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Sana'a
FeatureCapital of Yemen and center of Zaydiyya
CountryYemen
Area390 square kilometers
LanguageArabic
RaceSemitic
ReligionIslam, Christianity


Ṣanʿāʾ is the capital of Yemen. Boasting a history spanning over 2,500 years, it is regarded as a pivotal hub of Shi'ism and one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. Distinguished by its unique architecture, the city served as the political and cultural capital for the Sulayhid dynasty (Isma'ili) and various Zaydi Imams throughout history. From the third to the fourteenth lunar centuries, Sana'a functioned as a primary center of Zaydi activity. In the fifteenth lunar century, the Ansar Allah Movement (Houthis), which is rooted in Zaydi Shi'ism, assumed control of Sana'a in 2014, thereby reasserting the city's role in Yemeni political developments.

Sana'a holds a distinct status in Shia narrations, featuring in prophecies by the Prophet (s) concerning the conquest of Yemen, as well as narrations regarding the Uprising of Yamani, considered one of the Signs of Reappearance. Furthermore, the city has hosted prominent Zaydi scholars, including Ibn Murtada and Murtada al-Mahatwari, and has been the site of composition for significant works such as al-Azhar (a seminal text in Zaydi jurisprudence).

Prominent Shia institutions in Sana'a include the Great Mosque of Sana'a (housing a treasury of Zaydi manuscripts), the Badr Center (active in Zaydi education), and the Imam Zayd b. Ali Cultural Foundation. These institutions are dedicated to promoting Zaydi teachings and the Proximity of Islamic Schools. In the fifteenth lunar century, despite ongoing conflicts involving Saudi Arabia and Israel, Sana'a remains a symbol of Zaydi identity and a focal point for politico-religious struggle in Yemen.

Introduction

Ṣanʿāʾ is the capital of Yemen and one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world, with a history dating back more than 2,500 years.[1] Scholars posit that Sana'a has played a pivotal role in the history and culture of Zaydi Shi'ism since the early centuries of Islam.[2] According to Ibn Khaldun (732/1332-808/1406), although Sa'da served as the primary seat of government during the tumultuous rise of the Zaydiyya,[3] cities such as Aden and Sana'a were considered integral parts of the Zaydi Imams' territory during the zenith of their power.[4] Reports indicate that Zaydi religious and cultural activities have persisted in the city into the 14th solar century. For instance, ceremonies such as the Celebration of the Prophet's Birthday and Eid al-Ghadir have attracted massive gatherings in Sana'a and other Yemeni cities, demonstrating the continued dynamism and religious presence of the Zaydiyya.[5]

Additionally, Imami Shias are dispersed across Aden, Sana'a, and other regions of Yemen,[6] with their activities overseen by an organization known as "Rabitat al-Shi'a al-Ja'fariyya fi l-Yaman." The population of Twelver Shias in Yemen is estimated at 2 to 8 percent.[7] It is further estimated that approximately 15,000 Isma'ilis reside in Yemen, primarily in Sana'a and regions such as Haraz and Ibb.[8] The Bohra School (Madrasat al-Buhriyya)[9] and the headquarters of al-Fayd al-Hatimi (located in the Azal area of Sana'a) serve as gathering centers for Isma'ili followers.[10]

Sana'a in Shia Narrations

The city of Sana'a is mentioned in several Prophetic hadiths. For instance, a narration concerning the Battle of Khandaq (5/627) reports that the Prophet (s) stated that during the digging of the trench, he beheld the palaces and lands of Yemen and Sana'a, whereupon Gabriel brought him the glad tidings that the Islamic Ummah would eventually conquer them.[11] In another narration, the Prophet (s) foretold to his companions that the dominion of Islam in the Arabian Peninsula would extend from Sana'a in the south to the deserts of Hadhramaut (in the center of present-day Saudi Arabia).[12]

