Sa'id b. Jubayr

Priority: c, Quality: b
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Sa'id b. Jubayr
The Tomb of Sa'id b. Jubayr in the city of Al-Hay, Wasit province, Iraq
The Tomb of Sa'id b. Jubayr in the city of Al-Hay, Wasit province, Iraq
Full NameSa'id b. Jubayr b. Hisham al-Asadi al-Walibi
Companion ofImam al-Sajjad (a)
TeknonymAbu Muhammad or Abu Abd Allah
EpithetAl-Faqih al-Bakka' (the weeper jurist)
Birth45/665-6
Place of BirthKufa
Place(s) of ResidenceKufa, Isfahan and Qom in Jamkaran village
MartyrdomSha'ban, 95 (April-May, 714) or Ramadan 10, 94/June 9, 713
Cause of MartyrdomMurdered at the command of al-Hajjaj
Burial PlaceAl-Hay city, Wasit Province, Iraq


Sa'īd b. Jubayr b. Hishām al-Asadī al-Wālibī (Arabic:سعید بن جبیر بن هشام الاسدي الوالبی) was one of the Tabi'un and a companion of Imam al-Sajjad (a). He learned Islamic sciences and Quranic exegesis from Ibn Abbas and became one of the greatest exegetes of his time. He was present in Abd al-Rahman b. Muhammad b. al-Ash'ath's uprising against al-Hajjaj b. Yusuf, and after the defeat of the uprising, he escaped to Isfahan and Qom. He lived in these cities for a while until he was arrested in one of his trips to Mecca and was martyred by al-Hajjaj b. Yusuf command in 95/714.

Birth, Lineage, Teknonym, and Title

Sa'id b. Jubayr b. Hisham al-Asadi al-Walibi was born[1] in Kufa in 45/665-6.[2] He was originally from Abyssinia and was an emancipated slave of Banu Asad.[3] There is no precise information about his parents. The only information is that his father, Jubayr, was originally from Abyssinia and lived with Banu Wabilat b. Harith from the Banu Asad tribe as a slave.[4] After the emergence of Islam and his conversion to Islam, he was emancipated.[5] On some accounts, Jubayr was a companion of Imam Ali (a).[6]

Some scholars, such as al-Shaykh al-Tusi,[7] believe that Sa'id's teknonym was "Abu Muhammad",[8] and on other accounts, it was "Abu Abd Allah". Tustari rejects al-Shaykh al-Tusi's account,[9] and the majority of biographers believe that his teknonym was "Abu Abd Allah".[10].[11].[12] His title was "Walibi"[13].[14].[15] because his father originally lived under the protection of Banu Waliba. He was referred to by some authors as "al-Faqih al-Bakka'" (the weeper jurist).[16]

Children

  • Muhammad b. Sa'id b. Jubayr.[21]

Islamic Denomination

It is made explicit in Khulasat al-aqwal by al-Allama al-Hilli and Rijal al-Kashshi that Sa'id was a Shi'a of Imam Ali (a), and this was the reason why he was martyred by al-Hajjaj.[22]

Al-Kashshi says that Sa'id b. Jubayr was on the right path, following Imam al-Sajjad (a). He was praised by the Imam (a), and because of his close relationship with the Imam (a), he was martyred by al-Hajjaj.[23]

Fadl b. Shadhan was quoted as saying that early in the period of the Imamate of Imam al-Sajjad (a), the Imam (a) had only five close companions: Sa'id b. Jubayr, Sa'id b. Musayyib, Muhammad b. Jubayr b. Mut'im, Yahya b. Umm al-Tawil, and Abu Khalid al-Kabuli.[24]

According to al-Shaykh al-Tusi, Sa'id b. Jubayr had particular respect for Imam al-Sajjad (a).[25]

Scholarly Significance

Sa'id b. Jubayr was a student of Ibn Abbas.[26] When people of Kufa asked questions from Ibn Abbas, he told them, "Why do you ask me while Sa'id is among you?"[27] Sa'id was so knowledgeable that Ahmad b. Hanbal said, "There is no one on Earth who does not need Sa'id's knowledge."[28]

Sa'id counts as a student and companion of Imam al-Sajjad (a) as well.[29]

