin, 'Abbas, 'Abd Allah, Ja'far, 'Uthman, 'Ubayd Allah, Abu Bakr, Muhammad, 'Umar, ...
Daughter(s)Zaynab, Umm Kulthum, Ruqayya, ...
DescendantsSayyid, 'Alawi
TitlesAmir al-Mu'minin (ruler of believers)

Bab Madinat al-Ilm (door to the city of knowledge")
Abu Turab (father of the soil)
Murtada (one who is chosen and contented)
Asad Allah (lion of god)

Haydar (lion)
The Twelve Imams
'Ali, al-Hasan, al-Husayn, al-Sajjad, al-Baqir, al-Sadiq, al-Kazim, al-Rida, al-Taqi, al-Hadi, al-'Askari, al-Mahdi

ʾAmīr al-Muʾminīn (Arabic: أمیرالمؤمنین) literally means the ruler or governor of Muslim believers. It is a title that Shiites find to be specific to Imam 'Ali (a). According to hadiths, the title was used for 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a) at the time of the Prophet (s). Shiites maintain that it is not permissible to use this title for Rashidun Caliphs and others. What is more, they even hold that it is not permissible to use the title for other Twelve Imams (a) either. The title has, however, been commonly used by other Muslims with a political and religious connotation. Sunni Muslims use "Amir al-Mu'minin" for all Rashidun Caliphs, Umayyad Caliphs and Abbasid Caliphs.

Literal Meaning

The word "Amir al-Mu'minin" literally means the ruler, governor or leader of Muslim believers.[1]

On its literal meaning, the phrase applies to the Prophet (s), since he was the leader of all Muslims. With the same literal connotation, the word has been used for Rashidun Caliphs as well as Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphs. In Islamic sources the title was commonly used among Muslims with political and religious implications.

Historical Background

Shiites believe that the title was used for 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a) in the period of the Prophet (s) too,[2] appealing to hadiths cited in Shiite and Sunni sources. For example, Ibn 'Asakir is quoted Abu Burayda al-Aslami as saying that

"The Prophet (s) ordered that we greet 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a) as Amir al-Mu'minin".

In another hadith, Abu Burayda is also quoted as saying that

"Abu Bakr came to the Prophet (s). The Prophet (s) told him: 'Go and greet Amir al-Mu'minin.' Abu Bakr said: 'even now that you are still alive?' The Prophet (s) said: 'Yes.' Then 'Umar b. al-Khattab came and the Prophet (s) said the same to him."

However, Sunni Muslims believe that after the demise of the Prophet (s), 'Umar was the first Caliph who used the title of "Amir al-Mu'minin" for himself. Ibn Khaldun took 'Abd Allah b. Jahsh to be the first person who gave the title to 'Umar, but some others took 'Amr b. al-'As or Mughira b. Shu'ba to be the first people who gave the title to 'Umar.[3] However, 'Abd Allah b. Jahsh died before the caliphate of 'Umar, and so he cannot be the one who gave the title to 'Umar.

For Shiites and Sunnis

In accordance with its literal meaning, Sunni Muslims have used the word "Amir al-Mu'minin" for all Rashidun, Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphs.[4]

According to Shiite hadiths, however, "Amir al-Mu'minin" is considered as a privileged, specific title of Imam 'Ali (a).[5] In these hadiths, the word has a particular meaning that implies an immediate succession or Khilafa of the Prophet (s), and such a position is specific to Imam 'Ali (a), since according to Shiites, he was the only one who truly deserved the position. According to some hadiths, even at the time of the Prophet (s), the title was used for 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a). The specification of the title to Imam 'Ali (a) can only be grounded in the idea that the title implies the immediate succession of the Prophet (s), that is, the idea that he should have been the ruler of Muslims immediately after the demise of the Prophet (s). This is perhaps why the Prophet (s) is quoted as saying that:

If people knew when 'Ali was given this title, they would not deny his virtues; he was given the title when Adam (a) was between the soul and the body, when God said: "Am I not your Lord?" And people said: "Yes". He said: "I am your Lord, Muhammad is your prophet, and 'Ali is your Amir."

However, Isma'ilyya Shiites use the title for Fatimi Caliphs and Zaydiyya Shiites use it for any 'Alawi Imam who established his imamate on the basis of war.

