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Mid-Sha'ban

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Sha'ban 15th, 2016, Jamkaran Mosque in Qom, Iran. Every year, people from near and far come to this mosque to participate in the celebrations.

Shaʿbān 15th is the birthday of the Twelfth Imam (a). According to some hadiths, after Laylat al-Qadr, the night before Sha'ban 15th is the most honourable. Some Shia stay vigilant this night and perform religious practices. Some Sunni Muslims, especially Sufis, also respect the night and stay vigilant.

Celebrations of Sha'ban 15th with illuminations and decorations of streets are the biggest Shia celebrations that are held on the occasion of Imam al-Mahdi (a)'s birthday in Shia areas. In Iran, many people gather in the Jamkaran Mosque, and in Iraq, people go to Karbala and visit Holy Shrine of Imam al-Husayn (a). Sha'ban 15th is an official holiday in Iran called the "World Day of the Impoverished". The night is also known as the night of Barat, Kandili Barat (in Turkish) and Laylat al-Sikk (in Arabic).

Position and Importance

Mid-Sha'ban is one of the significant occasions for Shi'a Muslims. According to historical reports and the widely accepted view in Shi'a tradition, Imam al-Mahdi (a) was born on the 15th of Sha'ban[1] in the year 255/869[2] or 256/870[3]. Imam al-Mahdi (a) is the twelfth Imam of the Shi'a and, according to their belief, is the Promised Savior. On this occasion, some Shi'a groups celebrate this night.

Additionally, the night of Mid-Sha'ban is considered a night of great virtue, and there are recommendations in narrations to perform specific devotional acts on this night.[4]

Celebrations of Imam al-Mahdi's Birthday

On the occasion of Sha'ban 15th, the birthday of Imam al-Mahdi (a), Shias hold celebrations by illuminating streets, singing songs for the birthday of the Imam (a), slaughtering animals and feeding the poor people. Such celebrations are more common in Iran, where people in religious places, districts and bazaars hold many. One of the most crowded places where such celebrations are held is the Jamkaran Mosque. Sha'ban 15th is an official holiday in Iran called the "World Day of the Impoverished".

Shias in Iraq also celebrate Sha'ban 15th in the holy shrine of Imam al-Husayn (a). Shias in Bahrain, Yemen, Egypt, Lebanon, Syria and India also hold celebrations of Sha'ban 15th.

Virtues of the Night of Mid-Sha'ban

Vigilance, worship and praying of Muslims at Eve of Mid-Sha'ban, 2017 at Jamkaran Mosque.

In a narration from Imam al-Sadiq (a), the night of the fifteenth of Sha'ban is described as the greatest night after Laylat al-Qadr.[5] Narrations from the Holy Prophet (s) and Imams of the Shia emphasize the importance of staying awake and worshiping on the night of the fifteenth of Sha'ban. One such narration mentions that on this night, angel Gabriel woke the Prophet (s) from sleep and urged him to engage in prayer, recite the Qur'an, make supplications, and seek forgiveness.[6]

In another narration, one of the wives of the Prophet (s) reports about the special acts of worship and the prolonged prostrations of the Prophet (s) on the night of the fifteenth of Sha'ban.[7] Additionally, in the hadiths of Imam Ali (a) and Imam al-Sadiq (a), there is encouragement for worship and the performance of specific deeds on the night of the fifteenth of Sha'ban.[8] According to various narrations, some of the virtues of the night of the fifteenth of Sha'ban include:

  • The doors of happiness, livelihood and beneficence are opened on the night before Sha'ban 15th.[9]
  • Each person's share of livelihood, as well as the times of their deaths, are determined.[10]
  • God forgives all people except polytheists, gamblers, people who have cut their family ties, people who drink wine and people who insist on committing sins.[11]

Other Titles

  • Night of Barat: "barat" is a promissory note, document, or check on which one can receive money or anything else from someone else. A spiritual promissory note is called "barat" and since God gives people a promissory note to protect them against the Hell at this night, the night is called "barat".[12] In Turkey the night before Sha'ban 15th is called "Barat Kandili".
  • Laylat al-Sikk: the word "sikk" (Arabic: الصک) is the Arabic variation of the word "check" in English, which is equivalent to the word "barat".[13]
  • Night of Freedom: in Southern Asia, the night before Sha'ban 15th is called the Night of Freedom.[14]