Beyond these Prophetic glad tidings, narrations regarding the Uprising of Yamani—one of the definitive signs of the reappearance of Imam al-Mahdi (aj)—also reference Yemen.[13] Narratives concerning the Yamani's uprising specifically mention the cities of Sana'a, Aden, Kinda, and the Abyan region.[14] Some scholars consider the narrations related to Sana'a to be Mustafid, noting they appear in both Shi'a and Sunni sources.[15] Furthermore, events preceding the Uprising of Sufyani include the emergence of a figure known as "Kasir al-'Ayn" in Sana'a.[16] 'Ali al-Kurani, a Lebanese researcher, interprets Kasir al-'Ayn as a precursor to the Sufyani who rises in Sana'a but fails, followed by the appearance of the Yamani. Conversely, other researchers argue that Kasir al-'Ayn is unrelated to either the Yamani or the Sufyani, viewing him merely as an event preceding the Sufyani for which no hadith evidence establishes a direct connection.[17]

History of Shi'ism in Sana'a

Historical research indicates that Sana'a, originally a fortress within the territory of the Hamdan tribe, appears in texts dating back to the 5th century BC.[18] Sources suggest the Persians conquered Sana'a in 575 CE, ruling until 628 CE when Yemen accepted Islam.[19] Following the advent of Islam, in 10/631-32, the entire Hamdan tribe converted through the efforts of Imam Ali (a).[20] During the rise of the Abbasids in 129/746-47, Yemeni Shias led by Abu Hamza and 'Abd Allah b. Yahya (titled Talib al-Haqq) supported the Abbasid cause and captured Sana'a; however, after a campaign to Medina, they were defeated by the Umayyad army and subsequently surrendered the city to the Umayyads.[21]

Capital of Sulayhid and Zaydi Shias

Mihrab of Mosque of Imam Ali b. Abi Talib (Sana'a). This Mosque was established after Imam Ali (a) came to Yemen and conquered it in 8/629-30.

Historical records confirm that the Zaydiyya Imamate was established in 284/897-98 by Imam al-Hadi ila l-Haqq Yahya b. al-Husayn (245/859-60–298/911) in Sa'da, Yemen.[22] Nevertheless, Sana'a gradually evolved into one of the most significant political and intellectual centers of the Zaydiyya.[23] This early Zaydi state collapsed in 298/910-11 amidst conflicts with Ismailis and opposing tribes.[24] Subsequently, Ali b. Muhammad al-Sulayhi (of the Yemeni Ismaili Shias) established the Sulayhid dynasty in 439/1047-48,[25] receiving confirmation from al-Mustansir bi-llah, the Fatimid Caliph of Egypt.[26] By 455/1063, he had unified Yemen under his command[27] and declared Sana'a his capital.[28] Although the Sulayhid rule collapsed in 532/1138,[29] historians note that the Zaydi Imamate—despite repeated interruptions—remained a formidable political and religious force from the 9th century CE until 1962 CE. Researchers indicate that the Zaydis predominantly resided in the northern highlands and the environs of Sana'a, a region collectively known as Upper Yemen.[30]

Capital of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen

Yemeni historians trace the Ottoman presence in the region to approximately 945/1538-39, with the conquest of Sana'a occurring in 954/1547-48; however, the Zaydis recaptured the city in 1032/1622-23.[31] The Ottoman Turks occupied Sana'a a second time in 1289/1872-73.[32] In 1891, Muhammad Hamid al-Din assumed the Imamate and adopted a stance of resistance against the Ottomans.[33] He was succeeded in 1904 by his son, Yahya Hamid al-Din (1869–1948), who opposed both Ottoman and British influence.[34] Although Yahya supported the Ottomans during World War I and secured access to Yemen's coastal areas post-war, he faced significant internal and external opposition. In 1938, his adversaries established a new Imamate government led by Sayyid Abd Allah al-Wazir (1885/1302–1948/1367).[35] Sayf al-Islam Ahmad, another son of Imam Yahya, subsequently united the Yemeni tribes, defeated al-Wazir, and transferred the capital from Sana'a to Ta'izz in 1948.[36]

Capital of the Yemen Arab Republic

Historical data indicates that in 1381/1961-62, a revolution erupted against the Mutawakkilite rule. Imam Ahmad b. Yahya was wounded and subsequently died. His son, Muhammad al-Badr, immediately returned to Sana'a in an attempt to stabilize the situation.[37] Unable to quell the revolutionary forces, Muhammad al-Badr fled to Saudi Arabia, where he established a government-in-exile with the support of the Saudi King.[38] Following the revolution, Sana'a became the capital of the Yemen Arab Republic. The new administration implemented anti-Zaydi policies, resulting in the exile of numerous Zaydi scholars and leaders from Sana'a to northern regions such as Sa'da.[39]

