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Al-Rabadha
Approximate map of al-Rabadha region
Approximate map of al-Rabadha region
Coordinate24°30′13″N 39°36′43″E / 24.50361°N 39.61194°E / 24.50361; 39.61194
CountrySaudi Arabia
ProvinceMedina
DatingJahiliyya
Places
ShrinesBurial site of Abu Dharr al-Ghifari


al-Rabadha is a historical village in the outskirts of Medina that gained fame due to the exile and burial of Abu Dharr al-Ghifari, a companion of the Prophet of Islam (s).

This location was situated at a distance of about three farsakhs from Medina and is known in sources as a pasture for the Zakat camels and one of the stations for pilgrims; according to some reports, its history dates back to the pre-Islamic era.

The village was largely destroyed in 319/931 during a conflict with the Qarmatians, and since then, its exact location has been a subject of dispute in modern sources.

Position and Characteristics

al-Rabadha is a village in the outskirts of Medina[1] that was situated on the path to Mecca and at a distance of about three farsakhs from this city.[2] Some sources have attributed its history to the pre-Islamic era,[3] and after Islam, it was considered one of the stations for pilgrims.[4]

al-Rabadha had water sources[5] and pastures,[6] and the Prophet (s)[7] or 'Umar b. al-Khattab designated it as a pasture for the camels of Zakat.[8] Ownership of part of this region has also been attributed to the children of Zubayr b. al-'Awwam.[9]

Exile Site of Abu Dharr al-Ghifari

Abu Dharr al-Ghifari, a companion of the Prophet (s), lived in al-Rabadha;[10] however, the fame of this location is mostly due to his exile and burial.[11] Most sources state the cause of his exile as the anger of 'Uthman b. 'Affan,[12] while others consider it Abu Dharr's own choice.[13] The story of Abu Dharr's exile and 'Uthman's treatment of him is recorded in historical sources.[14]

It is said that at the time of his death, he was alone with his wife and his servant, and after his passing, a group of Iraqis along with 'Abd Allah b. Mas'ud buried him.[15]

Other Events

After the death of Abu Dharr al-Ghifari, a population settled in al-Rabadha, and a mosque was built there.[16] The burial of Abu Dharr's wife in this location is also reported,[17] and the residence of some companions of the Prophet (s) in al-Rabadha is mentioned;[18] for this reason, the title "al-Rabadhi" has been used for those whose lineage traces back to this place.[19]

al-Rabadha is also mentioned as the site of exile for some companions of Imam al-Husayn (a) who survived the Event of Karbala.[20] In this region, a battle broke out between the armies of Marwan b. al-Hakam and Ibn al-Zubayr, which is known as the "Day of al-Rabadha",[21] and it is said that Sa'id b. Jubayr was martyred near it.[22]

Current Status

al-Rabadha was largely destroyed in 319/931 during wars between the people of this region and the Qarmatians;[23] travelogue writers have reported remaining ruins and the grave of Abu Dharr al-Ghifari without a Zarih or dome, and only the elderly and some locals knew of its exact location.[24]

Today, the exact location of al-Rabadha is a subject of dispute,[25] and some places have been incorrectly introduced as al-Rabadha.[26]