Abu Rayhan Biruni (362–440 AH) in his book Al-Tafhim writes about the night of Barat: "...and the night of the fifteenth of the month of Sha'ban is revered, and it is called night of Barat. I believe that it is similar to the idea that whoever worships and does good deeds on this night will be saved from Hell."[15]

Muhammad Ghiyas al-Din Rampuri, a famous poet from 13th/19th century India, also describes the night of the fifteenth of Sha'ban as night of Barat in Ghiyas al-Lugha, one of the Persian dictionaries. He mentions that on this night, angels, by God's command, distribute sustenance for humans.[16]

Sunni Viewpoint

Those Sunni Muslims who believe in the virtues of Sha'ban 15th stay vigilant at night and perform worship such as reciting the Quran, saying recommended prayers, reciting supplications and fasting on the day of Sha'ban 15th. They call it the night of Barat.[17] A worship that both Shias and Sunnis perform is a hundred rak'as of prayers, known as "Salat al-Khayr" (prayer of goodness), in which Sura al-Tawhid is recited 1000 times.[18] In some Islamic regions, such as the Indian subcontinent, the ceremony also involves visiting the graves, feeding the poor people, and paying charities or sadaqa.[19]

However, Ibn Taymiyya, the Salafi theorist, could not deny the virtues of this night, though he held that it is heretical to congregate in mosques to stay vigilant at this night and say hundred rak'as of prayers recommended to be performed at this night.[20] Likewise, other Salafi scholars, such as Tahanuwi, Yusuf Qardawi and Muhammad Salih al-Mujid, take it heretical to stay vigilant on this night and hold the ceremony of the Barat night.[21].[22].[23] However, there are numerous narrations from the Prophet (s) and his companions about the importance of worship on this night and the determination of sustenance and fate of individuals on it.[24]

Acts of the Night and Day of the 15th of Sha'ban

Acts of the Night and Day of the 15th of Sha'ban
Acts of the Night of the 15th of Sha'ban

Peace be upon you, O Aba-`Abdullah! Peace and Allah’s mercy and blessings be upon you. All praise be to Allah, the Most High, the All-great. Peace be upon you, O the righteous, pure servant (of Allah). I entrust a testimony that takes me near you on the day of your intercession (for some people). I bear witness that although you were slain, you have not died; Rather, the hearts of your adherents (Shi`a) are living on the hope of your being alive, And by the light of your illumination have those seeking you been guided (to the right path). And I bear witness that you are verily the Light of Allah that has not and shall never be extinguished. And you are verily the Face of Allah that has not and shall never be perishing. And I bear witness that this soil is yours, And this holy precinct is yours. And this death is the death of your body only, While you have never been humiliated since Allah is the One Who is pouring honor upon you, And you have never been defeated since Allah is the One Who is supporting you. I would like you to keep this testimony of mine with you up to the day my soul will be grasped in your presence. Peace and Allah’s mercy and blessings be upon you.