Center of Ansar Allah Activity

Main article: Ansar Allah Movement

The Ansar Allah movement, commonly known as the Houthis, emerged in Yemen during the early 21st century.[40] Initially, the Houthis demanded the appointment of aligned ministers and a revision of the new Yemeni administrative divisions; over time, however, their demands escalated to a greater share in the government and parliament.[41] Reports state that the Yemeni populace rose up in 1389/2010, holding demonstrations in Sana'a against the rule of Ali Abdullah Saleh (1942–2017). Following months of conflict and bloodshed, Saleh was forced to resign in 1390/2011.[42] Although the post-Saleh government attempted to appease the public through reforms, these efforts were unsuccessful.[43] The failure to address Ansar Allah's demands in national negotiations precipitated a new movement of Zaydi Shias led by Abd al-Malik al-Houthi starting in 1393/2014.[44] Protests led by the Houthis peaked in the summer of 1393/2014.[45] By September 2014, the Houthis had seized control of Sana'a, forcing the government to negotiate.[46] An agreement signed later that year under UN supervision led to the dismissal of the Basindawa government and the formation of a new administration that included Ansar Allah.[47]

Shia Scholars

Extant scholarly works demonstrate that the Shia scholars of Yemen played a prominent role in the dissemination of Islamic sciences and Shia culture.[48] These intellectuals left a lasting legacy through their compilations and academic endeavors. Notable figures include:

  • 'Abd al-Razzaq b. Hammam al-San'ani (126/743-44–211/826-27): A prominent Shia Hadith transmitter and exegete who was born and intellectually active in Sana'a.[49] He is counted among the companions of Imam al-Sadiq (a) and, according to some accounts, the companions of Imam al-Jawad (a).[50] Agha Buzurg Tihrani, a renowned Shia jurist and bibliographer, regards al-San'ani's Quranic exegesis as one of the oldest Shia exegeses.[51]
  • Ja'far b. Ahmad b. 'Abd al-Salam al-Bahluli (d. 573/1177-78 or 576/1180-81): A theologian, muhaddith, and Zaydi jurist from Yemen active in the 6th lunar century.[52] Judge Ja'far died in Sana' Hadda—formerly a locale near south Sana'a, now integrated into the city proper.[53] His tomb in Sana'a serves as a Zaydi shrine.[54]
  • Ibn Murtada (Imam al-Mahdi li-Din Allah, Ahmad b. Yahya b. Murtada: 775/1373-74–840/1436-37): A Zaydi Imam and distinguished scholar.[55] Historical sources state he was born in Dhamar (south of Sana'a), with the Yemeni Zaydis pledging allegiance to him in Sana'a in 793/1391.[56] He authored numerous works in Fiqh, Theology, and Zaydi philosophy, and is considered one of Yemen's most significant Zaydi jurists.[57]
  • Hasan b. 'Ali b. Jabir Habal (1048/1638-39–1079/1668-69): A Shi'a and Zaydi poet born in Sana'a.[58] He died at the age of 31 in 1079/1668-69 in his hometown[59] and was buried west of Qasr Sa'id.[60] His teacher was Sayyid Yahya b. Husayn Zaydi (245/859-60–298/911), known as "al-Hadi ila l-Haqq," a Zaydi Imam.[61]
  • Hasan b. Ishaq al-San'ani (1093/1682 – 1160/1747): A poet, statesman, and Zaydi jurist born in Gharas, a district of Sana'a, and raised in the city.[62] He died in prison in 1160/1747.[63] His most renowned book is Manzumat al-Hady al-Nabawi, a versification of parts of Zad al-Ma'ad fi Hady Khayr al-'Ibad by Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (d. 751/1350).[64]
  • Abd Allah b. Ahmad b. Wazir (1302/1884-85–1367/1947-48): A politician, Zaydi scholar, and minister under Imam Yahya Hamid al-Din (1869–1948). He studied jurisprudence and Arabic literature in Sana'a.[65] Following Imam Yahya's assassination in the suburbs of Sana'a in 1367/1948, Ibn Wazir was selected for the Imamate.[66] That same year, Sayf al-Islam Ahmad (son of Imam Yahya), aided by tribes that had not pledged allegiance to Ibn Wazir, arrested and executed him.[67]
  • Murtada b. Zayd al-Mahatwari (1373/1953-54–1436/2014-15): A Zaydi scholar and professor at Sana'a University.[68] He played a key role in the revival of Zaydi thought in the fifteenth lunar century, establishing the Badr Center in Sana'a as a vital scientific and cultural institution for the Zaydiyya.[69] He was also a founding member of the Council of The World Forum for Proximity of Islamic Schools of Thought in Yemen.[70] Allama al-Mahatwari was martyred in 1393/2015 during terrorist bombings carried out by ISIS in Sana'a's mosques.[71]