Notes

  1. ↑ Ḥimyarī, al-Rawḍ al-miʿṭār, 1984, p. 266.
  2. ↑ Baghdādī, Marāṣid al-iṭṭilāʿ, 1412 AH, vol. 2, p. 601.
  3. ↑ Ḥimyarī, al-Rawḍ al-miʿṭār, 1984, p. 266.
  4. ↑ Iskandarī, al-Amkina, 1425 AH, vol. 1, p. 500; Harawī, al-Ishārāt, 1423 AH, p. 74; Baghdādī, Marāṣid al-iṭṭilāʿ, 1412 AH, vol. 2, p. 601; Ḥamawī, Muʿjam al-buldān, 1995, vol. 3, p. 24.
  5. ↑ Ḥimyarī, al-Rawḍ al-miʿṭār, 1984, p. 266.
  6. ↑ ʿAlī, Ḥijāz dar ṣadr-i Islām, 1375 Sh, p. 291.
  7. ↑ Ṣāliḥī Shāmī, Subul al-hudā, 1414 AH, vol. 9, p. 39; Maqrīzī, Imtāʿ al-asmāʿ, 1420 AH, vol. 7, p. 259.
  8. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, 1410 AH, vol. 3, p. 232; Ḥimyarī, al-Rawḍ al-miʿṭār, 1984, p. 266; Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, al-Bidāya wa-l-nihāya, 1407 AH, vol. 7, p. 73.
  9. ↑ ʿAlī, Ḥijāz dar ṣadr-i Islām, 1375 Sh, p. 290.
  10. ↑ Ḥimyarī, al-Rawḍ al-miʿṭār, 1984, p. 266.
  11. ↑ Harawī, al-Ishārāt, 1423 AH, p. 74; Ḥimyarī, al-Rawḍ al-miʿṭār, 1984, p. 266; Baghdādī, Marāṣid al-iṭṭilāʿ, 1412 AH, vol. 2, p. 601.
  12. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, 1417 AH, vol. 5, p. 543; Ibn al-Athīr, Usd al-ghāba, 1409 AH, vol. 1, p. 357; Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, 1412 AH, vol. 1, p. 253; Samʿānī, al-Ansāb, 1382 AH, vol. 10, p. 65.
  13. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, 1410 AH, vol. 4, p. 171; Ḥamawī, Muʿjam al-buldān, 1995, vol. 3, p. 24.
  14. ↑ For example, see Yaʿqūbī, Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī, vol. 2, p. 171; Masʿūdī, Murūj al-dhahab, 1409 AH, vol. 2, p. 339.
  15. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, 1412 AH, vol. 1, p. 253; Ibn Sayyid al-Nās, ʿUyūn al-athar, 1414 AH, vol. 2, p. 270.
  16. ↑ Ḥimyarī, al-Rawḍ al-miʿṭār, 1984, p. 266.
  17. ↑ Harawī, al-Ishārāt, 1423 AH, p. 74.
  18. ↑ Ibn Ḥajar, al-Iṣāba, 1415 AH, vol. 3, p. 127, vol. 4, p. 108, vol. 6, p. 29; Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, al-Bidāya wa-l-nihāya, 1407 AH, vol. 8, p. 27; Dhahabī, Tārīkh al-Islām, 1413 AH, vol. 5, p. 414.
  19. ↑ Samʿānī, al-Ansāb, 1382 Sh, vol. 6, pp. 72-74.
  20. ↑ Dīnawarī, al-Akhbār al-ṭiwāl, 1368 Sh, p. 259.
  21. ↑ Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa-l-mulūk, 1387 AH, vol. 5, p. 612; Balādhurī, Futūḥ al-buldān, 1988, p. 364.
  22. ↑ Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa-l-mulūk, 1387 Sh, vol. 6, p. 488.
  23. ↑ ʿAlī, Ḥijāz dar ṣadr-i Islām, 1375 Sh, p. 291; Baghdādī, Marāṣid al-iṭṭilāʿ, 1412 AH, vol. 2, p. 601.
  24. ↑ Farāhānī, Safar-nāma-yi Mirzā Farāhānī, 1362 Sh, p. 241.
  25. ↑ Sharrāb, al-Maʿālim al-athīra, 1411 AH, p. 125.
  26. ↑ Qāḍī ʿAskar, “Rabadha kujāst?,” 1383 Sh, pp. 129-150.