  • Reciting the following supplication, which is considered equivalent to the ziyara of Imam al-Mahdi (a):
O God, by the right of this night and the one born in it, and by the right of Your Proof (Hujjah) and the Promised One therein, whom You connected with His superiority and excellence. Thus, Your word is completed in truth and justice. There is no change in Your words, and no one can reverse Your signs. Your shining light and radiant beam, Your clear sign in the night—He, the hidden and unseen one, whose birth is excellent, and whose lineage and origin are noble. The angels testify to Him, and God is His helper and supporter. When His appearance comes, the angels will be His helpers. He is the sword of God, which never falters, the light of truth, which never dims, and He possesses patience, never acting without reason. He is the axis of time. His forefathers are the laws of the age and the custodians of the government of truth. What is revealed upon them is what is revealed in the Night of Decree (Laylat al-Qadr). They are the companions of resurrection and the interpreters of God's revelation, the governors of the commands and prohibitions of God.
Arabic: اللّٰهُمَّ بِحَقِّ لَيْلَتِنا هٰذِهِ وَمَوْلُودِها وَحُجَّتِكَ وَمَوْعُودِهَا، الَّتِى قَرَنْتَ إِلىٰ فَضْلِها فَضْلاً، فَتَمَّتْ كَلِمَتُكَ صِدْقاً وَعَدْلاً، لَامُبَدِّلَ لِكَلِماتِكَ، وَلَا مُعَقِّبَ لِآياتِكَ، نُورُكَ الْمُتَأَ لِّقُ، وَضِياؤُكَ الْمُشْرِقُ، وَالْعَلَمُ النُّورُ فِى طَخْياءِ الدَّيْجُورِ، الْغائِبُ الْمَسْتُورُ جَلَّ مَوْلِدُهُ، وَكَرُمَ مَحْتِدُهُ ، وَالْمَلائِكَةُ شُهَّدُهُ، وَاللّٰهُ ناصِرُهُ وَمُؤَيِّدُهُ، إِذا آنَ مِيعادُهُ، وَالْمَلائِكَةُ أَمْدادُهُ، سَيْفُ اللّٰهِ الَّذِى لَا يَنْبُو، وَنُورُهُ الَّذِى لَايَخْبُو، وَذُو الْحِلْمِ الَّذِى لَايَصْبُو، مَدارُ الدَّهْرِ، وَنَوامِيسُ الْعَصْرِ، وَوُلاةُ الْأَمْرِ، وَالْمُنَزَّلُ عَلَيْهِمْ مَا يَتَنَزَّلُ فِى لَيْلَةِ الْقَدْرِ، وَأَصْحابُ الْحَشْرِ وَالنَّشْرِ، تَراجِمَةُ وَحْيِهِ، وَوُلاةُ أَمْرِهِ وَنَهْيِهِ؛
O Allah, send blessings upon the last of them (the Imams), and their hidden Qa'im (the Imam al-Mahdi), concealed from their worlds. O Allah, grant us the opportunity to witness his days, his appearance, and his rise. Make us among his supporters, and join our revenge with his revenge. Write us among his helpers and his chosen ones. Keep us alive during his rule, in comfort, and make us victorious in his company. By his right, grant us steadfastness and protect us from evil. O Most Merciful of the merciful, all praise is due to Allah, the Lord of all worlds. May Allah's blessings be upon our master, Muhammad (s), the Seal of the Prophets and the Messengers, and upon his truthful family and his eloquent progeny. Curse all the oppressors, and judge between us and them, O Most Just of the judges
Arabic: اللّٰهُمَّ فَصَلِّ عَلَىٰ خاتِمِهِمْ وَقائِمِهِمُ الْمَسْتُورِ عَنْ عَوالِمِهِمْ . اللّٰهُمَّ وَأَدْرِكْ بِنا أَيَّامَهُ وَظُهُورَهُ وَقِيامَهُ، وَاجْعَلْنا مِنْ أَنْصارِهِ، وَاقْرِنْ ثارَنا بِثارِهِ، وَاكْتُبْنا فِى أَعْوانِهِ وَخُلَصائِهِ، وَأَحْيِنا فِى دَوْلَتِهِ ناعِمِينَ، وَبِصُحْبَتِهِ غانِمِينَ، وَبِحَقِّهِ قائِمِينَ، وَمِنَ السُّوءِ سالِمِينَ، يَا أَرْحَمَ الرَّاحِمِينَ، وَالْحَمْدُ لِلّٰهِ رَبِّ الْعالَمِينَ، وَصَلَواتُهُ عَلَىٰ سَيِّدِنا مُحَمَّدٍ خاتَمِ النَّبِيِّينَ وَالْمُرْسَلِينَ وَعَلَىٰ أَهْلِ بَيْتِهِ الصَّادِقِينَ وَعِتْرَتِهِ النَّاطِقِينَ، وَالْعَنْ جَمِيعَ الظَّالِمِينَ، وَاحْكُمْ بَيْنَنا وَبَيْنَهُمْ يَا أَحْكَمَ الْحاكِمِينَ.
  • Reciting Salawat every day, which is recommended to be recited at the time of midday (Zawal).
  • Reciting the following supplication, which the Prophet (s) used to recite on the night of the 15th of Sha'ban:
O Allah, grant us from Your fear that which will prevent us from disobeying You, and from Your obedience that which will lead us to Your pleasure, and from certainty that which will make the hardships of this world easy for us to bear. O Allah, grant us the benefit of our hearing, sight, and strength as long as You keep us alive and make them the legacy we leave behind. And grant us victory over those who have wronged us, and support us against those who oppose us. Please do not make our trials in our faith, nor make this world our greatest concern or the limit of our knowledge. And do not place over us one who does not have mercy on us. Please have mercy on us, O Most Merciful of the merciful.
Arabic: اَللّهُمَّ اقْسِمْ لَنا مِنْ خَشْیَتِکَ ما یَحُولُ بَیْنَنا وَ بَیْنَ مَعْصِیَتِکَ وَ مِنْ طاعَتِکَ ما تُبَلِّغُنا بِهِ رِضْوانَکَ وَ مِنَ الْیَقینِ ما یَهُونُ عَلَیْنا بِهِ مُصیباتُ الدُّنْیا اَللّهُمَّ اَمْتِعْنا بِاَسْماعِنا وَ اَبْصارِنا وَ قُوَّتِنا ما اَحْیَیْتَنا وَاجْعَلْهُ الْوارِثَ مِنّا وَاجْعَلْ ثارَنا عَلی مَنْ ظَلَمَنا وَانْصُرنا عَلی مَنْ عادانا وَلا تَجْعَلْ مُصیبَتَنا فی دینِنا وَلا تَجْعَلِ الدُّنْیا اَکْبَرَ هَمِّنا وَلا مَبْلَغَ عِلْمِنا وَلا تُسَلِّطْ عَلَیْنا مَنْ لا یَرْحَمُنا بِرَحْمَتِکَ یا اَرْحَمَ الرّاحِمینَ.
O Allah, my blackness, my imagination, and my whiteness prostrate to You. O the Greatest of all greats, forgive my great sin, for no one forgives it except You.
Arabic: اللَهُمَّ لَكَ سَجَدَ سَوَادِي‌ وَ خَيَالِي‌ وَ بَيَاضِي‌، يَا عَظِيمَ كُلِّ عَظِيمٍ اغْفِرْ لِي‌ ذَنْبِيَ الْعَظِيمَ، فَإنَّهُ لَا يَغْفِرُهُ غَيْرُكَ