Shia Books

As a scientific and intellectual hub, Sana'a has fostered the compilation of numerous books across various fields of Islamic science by Zaydi scholars. Many of these works are preserved in the city's historical libraries, particularly the library of the Great Mosque of Sana'a.[72] Notable works include:

  • al-Azhar by Ahmad b. Yahya b. Murtada (c. 769/1367-68–840/1436-37): Considered one of the most critical Zaydi jurisprudential texts, this book serves as a standard reference in Zaydi jurisprudence.[73]
  • al-Bahr al-Zakhar by Ibn Murtada: A comprehensive encyclopedia of jurisprudence demonstrating the depth of the author's legal knowledge.[74]
  • al-'Awasim wa l-Qawasim fi l-Dhabb 'an Sunnat Abi l-Qasim by Ibn Wazir: A significant work covering theological and hadith discussions, noted for views that occasionally diverged from the dominant Zaydi doctrine.[75]
  • Adalat al-Ruwwat wa l-Shuhud wa Tatbiqatuha fi l-Hayat al-Mu'asira by Allama Murtada al-Mahatwari: A discussion on the integrity of hadith narrators and witnesses, applied to contemporary life.[76]
  • al-Sira al-Nabawiyya by Allama Murtada al-Mahatwari: A narrative of the life of the Holy Prophet (s) presented from a Zaydi perspective.[77]

Shia Places and Institutions

The Great Mosque of Sana'a was constructed on the order of the Prophet (s).[78] Initially built during the Prophet's lifetime under the guidance of his companions, the mosque was sited in the garden of the Ghumdan Palace.[79] The Prophet (s) reportedly instructed his representative on the precise location within the Persian governor's garden for the construction.[80] Beyond its status as an Islamic historical monument, this mosque is renowned as a primary repository for Zaydi manuscripts. Numerous Zaydi libraries, including that of Imam al-Mansur bi-llah 'Abd Allah b. Hamza (d. 1217), were transferred here, creating a vast treasury of Zaydi intellectual heritage.[81] The mosque was expanded on its northern Qibla side in the eleventh century, including a reconstruction of its Mihrab.[82]

The Mosque of Imam Ali (a) in Sana'a is a historical mosque in Yemen erected on the site of the house of Sa'ida al-Barzajiyya.[83] Imam Ali (a) resided in Sa'ida's house following his entry into Sana'a (Sariya).[84] Construction of the mosque is attributed to Sa'ida in 8/629-30.[85] Located in the old city of Sana'a—a World Heritage Site—[86][87] the mosque features inscriptions in Kufic script containing phrases such as La Ilaha Illa Allah, Muhammad Rasul Allah, and 'Ali Wali Allah',[88] as well as verses like the Verse of Purification and Verse Baqiyyatullah Khayrun Lakum.[89]

Badr Center, established by Allama Murtada al-Mahatwari in 1991 in Sana'a, exemplifies contemporary Zaydi institutions. Comprising a mosque, school, public library, and publishing house, it aids in preserving and expanding Zaydi thought in the Yemeni capital.[90] While its primary focus is educational courses, the center also engages in cultural and charitable activities.[91]