Ibn Kathir characterizes him as an Imam (a leading Islamic figure) in Quranic exegesis, jurisprudence, and other sciences, saying that he did many good deeds.[30] Al-Dhahabi also referred to him as an Imam.[31]

Sufyan al-Thuri quotes Amr b. Maymun who quotes his father as saying that Sa'id b. Jubayr died while everyone on Earth needed his knowledge.[32] Sa'id himself says, "What I possess is my knowledge; I wish people learned it from me."[33] He was described by Ash'ath b. Ishaq as "jihbadh"[34] (a great scholar).[35] Ibrahim al-Nakha'i said, "After Sa'id, nobody emerged who was his counterpart in knowledge."[36] Abd Allah b. Umar was asked a question about inheritance. He said, "Ask Sa'id b. Jubayr; he is more knowledgeable than me on these issues."[37] In these quotes, "knowledge" apparently refers to religious knowledge.

Exegesis

Sa'id wrote a book concerning Quranic exegesis which was cited by exegetes, such as al-Suyuti. He is characterized by Qutada as the most knowledgeable exegete among Tabi'un. His exegesis is mentioned by Ibn al-Nadim in his al-Fihrist under Shiite exegeses,[38] without mentioning any other exegesis that is temporally prior to it. His exegesis was also mentioned by Aqa Buzurg Tihrani in his al-Dhari'a.[39]

A conclusive piece of evidence for the existence of this exegesis is the account on which Sa'id was asked by Abd al-Malik b. Marwan to write an exegesis, and he agrees and writes it.[40] Sa'id's exegesis is referred to by some people as the first exegesis of the Qur'an.[41]

Students

  • Ja'far b. al-Mughira
  • Ja'far b. Abi Wahshiya
  • Ayyub al-Sakhtiyani
  • Al-A'mash
  • 'Ata b. Sa'ib
  • Hakam b. 'Utayba
  • Husayn b. Abd al-Rahman
  • Khasif al-Jazari
  • Salmat b. Kuhil
  • Abd Allah and Abd al-Malik (his sons)
  • Qasim b. Abi Bazza
  • Muhammad b. Sawqa
  • Muslim al-Batin
  • Amr b. Dinar[42]

Worship

Al-Isfahani quotes Qasim b. Ayyub as saying about Sa'id's vigilance (tahajjud) and weeping for the sake of God that he wept so much that he fainted.[43] Whenever he said prayers, he stood still like a stick and wept a lot.[44]

Pilgrimage of Ka'ba

It is said that, during his sojourn in Isfahan, Sa'id visited Ka'ba two times a year: one time for hajj and another time for umra.[45] Someone said, "I saw Sa'id b. Jubayr circumambulating around the Ka'ba slowly and solemnly."[46]

When Sa'id was arrested by Khalid b. Abd Allah al-Qisri, he was still circumambulating around the Ka'ba while his arms and legs were tied with chains.[47]

Recitation of the Qur'an

On some reports, Sa'id recited the whole of the Qur'an every night.[48] He sometimes recited the whole of the Qur'an near the Ka'ba in one rak'a of his prayer.[49]

According to Ibn Kathir, one night he recited the whole Qur'an two and half times near the Ka'ba.[50] It is even said that he recited the whole of the Qur'an between Maghrib and Isha' Prayers.[51]

However, Ibn Sa'id only says that he recited the Qur'an between Maghrib and Isha' Prayers without talking about the recitation of the whole of the Qur'an.[52] Sa'id b. Jubayr himself is quoted as saying,

"After the murder of Imam al-Husayn (a), I recite the whole Qur'an every couple of nights, unless I am on a trip or ailed."[53]

Uprising against Al-Hajjaj and Demise

Sa'id b. Jubayr was present in Abd al-Rahman b. Muhammad b. al-Ash'ath in an uprising against al-Hajjaj b. Yusuf al-Thaqafi.[54] He encouraged their forces by saying, "Fight with them and kill them because they do injustice in their government and have exited the religion and are being brutal towards people and have wiped off the prayer and humiliated Muslims."[55] The battle is known as Dayr al-Jamajim.