References

  • Baghdādī, Ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq. Marāṣid al-iṭṭilāʿ ʿalā asmāʾ al-amkina wa-l-biqāʿ. Beirut: Dār al-Jīl, 1412 AH.
  • Balādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā al-. Ansāb al-ashrāf. Edited by Suhayl Zakkār and Riyāḍ Zirikli. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1417 AH.
  • Balādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā al-. Futūḥ al-buldān. Beirut: Dār wa Maktabat al-Hilāl, 1988.
  • Dhahabī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-. Tārīkh al-Islām wa-wafayāt al-mashāhīr wa-l-aʿlām. Edited by Tadmurī. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1413 AH.
  • Dīnawarī, Aḥmad b. Dāwūd al-. al-Akhbār al-ṭiwāl. Edited by ʿAbd al-Munʿim ʿĀmir. Qom: Manshūrāt al-Raḍī, 1368 Sh.
  • Farāhānī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn b. Mahdī. Safar-nāma-yi Mirzā Muḥammad Ḥusayn Farāhānī. Tehran: Ferdowsi, 1362 Sh.
  • Ḥamawī, Yāqūt b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. Muʿjam al-buldān. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1995.
  • Harawī, ʿAlī b. Abī Bakr al-. al-Ishārāt ilā maʿrifat al-ziyārāt. Cairo: Maktabat al-Thaqāfat al-Dīniyya, 1423 AH.
  • Ḥimyarī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Munʿim al-. al-Rawḍ al-miʿṭār fī khabar al-aqṭār. Beirut: Maktabat Lubnān Nāshirūn, 1984.
  • Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, Yūsuf b. ʿAbd Allāh. al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb. Edited by ʿAlī Muḥammad al-Bijāwī. Beirut: Dār al-Jīl, 1412 AH.
  • Ibn al-Athīr, ʿAlī b. Muḥammad. Usd al-ghāba fī maʿrifat al-ṣaḥāba. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1409 AH.
  • Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. al-Iṣāba fī tamyīz al-ṣaḥāba. Edited by ʿAbd al-Mawjūd and Muʿawwaḍ. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1415 AH.
  • Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. al-Bidāya wa-l-nihāya. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1407 AH.
  • Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Qādir ʿAṭā. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1410 AH.
  • Ibn Sayyid al-Nās, Abū l-Fatḥ Muḥammad. ʿUyūn al-athar fī funūn al-maghāzī wa-l-shamāʾil wa-l-siyar. Edited by Ibrāhīm Muḥammad Ramaḍān. Beirut: Dār al-Qalam, 1414 AH.
  • Iskandarī, Naṣr b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-. al-Amkina wa-l-miyāh wa-l-jibāl wa-l-āthār wa-naḥwuhā al-madhkūra fī l-akhbār wa-l-āthār. Riyadh: Markaz al-Malik Fayṣal li-l-Buḥūth wa-l-Dirāsāt al-Islāmiyya, 1425 AH.
  • Maqrīzī, Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad b. ʿAlī al-. Imtāʿ al-asmāʿ bi-mā li-l-nabī min al-aḥwāl wa-l-amwāl wa-l-ḥafada wa-l-matāʿ. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd al-Numaysī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1420 AH.
  • Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. Murūj al-dhahab wa-maʿādin al-jawhar. Qom: Dār al-Hijra, 1409 AH.
  • Qāḍī ʿAskar, ʿAlī. “Rabadha kujāst?” Mīqāt-i Ḥajj, no. 48 (1383 Sh).
  • Samʿānī, ʿAbd al-Karīm b. Muḥammad al-. al-Ansāb. Edited by ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Yaḥyā al-Muʿallimī. Hyderabad: Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya, 1382 AH.
  • ʿAlī, Ṣāliḥ Aḥmad. Ḥijāz dar ṣadr-i Islām. Translated by ʿAbd al-Muḥammad Āyatī. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1375 Sh.
  • Sharrāb, Muḥammad Muḥammad Ḥasan. al-Maʿālim al-athīra fī l-sunna wa-l-sīra. Beirut: Dār al-Shāmiyya, 1411 AH.
  • Ṣāliḥī al-Shāmī, Muḥammad b. Yūsuf al-. Subul al-hudā wa-l-rashād fī sīrat khayr al-ʿibād. Edited by ʿAbd al-Mawjūd and Muʿawwaḍ. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1414 AH.
  • Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-. Tārīkh al-umam wa-l-mulūk. Edited by Muḥammad Abū l-Faḍl Ibrāhīm. Beirut: Dār al-Turāth, 1387 AH.
  • Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, n.d.

al-Rabadha is a historical village in the outskirts of Medina that gained fame due to the exile and burial of Abu Dharr al-Ghifari, a companion of the Prophet of Islam.

This location was situated at a distance of about three farsakhs from Medina and is known in sources as a pasture for the Zakat camels and one of the stations for pilgrims; according to some reports, its history dates back to the pre-Islamic era.

The village was largely destroyed in 319/931 during a conflict with the Qarmatians, and since then, its exact location has been a subject of dispute in modern sources.

Position and Characteristics

al-Rabadha is a village in the outskirts of Medina[1] that was situated on the path to Mecca and at a distance of about three farsakhs from this city.[2] Some sources have attributed its history to the pre-Islamic era,[3] and after Islam, it was considered one of the stations for pilgrims.[4]

al-Rabadha had water sources[5] and pastures,[6] and the Prophet (s)[7] or 'Umar b. al-Khattab designated it as a pasture for the camels of Zakat.[8] Ownership of part of this region has also been attributed to the children of Zubayr b. al-'Awwam.[9]

Exile Site of Abu Dharr al-Ghifari

Abu Dharr al-Ghifari, a companion of the Prophet, lived in al-Rabadha;[10] however, the fame of this location is mostly due to his exile and burial.[11] Most sources state the cause of his exile as the anger of 'Uthman b. 'Affan,[12] while others consider it Abu Dharr's own choice.[13] The story of Abu Dharr's exile and 'Uthman's treatment of him is recorded in historical sources.[14]