The Imam Zayd b. Ali Cultural Foundation (IZBA) is a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting Islamic culture and strengthening religious identity. Grounded in Islamic teachings, Zaydi Shi'ism, and the legacy of Imam Zayd b. Ali, the foundation provides educational, research, and cultural programming.[92] Its principal objectives include elucidating moderate Islamic thought and fostering proximity between schools of thought. The center also produces scientific content, hosts conferences, and publishes books related to Zaydi teachings.[93]

Notes

  1. ↑ "Old City of Sana'a", UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
  2. ↑ "Zaydi Manuscript Tradition", Zaydi Manuscript Tradition; "Sanaa", britannica.
  3. ↑ Ibn Khaldūn, al-Muqaddima, 1984, p. 47.
  4. ↑ Shāmī, Tārīkh-i Zaydiyya dar qarn-i duwwum wa suwwum-i hijrī, 1367 Sh, p. 233.
  5. ↑ Lucas & Almahatwary, "Zaydī Shīʿism", St Andrews Encyclopaedia of Theology.
  6. ↑ "Shī'at al-Yaman", Website of the Specialized Center for Imam Mahdi (aj) Studies.
  7. ↑ Jaʿfariyān, Aṭlas-i Shīʿa, 2015, pp. 406-407.
  8. ↑ "al-Aqalliyyāt fī l-Yaman", al-Hadath Website.
  9. ↑ Group of Authors, al-Ḥūthiyyūn fī l-Yaman..., 2010, p. 235.
  10. ↑ "al-Aqalliyyāt fī l-Yaman", al-Hadath Website.
  11. ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i Nemūneh, 1374 Sh, vol. 2, p. 498.
  12. ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i Nemūneh, 1374 Sh, vol. 2, p. 102.
  13. ↑ Al-Shaykh al-Ṣadūq, Kamāl al-Dīn, 1395 AH, vol. 1, p. 331; Laythī, Uyūn al-ḥikam wa l-mawāʿiẓ, 1376 Sh, p. 244.
  14. ↑ Fatlāwī, Rāyāt al-hudā wa l-ḍalāl fī ʿaṣr al-ẓuhūr, 1420 AH, p. 101.
  15. ↑ Fatlāwī, Rāyāt al-hudā wa l-ḍalāl fī ʿaṣr al-ẓuhūr, 1420 AH, p. 101.
  16. ↑ Nuʿmānī, al-Ghayba, 1397 AH, p. 227.
  17. ↑ "Hadith of the emergence of Kāsir al-ʿAyn in Sana'a, Yemen...", Mehr News Agency.
  18. ↑ "Sana'a: Yemen", ebsco.com.
  19. ↑ "Sana'a: Yemen", ebsco.com.
  20. ↑ Amīrdihī, "Sarzamīn-hā-yi jahān-i Islām Yaman az tamaddun-i kohan tā Ṣanʿāʾ wa ʿAdan", p. 119.
  21. ↑ Khwāndmīr, Tārīkh-i Ḥabīb al-Siyar, 1380 Sh, vol. 2, p. 197.
  22. ↑ Lucas & Almahatwary, "Zaydī Shīʿism", St Andrews Encyclopaedia of Theology.
  23. ↑ Danyal, Imam al-Hādi ila al-Haqq, tawarikhkhwani.
  24. ↑ "Yemen's history after Islam", yemencorner.com.
  25. ↑ Ṭāhirī Būʾīnī, "Ṣulayḥiyān-i Yaman bā taʾkīd bar Dāʿī al-Duʿāt Yamīn Malika Arwā", Website of University of Religions and Denominations.
  26. ↑ Bosworth, Silsila-hā-yi Islāmī-yi Jadīd, 1381 Sh, vol. 1, p. 208; Ḥasanpūr, "Ṣulayḥiyān", under the entry.
  27. ↑ Daftarī, Tārīkh wa ʿAqāyid-i Ismāʿīliyya, 1386 Sh, p. 242.
  28. ↑ Jān-Aḥmadī, "Dāʿiyān-i ḥukūmat-gar-i Ṣulayḥī dar Yaman", p. 34.