Notes

  1. ↑ Dāʾirat al-maʿārif tashayyuʿ, vol. 2, p. 522.
  2. ↑ Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 37, p. 334; Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa, vol. 14, p. 600.
  3. ↑ Ibn Khaldūn, Dīwan al-mubtadaʾ wa l-khabar, vol. 1, p. 283.
  4. ↑ Ibn Khaldūn, Dīwan al-mubtadaʾ wa l-khabar, vol. 1, p. 283.
  5. ↑ Mufīd, al-Irshād, vol. 1, p. 48; Ibn ʿUqda al-Kūfī, Faḍaʾīl Amīr al-Muʾminīn, p. 13; Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh madīnat Dimashq, vol. 42, p. 303, 386; Abū Nuʿaym, Ḥilyat al-awlīyāʾ wa ṭabaqāt al-aṣfīyaʾ, vol. 1, p. 63.

References

  • Āmidī, Abū l-Fatḥ ʿAbd al-Wāhid b. Muḥammad al-. Ghurar al-ḥikam wa durar al-kalim. Qom: Dār al-Kitāb al-Islāmī, 1410 AH.
  • Abū Naʿīm, Aḥmad b. ʿAbd Allāh. Ḥilyat al-awlīyāʾ wa ṭabaqāt al-aṣfīyaʾ. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1407 AH.
  • ʿAbdūs, Muḥammad Taqī and Ishtihārdī Muḥammad Mahdī. Bīst-o-panj aṣl az uṣūl-i akhlāqī-yi Imāmān. Qom: Markaz-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī-yi Daftar-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī, 1377 Sh.
  • Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa. Qom: Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt li-Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth, 1414 AH.
  • Ibn Khaldūn, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad. Dīwan al-mubtadaʾ wa l-khabar. Edited by Khalīl al-Shaḥāda. Second edition. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1408 AH.
  • Ibn Mardiwayah, Aḥmad b. Mūsā. Manāqib ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib. Qom: Dār al-Ḥadīth, 1382 Sh.
  • Ibn ʿAsākir, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥasan. Tārīkh madīnat Dimashq. Edited by ʿAlī Shīrī. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1425 AH.
  • Ibn ʿUqda al-Kūfī, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad. Faḍaʾīl Amīr al-Muʾminīn. Edited by ʿAbd al-Razzāq Muḥammad Ḥusayn Ḥirz al-Dīn. Qom: Dalīl-i Mā, 1379 Sh.
  • Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-. Al-Irshād fī maʿrifat ḥujaj Allāh ʿala l-ʿibād. Qom: al-Muʾtamar al-ʿĀlamīyya li-alfīya al-Shaykh al-Mufīd, 1413.
  • Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. Biḥār al-anwār. Beirut: Muʾassisa al-Wafaʾ, 1403 AH.
  • Muntazarī Muqaddam, Ḥāmid. Barrasī-yi kārburdhā-yi laqab-i Amīr al-Muʾminīn dar bastar-i tārīkh. Tārīkh-i Islām dar Āyīna-yi Pazhūhish. Qom: Muʾassisa-yi Imām Khomeinī. Spring 87.
  • Ṣadr Ḥājsayyid Jawādī, Aḥmad; Fānī Kāmrān and Khurramshāhī, Bahāʾ al-Dīn. Dāʾirat al-maʿārif tashayyuʿ. vol. 2. Tehran: Muʾassisa-yi Intishārāt-i Ḥikmat, 1368 Sh.
  • Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-.Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk. Edited by Muḥammad Abu l-faḍl Ibrāhīm. Beirut: Dar al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, [n.d].
  • Taqaddumī Maʿṣūmī, Amīr. Nūr al-amīr (a) fī tathbīt khuṭbat al-ghadīr: muʾayyīdāt ḥadīthīyya min kutub Ahl al-Sunna li-khuṭbat al-Nabī al-Aʿzam al-ghadīrīyya. Qom: Mawlūd Kaʿba, 1379 Sh.
  • Qummī, Shaykh Abbās. Mafātīḥ al-jinān. Translated by Mūsawī Damghānī. Mashhad: Intishārāt-i Āstān-i Quds-i Raḍawī, [n.d].
  • Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, n.p.
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