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Jahr

Priority: c, Quality: b
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Jahr (Arabic: الجَهْر) is the opposite of ikhfat and means raising and making the voice loud [and audible to others]. According to the majority viewpoint, jahr (raising the voice) in reciting surah al-Fatiha and the subsequent Surah in Fajr prayer and the first two rak'as of Maghrib and 'Isha prayers is obligatory for men performing the prayer. Jahr has rulings in the discussions of daily prayer, hajj, and blood money. Some jurists consider it required for jahr to express the voice's substance and leave its determination to the view of common people. Jurists consider jahr recommended in cases such as Ayat prayer, Friday prayer, 'Eid prayers, prayer for rain, qunut, and men's talbiya. According to the majority viewpoint among jurists, jahr is disliked to be practiced for other dhikrs of the prayer for a follower in congregational prayer. However, in Tasbihat al-Arba'a, ikhfat is obligatory.

If someone causes harm to another person, such that makes them unable to express their voice's substance, they must pay full blood money to the affected person.

Concept Analysis and Importance

Jahr is the opposite of ikhfat and means raising and making the voice loud [and audible to others].[1] Some jurists consider it required for jahr to express the voice's substance[2] and leave its determination to the view of common people.[3] According to jurists, in observing jahr, the voice should not exceed the normal level and should not become like shouting.[4] Jahr has rulings in the discussions of daily prayer, hajj, and blood money.[5] In the science of Tajwid, the term jahr also refers to the confinement of the airflow of breath and its sudden release during the pronunciation of certain letters.[6] Eighteen letters out of the 28 Arabic letters that have this characteristic are known as "majhura" letters (as opposed to "mahmusa", which refers to the other letters).[7]

Rulings of Jahr

Shi'a jurists have outlined cases where jahr is obligatory, recommended, permissible, or disliked, which are:

Cases Where Jahr is Obligatory

According to the majority viewpoint, jahr in reciting surah al-Fatiha and the subsequent Surah in Fajr prayer and the first two rak'as of Maghrib and 'Isha prayers is obligatory for men performing the prayer.[8] It is said that there is consensus among jurists on the obligation of jahr when reciting the Bismillah al-Rahman al-Rahim in the Fajr, Maghrib, 'Isha, and Friday prayers, and on its recommendation in the prayers where ikhfat is practiced.[9] According to jurists, if a person performing prayer deliberately neglects the required instances of loud or whispering recitation, his prayer is invalid. However, if it is due to forgetfulness or lack of knowledge about the ruling, the prayer remains valid.[10]

If someone causes harm to another person, such that makes them unable to express their voice's substance, it is obligatory for the person who caused the injury to pay full blood money to the affected person.[11]

Cases Where Jahr is Recommended and Permissible

In the views of jurists, the following cases of jahr are considered recommended:

  1. Ayat Prayer[12]
  2. Friday Prayer[13]
  3. Surah al-Fatiha and the subsequent Surah in Friday zuhr prayer for men[14]
  4. Prayers of the two 'Eids ('Eid al-Fitr and 'Eid al-Adha))[15]
  5. Prayer for rain[16]
  6. Recommended night prayers[17]
  7. Qunut, according to the majority viewpoint[18]
  8. Bismillah al-Rahman al-Rahim in cases where ikhfat is obligatory, even when choosing to recite Surah al-Fatiha instead of Tasbihat al-Arba'a[19]
  9. Takbirs of prayer upon the dead for the imam of the congregational prayer[20]
  10. Takbirat al-Ihram for the imam of the congregational prayer[21]
  11. Talbiya for men[22]

Furthermore, jahr is considered permissible in the following cases, and the person performing prayer can recite them loudly or in a whispering manner.