  29. ↑ Daftarī, Tārīkh wa ʿAqāyid-i Ismāʿīliyya, 1386 Sh, p. 241.
  30. ↑ Sanna, Encyclopaedia Britannica.
  31. ↑ Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Rahman, Ottoman Mosques in Sana'a, Yemen Archeological and Architectural Study, p42-43; "Sana'a: Yemen", ebsco.com.
  32. ↑ "Sana'a: Yemen", ebsco.com
  33. ↑ Amīrdihī, "Sarzamīn-hā-yi jahān-i Islām Yaman az tamaddun-i kohan tā Ṣanʿāʾ wa ʿAdan", p. 120.
  34. ↑ Amīrdihī, "Sarzamīn-hā-yi jahān-i Islām Yaman az tamaddun-i kohan tā Ṣanʿāʾ wa ʿAdan", p. 123.
  35. ↑ Amīrdihī, "Sarzamīn-hā-yi jahān-i Islām Yaman az tamaddun-i kohan tā Ṣanʿāʾ wa ʿAdan", pp. 123-125.
  36. ↑ Amīrdihī, "Sarzamīn-hā-yi jahān-i Islām Yaman az tamaddun-i kohan tā Ṣanʿāʾ wa ʿAdan", p. 125.
  37. ↑ Group of Authors, Tārīkh al-Yaman al-Muʿāṣir, Cairo, 1990, pp. 117-120.
  38. ↑ Group of Authors, Tārīkh al-Yaman al-Muʿāṣir, Cairo, 1990, pp. 120-122.
  39. ↑ Group of Authors, Tārīkh al-Yaman al-Muʿāṣir, Cairo, 1990, pp. 122-123.
  40. ↑ "Houthi-movement", Encyclopedia Britannica.
  41. ↑ Najābat, "Nukhustīn ʿĪd-i Ghadīr-i Shīʿayān dar Ṣanʿāʾ", p. 57.
  42. ↑ "Ali Abdullah Saleh; A rare phenomenon in the Arab world", ISNA.
  43. ↑ "The President of Yemen appointed 2 members of the Ansar Allah movement as his advisors", Fars News.
  44. ↑ Najābat, "Nukhustīn ʿĪd-i Ghadīr-i Shīʿayān dar Ṣanʿāʾ", p. 63.
  45. ↑ "The President of Yemen appointed 2 members of the Ansar Allah movement as his advisors", Fars News.
  46. ↑ "Houthi-movement", Encyclopedia Britannica; "Yemen", Council on Foreign Relations.
  47. ↑ "The President of Yemen appointed 2 members of the Ansar Allah movement as his advisors", Fars News.
  48. ↑ Ṭabasī, ʿAbd al-Razzāq Ṣanʿānī, 1390 Sh, p. 19; Kaḥḥāla, Muʿjam al-Muʾallifīn, n.d., vol. 5, p. 219; Amīn, Mustadrakāt Aʿyān al-Shīʿa, 1408 AH, vol. 5, p. 130; Ṣifatgul, "Ibn Wazīr", p. 83.
  49. ↑ Ṭabasī, ʿAbd al-Razzāq Ṣanʿānī, 1390 Sh, p. 19; Kaḥḥāla, Muʿjam al-Muʾallifīn, n.d., vol. 5, p. 219.
  50. ↑ Ibn Ḥibbān, Muḥammad b. Ḥibbān, al-Thiqāt, 1393 AH, vol. 8, p. 412.
  51. ↑ Āghā Buzurg Tihrānī, al-Dharīʿa, 1408 AH, vol. 4, p. 250.
  52. ↑ Rabīʿī, "Ibn ʿAbd al-Salām, Jaʿfar b. Aḥmad", p. 163.
  53. ↑ Jaʿfar b. Aḥmad, Introduction by Kabsī, p. 8.
  54. ↑ Jaʿfar b. Aḥmad, Introduction by Kabsī, p. 8.
  55. ↑ Lucas & Almahatwary, "Zaydī Shīʿism", St Andrews Encyclopaedia of Theology.
  56. ↑ Lucas & Almahatwary, "Zaydī Shīʿism", St Andrews Encyclopaedia of Theology.
  57. ↑ Lucas & Almahatwary, "Zaydī Shīʿism", St Andrews Encyclopaedia of Theology.
  58. ↑ Amīn, Mustadrakāt Aʿyān al-Shīʿa, 1408 AH, vol. 5, p. 130.
  59. ↑ Ṣanʿānī, Nasmat al-Saḥar, 1999, vol. 1, p. 528; Shawkānī, al-Badr al-Ṭāliʿ, vol. 1, p. 236.