It is said that at the time of his death, he was alone with his wife and his servant, and after his passing, a group of Iraqis along with Abd Allah b. Mas'ud buried him.[15]

Other Events

After the death of Abu Dharr al-Ghifari, a population settled in al-Rabadha, and a mosque was built there.[16] The burial of Abu Dharr's wife in this location is also reported,[17] and the residence of some companions of the Prophet in al-Rabadha is mentioned;[18] for this reason, the title "al-Rabadhi" has been used for those whose lineage traces back to this place.[19]

al-Rabadha is also mentioned as the site of exile for some companions of Imam al-Husayn (a) who survived the Event of Karbala.[20] In this region, a battle broke out between the armies of Marwan b. al-Hakam and Ibn al-Zubayr, which is known as the "Day of al-Rabadha",[21] and it is said that Sa'id b. Jubayr was martyred near it.[22]

Current Status

al-Rabadha was largely destroyed in 319/931 during wars between the people of this region and the Qarmatians;[23] travelogue writers have reported remaining ruins and the grave of Abu Dharr al-Ghifari without a Zarih or dome, and only the elderly and some locals knew of its exact location.[24]

Today, the exact location of al-Rabadha is a subject of dispute,[25] and some places have been incorrectly introduced as al-Rabadha.[26]

Notes

  1. ↑ Ḥimyarī, al-Rawḍ al-miʿṭār, 1984, p. 266.
  2. ↑ Baghdādī, Marāṣid al-iṭṭilāʿ, 1412 AH, vol. 2, p. 601.
  3. ↑ Ḥimyarī, al-Rawḍ al-miʿṭār, 1984, p. 266.
  4. ↑ Iskandarī, al-Amkina, 1425 AH, vol. 1, p. 500; Harawī, al-Ishārāt, 1423 AH, p. 74; Baghdādī, Marāṣid al-iṭṭilāʿ, 1412 AH, vol. 2, p. 601; Ḥamawī, Muʿjam al-buldān, 1995, vol. 3, p. 24.
  5. ↑ Ḥimyarī, al-Rawḍ al-miʿṭār, 1984, p. 266.
  6. ↑ ʿAlī, Ḥijāz dar ṣadr-i Islām, 1375 Sh, p. 291.
  7. ↑ Ṣāliḥī Shāmī, Subul al-hudā, 1414 AH, vol. 9, p. 39; Maqrīzī, Imtāʿ al-asmāʿ, 1420 AH, vol. 7, p. 259.
  8. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, 1410 AH, vol. 3, p. 232; Ḥimyarī, al-Rawḍ al-miʿṭār, 1984, p. 266; Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, al-Bidāya wa-l-nihāya, 1407 AH, vol. 7, p. 73.
  9. ↑ ʿAlī, Ḥijāz dar ṣadr-i Islām, 1375 Sh, p. 290.
  10. ↑ Ḥimyarī, al-Rawḍ al-miʿṭār, 1984, p. 266.
  11. ↑ Harawī, al-Ishārāt, 1423 AH, p. 74; Ḥimyarī, al-Rawḍ al-miʿṭār, 1984, p. 266; Baghdādī, Marāṣid al-iṭṭilāʿ, 1412 AH, vol. 2, p. 601.
  12. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, 1417 AH, vol. 5, p. 543; Ibn al-Athīr, Usd al-ghāba, 1409 AH, vol. 1, p. 357; Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, 1412 AH, vol. 1, p. 253; Samʿānī, al-Ansāb, 1382 AH, vol. 10, p. 65.
  13. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, 1410 AH, vol. 4, p. 171; Ḥamawī, Muʿjam al-buldān, 1995, vol. 3, p. 24.
  14. ↑ For example, see Yaʿqūbī, Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī, vol. 2, p. 171; Masʿūdī, Murūj al-dhahab, 1409 AH, vol. 2, p. 339.
  15. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, 1412 AH, vol. 1, p. 253; Ibn Sayyid al-Nās, ʿUyūn al-athar, 1414 AH, vol. 2, p. 270.
  16. ↑ Ḥimyarī, al-Rawḍ al-miʿṭār, 1984, p. 266.
  17. ↑ Harawī, al-Ishārāt, 1423 AH, p. 74.
  18. ↑ Ibn Ḥajar, al-Iṣāba, 1415 AH, vol. 3, p. 127, vol. 4, p. 108, vol. 6, p. 29; Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, al-Bidāya wa-l-nihāya, 1407 AH, vol. 8, p. 27; Dhahabī, Tārīkh al-Islām, 1413 AH, vol. 5, p. 414.
  19. ↑ Samʿānī, al-Ansāb, 1382 Sh, vol. 6, pp. 72-74.
  20. ↑ Dīnawarī, al-Akhbār al-ṭiwāl, 1368 Sh, p. 259.
  21. ↑ Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa-l-mulūk, 1387 AH, vol. 5, p. 612; Balādhurī, Futūḥ al-buldān, 1988, p. 364.
  22. ↑ Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa-l-mulūk, 1387 Sh, vol. 6, p. 488.
  23. ↑ ʿAlī, Ḥijāz dar ṣadr-i Islām, 1375 Sh, p. 291; Baghdādī, Marāṣid al-iṭṭilāʿ, 1412 AH, vol. 2, p. 601.
  24. ↑ Farāhānī, Safar-nāma-yi Mirzā Farāhānī, 1362 Sh, p. 241.
  25. ↑ Sharrāb, al-Maʿālim al-athīra, 1411 AH, p. 125.
  26. ↑ Qāḍī ʿAskar, “Rabadha kujāst?,” 1383 Sh, pp. 129-150.