  • The recitation of Surah al-Fatiha and the subsequent Surah in the Fajr, Maghrib, and 'Isha prayers for women, provided that a non-mahram does not hear her voice.[23]
  • Dhikrs of the prayer, except for Surah al-Fatiha, the subsequent Surah, and Tasbihat al-Arba'a.[24]

Disliked Jahr

The majority of jurists consider it disliked for followers in congregational prayer to recite the dhikrs in jahr manner during prayer, except for Surah al-Fatiha, the subsequent Surah, and Tashbihat al-Arba'a.[26]Regarding Tashbihat al-Arba'a, it is obligatory to recite them in a whispering manner.[27]

See Also

Notes

  1. ↑ Shāhrūdī, Farhang-i fiqh, vol. 1, p. 113; Dihkhudā, Lughatnāma-yi Dihkhudā, under the word Jahr (جهر).
  2. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī Yazdī, al-ʿUrwat al-wuthqā, vol. 2, p. 510; Khomeinī, Taḥrīr al-wasīla, vol. 1, p. 166.
  3. ↑ Khoeī, Mawsūʿat al-Imām al-Khoeī, vol. 14, p. 402; Jahr and ikhfat in prayers (Persian)
  4. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī Yazdī, al-ʿUrwat al-wuthqā, vol. 2, p. 511.
  5. ↑ Shāhrūdī, Farhang-i fiqh, vol. 1, p. 113.
  6. ↑ ʿAllāmī, Pajūhishī dar ʿIlm Tajwīd, p. 137.
  7. ↑ ʿAllāmī, Pajūhishī dar ʿIlm Tajwīd, p. 137.
  8. ↑ Najafī, Jawāhir al-kalām, vol. 9, p. 364-365; Khomeinī, Tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil (muḥashā), vol. 1, p. 549.
  9. ↑ Ṭūsī, al-Khilāf, vol. 1, p. 331-332; Rayshahrī, Dānishnāma-yi Qurʾān wa ḥadīth, vol. 13, p. 308.
  10. ↑ Khomeinī, Tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil (muḥashā), vol. 1, p. 550.
  11. ↑ Khomeinī, Taḥrīr al-wasīla, vol. 2, p. 593.
  12. ↑ Najafī, Jawāhir al-kalām, vol. 11, p. 457.
  13. ↑ Ḥakīm, Mustamsak al-ʿUrwat al-wuthqā, vol. 6, p. 203.
  14. ↑ Khomeinī, Taḥrīr al-wasīla, vol. 1, p. 158.
  15. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī Yazdī, al-ʿUrwat al-wuthqā, vol. 3, p. 397.
  16. ↑ Najafī, Jawāhir al-kalām, vol. 12, p. 152.
  17. ↑ Narāqī, Mustanad al-Shīʿa, vol. 5, p. 185.
  18. ↑ Najafī, Jawāhir al-kalām, vol. 10, p. 373.
  19. ↑ Muḥaqqiq al-Karakī, Jāmiʿ al-maqāṣid, vol. 2, p. 267.
  20. ↑ Najafī, Jawāhir al-kalām, vol. 12, p. 99.
  21. ↑ Qummī, Manāhij al-aḥkām, p. 496.
  22. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī Yazdī, al-ʿUrwat al-wuthqā, vol. 4, p. 668.
  23. ↑ Khomeinī, Tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil (muḥashā), vol. 1, p. 549.
  24. ↑ The option of Jahr and ikhfat in reciting the adhkar (Persian)
  25. ↑ Fāḍil Miqdād, Kanz al-ʿirfān, vol. 1, p. 130.
  26. ↑ Qummī, Ghanāʾim al-Ayyām, vol. 2, p. 538; ʾArākī, al-Masāʾil al-Wāḍiḥa, vol. 1, p. 257.
  27. ↑ Khomeinī, Tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil (muḥashā), vol. 1, p. 556.

References

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  • جهر و اخفات در نماز (Jahr and ikhfat in prayers (Persian)). Accessed: 2025/02/17.
  • مخیر بودن نسبت به جهر و اخفات در اذکار (The option of Jahr and ikhfat in reciting the adhkar (Persian)). Accessed: 2025/02/17.
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