  60. ↑ Muḥibbī, Nafḥat al-Rayḥāna, 1426 AH, vol. 3, p. 290 footnote.
  61. ↑ Shawkānī, al-Badr al-Ṭāliʿ, 1429 AH, vol. 2, p. 884.
  62. ↑ Shawkānī, al-Badr al-Ṭāliʿ, 1429 AH, vol. 1, p. 194; Zabāra Yamanī, Nashr al-ʿArf, vol. 1, p. 429; Wajīh, Aʿlām al-Muʾallifīn al-Zaydiyya, 1420 AH, p. 308.
  63. ↑ Baghdādī, Hadiyyat al-ʿĀrifīn, vol. 1, col. 297-298; Zabāra Yamanī, Nashr al-ʿArf, vol. 1, p. 432; Wajīh, Aʿlām al-Muʾallifīn al-Zaydiyya, 1420 AH, p. 309.
  64. ↑ Wajīh, Aʿlām al-Muʾallifīn al-Zaydiyya, 1420 AH, p. 309.
  65. ↑ Ṣifatgul, "Ibn Wazīr", p. 83.
  66. ↑ Ṣifatgul, "Ibn Wazīr", p. 84.
  67. ↑ Ṣifatgul, "Ibn Wazīr", p. 85.
  68. ↑ Lucas & Almahatwary, "Zaydī Shīʿism", St Andrews Encyclopaedia of Theology.
  69. ↑ Lucas & Almahatwary, "Zaydī Shīʿism", St Andrews Encyclopaedia of Theology.
  70. ↑ "University of Islamic Denominations demanded punishment for the perpetrators of Murtada al-Mahatwari's martyrdom", IRNA.
  71. ↑ "ISIS claimed responsibility for Yemen explosions", Tabnak quoting Sky News; "New security plans of Ansar Allah against Takfiris", Al-Alam.
  72. ↑ "Zaydi Manuscript Tradition", Princeton University Library.
  73. ↑ "Zaydī Shīʿism", St Andrews Encyclopaedia of Theology.
  74. ↑ "Zaydī Shīʿism", St Andrews Encyclopaedia of Theology.
  75. ↑ "Zaydī Shīʿism", St Andrews Encyclopaedia of Theology.
  76. ↑ "Zaydī Shīʿism", St Andrews Encyclopaedia of Theology.
  77. ↑ "Zaydī Shīʿism", St Andrews Encyclopaedia of Theology.
  78. ↑ Lewy et al., "Sana'a", p. 146; p. 221.
  79. ↑ Lewy et al., "Sana'a", p. 366.
  80. ↑ Lewy et al., "Sana'a", p. 146; p. 222.
  81. ↑ "Zaydi Manuscript Tradition", Zaydi Manuscript Tradition.
  82. ↑ Lewy et al., "Sana'a", p. 225.
  83. ↑ Ḥajarī, Masājid Ṣanʿāʾ, 1361 AH, p. 86.
  84. ↑ Ḥajarī, Masājid Ṣanʿāʾ, 1361 AH, p. 86.
  85. ↑ "Masjid ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib bi-Ṣanʿāʾ", pp. 10-11.
  86. ↑ "Historical Mosque of Imam Ali (a) in Yemen", Tasnim News Agency.
  87. ↑ "Masjid ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib bi-Ṣanʿāʾ", p. 10.
  88. ↑ "Masjid ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib bi-Ṣanʿāʾ", p. 11.
  89. ↑ "Historical Mosque of Imam Ali (a) in Yemen", Tasnim News Agency.
  90. ↑ Lucas & Almahatwary, "Zaydī Shīʿism", St Andrews Encyclopaedia of Theology.
  91. ↑ "Khomeini and Khamenei, Imams of Yemeni Revolutionaries; An interview with Martyr Dr. Murtada al-Mahatwari"
  92. ↑ "About the Institution", Official website of Imam Zayd b. Ali Cultural Foundation.
  93. ↑ "About the Institution", Official website of Imam Zayd b. Ali Cultural Foundation.

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