The Prophet Muhammad (s) said: "Whoever performs this act, seventy-two thousand sins will be erased from their record, and in its place, that many good deeds will be written in their book of deeds. Additionally, seventy thousand of their father and mother's sins will be forgiven by Allah.

  • Recite the phrases "Subhanallah" (Glory is to Allah), "Alhamdulillah" (Praise is to Allah), "Allahu Akbar" (Allah is the Greatest), and "La ilaha illallah" (There is no god but Allah) one hundred times.
  • Performing the prayer of Ja'far Tayyar.
  • Performing four rak'as of prayer, in each rak'a reciting Surah Al-Fatiha and Surah Al-Ikhlas one hundred times. After the prayer, the following supplication should be recited:
O Allah, I am poor to You, and I seek refuge from Your punishment, fearing it. O Allah, do not change my name, nor alter my body, nor burden me with calamities, nor allow my enemies to gloat over me. I seek refuge in Your pardon from Your punishment, and in Your mercy from Your wrath, and in Your pleasure from Your anger. I seek refuge in You from You. Glory be to You. You are as You have praised Yourself, and beyond what the speakers say.
Arabic: اَللّهُمَّ اِنّی اِلَیْکَ فَقیرٌ وَمِنْ عَذاِبکَ خائِفٌ مُسْتَجیرٌ اَللّهُمَّ لا تُبَدِّلْ اِسْمی وَلا تُغَیِّرْ جِسْمی وَلاتَجْهَدْ بَلاَئی وَلا تُشْمِتْ بی اَعْدائی اَعُوذُ بِعَفْوِکَ مِنْ عِقابِکَ وَ اَعُوذُ بِرَحْمَتِکَ مِنْ عَذابِکَ وَ اَعُوذُ بِرِضاکَ مِنْ سَخَطِکَ وَ اَعُوذُبِکَ مِنْکَ جَلَّ ثَناؤُکَ اَنْتَ کَما اَثْنَیْتَ عَلی نَفْسِکَ وَ فَوْقَ ما یَقُولُ الْقآئِلُونَ
Acts of the Day of the 15th of Sha'ban