After ibn Ash'ath's defeat, Sa'id fled to Isfahan[56] and then to Qom.[57] He secretly lived in Isfahan for twelve years,[58] during six months of which he went to Qom and hid in the Jamkaran village, where he went to the Banu Asad tribe[59] and Khattab al-Asadi (who had constructed a mosque there).[60]57 During his sojourn in Isfahan, he visited Mecca twice a year.[61] In one of these trips, he was arrested by Khalid b. Abd Allah al-Qisri the ruler of Mecca and was sent to al-Hajjaj. He was murdered at the command of al-Hajjaj.[62]

There is a disagreement over the date of Sa'id's demise. Some people take it to be in Sha'ban 95[63] (April-May, 714) or on Ramadan 10, 94/June 9, 713. There is a disagreement about his age at the time of demise, from forty nine[64] to fifty seven.[65] It seems that the first view is accurate, because his son, Abd Allah, said that Sa'id was forty-nine at the time of demise.[66]

Mausoleum

Sa'id's mausoleum

Sa'id's mausoleum is located in al-Hay city in the Wasit Province of Iraq.

The earlier building of Sa'id's mausoleum was constructed in the Safavid period in the eleventh/seventeenth century. In 1959, the building was reconstructed with encouragements of Ayatollah al-Hakim and with the efforts of Shaykh Abd al-Amir al-Najafi Al Manam and residents of the city.

The mausoleum has one large court and four entrance gates. The shrine is located in the middle of the court and is surrounded by a roofed iwan. The mausoleum is in the middle of the shrine. A gorgeous dome is constructed over the grave.[67]

In Iraq, Rabi' al-Awwal 25 of every year is recognized as the anniversary of Sa'id b. Jubayr's martyrdom. On this day people congregate in his mausoleum and honor the day.[68] .[69]


Namesakes

In sources of history and hadiths, there are four other people whose name was "Sa'id b. Jubayr" which should not be confused with Sa'id b. Jubayr b. Hisham al-Walibi. Those four people are:

  1. Al-Shaykh al-Mufid's fifth ancestor: Sa'id b. Jubayr b. Wuhayb b. Hilal b. Aws b. Sinan.[70]
  2. Ibn Hajar mentions someone named Sa'id b. Jubayr whose son's name was Ahmad. He has transmitted hadiths from Ibrahim b. Zayd al-Tiflisi.[71]
  3. Sa'id b. Jubayr whose teknonym was Abu l-Bakhtari and the teknonym of whose father, Jubayr, was "Abu Imran".[72]
  4. Sa'id b. Jubayr, the father of Ayad who was a companion of the Prophet (s).[73]