References

  • Baghdādī, Ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq. Marāṣid al-iṭṭilāʿ ʿalā asmāʾ al-amkina wa-l-biqāʿ. Beirut: Dār al-Jīl, 1412 AH.
  • Balādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā al-. Ansāb al-ashrāf. Edited by Suhayl Zakkār and Riyāḍ Zirikli. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1417 AH.
  • Balādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā al-. Futūḥ al-buldān. Beirut: Dār wa Maktabat al-Hilāl, 1988.
  • Dhahabī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-. Tārīkh al-Islām wa-wafayāt al-mashāhīr wa-l-aʿlām. Edited by Tadmurī. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1413 AH.
  • Dīnawarī, Aḥmad b. Dāwūd al-. al-Akhbār al-ṭiwāl. Edited by ʿAbd al-Munʿim ʿĀmir. Qom: Manshūrāt al-Raḍī, 1368 Sh.
  • Farāhānī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn b. Mahdī. Safar-nāma-yi Mirzā Muḥammad Ḥusayn Farāhānī. Tehran: Ferdowsi, 1362 Sh.
  • Ḥamawī, Yāqūt b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. Muʿjam al-buldān. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1995.
  • Harawī, ʿAlī b. Abī Bakr al-. al-Ishārāt ilā maʿrifat al-ziyārāt. Cairo: Maktabat al-Thaqāfat al-Dīniyya, 1423 AH.
  • Ḥimyarī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Munʿim al-. al-Rawḍ al-miʿṭār fī khabar al-aqṭār. Beirut: Maktabat Lubnān Nāshirūn, 1984.
  • Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, Yūsuf b. ʿAbd Allāh. al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb. Edited by ʿAlī Muḥammad al-Bijāwī. Beirut: Dār al-Jīl, 1412 AH.
  • Ibn al-Athīr, ʿAlī b. Muḥammad. Usd al-ghāba fī maʿrifat al-ṣaḥāba. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1409 AH.
  • Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. al-Iṣāba fī tamyīz al-ṣaḥāba. Edited by ʿAbd al-Mawjūd and Muʿawwaḍ. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1415 AH.
  • Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. al-Bidāya wa-l-nihāya. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1407 AH.
  • Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Qādir ʿAṭā. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1410 AH.
  • Ibn Sayyid al-Nās, Abū l-Fatḥ Muḥammad. ʿUyūn al-athar fī funūn al-maghāzī wa-l-shamāʾil wa-l-siyar. Edited by Ibrāhīm Muḥammad Ramaḍān. Beirut: Dār al-Qalam, 1414 AH.
  • Iskandarī, Naṣr b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-. al-Amkina wa-l-miyāh wa-l-jibāl wa-l-āthār wa-naḥwuhā al-madhkūra fī l-akhbār wa-l-āthār. Riyadh: Markaz al-Malik Fayṣal li-l-Buḥūth wa-l-Dirāsāt al-Islāmiyya, 1425 AH.
  • Maqrīzī, Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad b. ʿAlī al-. Imtāʿ al-asmāʿ bi-mā li-l-nabī min al-aḥwāl wa-l-amwāl wa-l-ḥafada wa-l-matāʿ. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd al-Numaysī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1420 AH.
  • Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. Murūj al-dhahab wa-maʿādin al-jawhar. Qom: Dār al-Hijra, 1409 AH.
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