Gallery

Notes

  1. Kulaynī, al-Kāfī, vol. 1, p. 514; Mufīd, al-Irshād, p. 339; Ṭabarī, Dalāʾil al-imāma, p. 501; Ṭūsī, al-Ghayba, p. 239.
  2. Ṭūsī, al-Ghayba, p. 231; Mufīd, al-Irshād, p. 346.
  3. Kulaynī, al-Kāfī, vol. 1, p. 329, Hadith 5; p. 514, Hadith 1; Ṣadūq, Kamāl al-dīn wa itmām al-niʿma, vol. 2, p. 104.
  4. Ibn Ṭāwūs, Iqbāl al-aʿmāl, p. 540; Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 94, p. 84-85.
  5. Ṭūsī, Miṣbāḥ al-mutahajjid, vol. 2, p. 831; Ibn Ṭāwūs, Iqbāl al-aʿmāl, p. 315; Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 94, p. 85; vol. 94, p. 84-85.
  6. Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 98, p. 413.
  7. Ibn Ṭāwūs, Iqbāl al-aʿmāl, p. 216-217.
  8. Ibn Ṭāwūs, Iqbāl al-aʿmāl, p. 540; Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 94, p. 84, 85.
  9. Ibn Ṭāwūs, Iqbāl al-aʿmāl, p. 212; Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 98, p. 413.
  10. Ibn Ṭāwūs, Iqbāl al-aʿmāl, p. 212; Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 98, p. 413.
  11. Ibn Ṭāwūs, Iqbāl al-aʿmāl, p. 216-217.
  12. Dihkhudā, Lughatnāma-yi Dihkhudā, under the word "Barat".
  13. Rāmpūrī, Ghiyāth al-lughāt, p. 503-504.
  14. The most glorious birthday party for the most perfect human being.
  15. Abū Riyḥān Bīrūnī, Al-Tafhīm li-awāʾil ṣināʿat al-tanjīm, p. 252.
  16. Rāmpūrī, Ghiyāth al-lughāt, p. 503-504.
  17. Multānī, al-Awrād, vol. 1, p. 174-176; ʿAlawī Kirmānī, Siyar al-awlīyāʾ, vol. 1, p. 405; Nūrbakhsh, al-Fiqh al-aḥwaṭ, vol. 1, p. 112-113.
  18. ʿAlawī Kirmānī, Siyar al-awlīyāʾ, vol. 1, p. 405
  19. Dihlawī, Farhang-i aisfīyya, under the word "Barat".
  20. Ibn Taymīyya, Majmūʿa al-fatāwā, vol. 5, p. 344.
  21. Tahānuwī, Tashīl-i bihisht-i zīwar, p. 75.
  22. Is celebrating the middle of Shaban allowed?
  23. Mid-Sha'ban night: Virtue and Sharia rules for observing the night
  24. Mundhirī, al-Targhīb wa al-tarhīb, vol. 2, p. 73-74; vol. 3, p. 67, 233, 307, 309; Ālbānī, Sīlsīlat al-aḥādīth, vol. 3, p. 135; vol. 4, p. 84; Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, al-Amālī al-muṭlaqa, p. 52; Bayhaqī, Shuʿab al-īmān, vol. 3, p. 378-386; Aḥmad-nigarī, Jāmiʿ al-ʿulūm, vol. 3, p. 179.

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