Notes

  1. ↑ Ibn Ḥajar, Taqrīb al-tahdhīb, vol. 4, p. 11.
  2. ↑ Ziriklī, al-Aʿlām, vol. 3, p. 93.
  3. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 6, p. 267.
  4. ↑ Ṭūsī, al-Rijāl, p. 114.
  5. ↑ Ziriklī, al-Aʿlām, vol. 3, p. 93.
  6. ↑ Aṣḥāb Amīr al-Muʾminīn wa ruwāt ʿanhu, vol. 1, p. 102.
  7. ↑ Ṭūsī, al-Rijāl, p. 90.
  8. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 9, p. 98.
  9. ↑ Tustarī, Qāmūs al-rijāl, vol. 5, p. 88-89.
  10. ↑ Ziriklī, al-Aʿlām, vol. 3, p. 93.
  11. ↑ Dhahabī, Tārīkh al-Islām, vol. 6, p. 367.
  12. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 6, p. 267.
  13. ↑ Ziriklī, al-Aʿlām, vol. 8, p. 109.
  14. ↑ Samʿānī, al-Ansāb, vol. 13, p. 275.
  15. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 9, p. 98.
  16. ↑ Abū Nuʿaym, Ḥilyat al-awlīyāʾ wa ṭabaqāt al-aṣfīyaʾ, vol. 4, p. 272.
  17. ↑ Ibn Ḥajar, al-Iṣāba fī tamyīz al-ṣaḥāba, vol. 1, p. 477; Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 7, p. 372.
  18. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 7, p. 366.
  19. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 9, p. 302.
  20. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 9, p. 303; Ḥāʾirī Shīrāzī, Dhakhīrat al-dārayn, p. 210.
  21. ↑ Dhahabī, Tārīkh al-Islām, vol. 38, p. 76.
  22. ↑ Amīn, 'Aʿyān al-Shīʿa, vol. 1, p. 126.
  23. ↑ Ṭūsī, Rijāl Kashshī, p. 120.
  24. ↑ Tustarī, Qāmūs al-rijāl, vol. 5, p. 85.
  25. ↑ Ṭūsī, al-Rijāl al-Ṭūsī, vol. 1, p. 335.
  26. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 9, p. 98.
  27. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 6, p. 268; Ziriklī, al-Aʿlām, vol. 3, p. 93.
  28. ↑ Ziriklī, al-Aʿlām, vol. 3, p. 93; Dhahabī, Tārīkh al-Islām, vol. 6, p. 367.
  29. ↑ ʿAṭārudī, Musnad al-Imām al-Sajjād, vol. 2, p. 456.
  30. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 9, p. 98.
  31. ↑ Dhahabī, Tārīkh al-Islām, vol. 6, p. 367.
  32. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 9, p. 98.
  33. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 9, p. 98.
  34. ↑ Farhang-i Mu'īn, the word "jihbadh"
  35. ↑ Dhahabī, Tārīkh al-Islām, vol. 6, p. 367.
  36. ↑ Dhahabī, Tārīkh al-Islām, vol. 6, p. 367.
  37. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 6, p. 269.
  38. ↑ Amīn, Aʿyān al-Shīʿa, vol. 1, p. 125.
  39. ↑ Āgā Buzurg al-Tihrānī, al-Dharīʿa ilā taṣānīf al-shīʿa, vol. 4, p. 241.
  40. ↑ Ibn Sulaymān, Tafsīr muqātil Ibn sulaymān, vol. 5, p. 65; Thaʿālibī, Jawāhir al-ḥisan fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān, vol. 8, p. 83.
  41. ↑ Aḥmad Fāḍil, Awwal mudawwan li-tafsīr, p. 189.
  42. ↑ Dhahabī, Tārīkh al-Islām, vol. 6, p. 367.
  43. ↑ Abū Nuʿaym, Ḥilyat al-awlīyāʾ wa ṭabaqāt al-aṣfīyaʾ, vol. 4, p. 274.
  44. ↑ Ibn al-Jawzī, al-Muntaẓam, vol. 7, p. 6.
  45. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 9, p. 98.
  46. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 6, p. 272.
  47. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 6, p. 274.
  48. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 6, p. 270.
  49. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 6, p. 270.
  50. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 9, p. 98.
  51. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 9, p. 98.
  52. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 6, p. 270.
  53. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 6, p. 270.
  54. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 9, p. 98.
  55. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 6, p. 275.
  56. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 9, p. 98.
  57. ↑ Qummī, Tārīkh-i Qom, p. 38.
  58. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 9, p. 98.
  59. ↑ Qummī, Tārīkh-i Qom, p. 38.
  60. ↑ Qummī, Tārīkh-i Qom, p. 38.
  61. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 9, p. 98.
  62. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 6, p. 274.
  63. ↑ ʿAmrī, Masālik al-abṣār fī mamālik al-amṭār, vol. 5, p. 615.
  64. ↑ Bukhārī, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, vol. 3, p. 461; vol. 8, p. 172; Ibn Ḥajar, Tahdhīb al-tahdhīb, vol. 4, p. 12.
  65. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 9, p. 99.
  66. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 7, p. 366.
  67. ↑ Tustarī, Qāmūs al-rijāl, vol. 5, p. 87.
  68. ↑ Commemoration of the Ascetic Companion
  69. ↑ Al-Khabariya Arabic Press
  70. ↑ Tustarī, Qāmūs al-rijāl, vol. 5, p. 87.
  71. ↑ Ibn Ḥajar, Lisān al-mīzān, vol. 1, p. 252.
  72. ↑ Al-Bājī, al-Taʿdīl wa al-tarjīḥ, vol. 3, p. 1219.
  73. ↑ Ibn Ḥajar, Taqrīb al-tahdhīb, vol. 4, p. 627.

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