Ikhfat

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From wikishia

Ikhfāt (Arabic: الإخفات) is whispering recitation of the dhikrs in daily prayers. Some dhikrs of daily prayers, such as the tasbihat al-arba’a, Surat al-Fatiha, and the other Sura, should be recited in whispering manner in zuhr and ‘asr prayers. Ikhfat is recommended in nafila prayers of daily prayers, and is permissible in some prayers such as the Ayat prayer.

The Concept 

Ikhfat, in contrast to jahr, means to recite in whispering manner.[1] In books of fiqh, this term is discussed in recitation of daily prayers.[2] Some jurists have defined the criterion for ikhfat as the expression of the voice’s substance[3] and have left its determination to the common view.[4]

Cases of Obligation of Ikhfat

In the following cases, reciting the prayer in a whispering manner is considered obligatory:

1. The recitation of Sura al-Fatiha and the other Sura in zuhr and 'asr prayers, except for Friday zuhr prayer.[5]

2. Tasbihat al-arba'a in zuhr, ‘asr, maghrib, and'isha prayers.[6]

3. The recitation of the prayer by the follower in congregational prayer.[7]

4. The prayer of a woman if a non-mahram can hear her voice and there is a fear of causing corruptive consequences.[8]

5. The recitation of Sura al-Fatiha in prayer of caution.[9]

According to the rulings of most jurists, deliberately neglecting to perform the recitation in a whispering manner invalidates the prayer. However, if it is not observed due to forgetfulness or lack of knowledge, the prayer is not invalid.[10]

Cases of Recommendation or Permissibility of Ikhfat

Ikhfat is recommended or permissible in the cases below:

1. Recommended prayers performed during the day.[11]

2. Saying a‘udhu billah-i min ash-shaytan-ir-rajim before reciting sura al-Fatiha[12]

Also, ikhfat is considered permissible in the cases below, and the praying person may recite them quietly or loudly:

1. Sura al-Fatiha and the other sura in fajr, maghrib, and 'isha prayers for a woman if a non-mahram does not hear her voice.[13]

2. The dhikrs of the prayer, other than Sura al-Fatiha and the other sura and tasbihat al-arba'a.

3. Ayat prayer and the circumambulation (tawaf).[14]

Notes

  1. ↑ Dihkhudā, Lughatnāma-yi Dihkhudā, under the word Ikhfāt.
  2. ↑ Shāhrūdī, Farhang-i fiqh, vol. 1, p. 113.
  3. ↑ See: Najafī, Jawāhir al-kalām, vol. 9, p. 376; Ṭabāṭabāʾī Yazdī, al-ʿUrwat al-wuthqā, vol. 1, p. 650; Khomeinī, Taḥrīr al-wasīla, vol. 1, p. 166.
  4. ↑ Khoeī, Mawsūʿat al-Imām al-Khūʾī, vol. 14, p. 402.
  5. ↑ Najafī, Majmaʿ al-rasāʾil, p. 253; Khomeinī, Tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil (muḥashā), vol. 1, p. 549; Gulpāyigānī, Majmaʿ al-masāʾil, vol. 1, p. 171.
  6. ↑ Shaykh Bahāʾī, Jāmiʿ ʿAbbāsī, p. 142; Khomeinī, Tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil (muḥashā), vol. 1, p. 556.
  7. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī Yazdī, Muḥammad Kāẓim al-. Al-ʿUrwat al-wuthqā, vol. 1, p. 790.
  8. ↑ Fāḍil Miqdād, Kanz al-ʿirfān, vol. 1, p. 130; Khomeinī, Tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil (muḥashā), vol. 1, p. 549.
  9. ↑ Najafī, Majmaʿ al-rasāʾil, p. 328; Khomeinī, Tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil (muḥashā), vol. 1, p. 660.
  10. ↑ Khomeinī, Tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil (muḥashā), vol. 1, p. 550.
  11. ↑ Gulpāyigānī, Majmaʿ al-masāʾil, vol. 4, p. 116, 326.
  12. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī Yazdī, al-ʿUrwat al-wuthqā, vol. 1, p. 661; Khomeinī, Tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil (muḥashā), vol. 1, p. 559.
  13. ↑ Khomeinī, Tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil (muḥashā), vol. 1, p. 549.
  14. ↑ Fāḍil Miqdād, Kanz al-ʿirfān, vol. 1, p. 130; Gulpāyigānī, Majmaʿ al-masāʾil, vol. 1, p. 253.

References

  • Khomeinī, Sayyid Rūḥ Allāh. Taḥrīr al-wasīla. 1st edition. Qom: Muʾassisa-yi Maṭbūʿāt-i Dār al-ʿIlm, [n.d].
  • Khomeinī, Sayyid Rūḥ Allāh. Tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil (muḥashā). Edited by Banī Hāshimī Khomeinī, Sayyid Muḥammad Ḥasayn. 8th edition. Qom: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 1424 AH.
  • Khoeī, Sayyid Abū l-Qāsim al-. Mawsūʿat al-Imām al-Khūʾī. First edition. Qom: Muʾassisa Ihyāʾ Āthar al-Imām al-Khūʾī, 1418 AH.
  • Dihkhudā, ʿAlī Akbar. Lughatnāma-yi Dihkhudā. Tehran: Intishārāt-i Dānishgāh-i Tehrān, 1377 Sh.
  • Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. ʿIlal al-sharāʾiʿ. Najaf: al-Maktaba al-Ḥaydariyya, [n.d].
  • Ṭabāṭabāʾī Yazdī, Muḥammad Kāẓim al-. Al-ʿUrwat al-wuthqā fīmā taʿummu bih al-balwā. Second edition. Beirut: Muʾassisat al-Aʿlamī li-l-Maṭbūʿāt, 1409 AH.
  • Shaykh Bahāʾī, Muḥammad. Jāmiʿ ʿAbbāsī. Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 1429 AH.
  • Fāḍil Miqdād, Miqdād b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. Kanz al-ʿirfān fī fiqh al-Qurʾān. Qom: Intishārāt-i Murtaḍawī, 1425 AH.
  • Gulpāyigānī, Sayyid Muḥammad Riḍā. Majmaʿ al-masāʾil. Qom: Dār al-Qurʾān al-Karīm, 1409 AH.
  • Najafī, Muḥammad al-Ḥasan al-. Jawāhir al-kalām fī sharḥ sharāʾiʿ al-Islām. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1404 AH.
  • Najafī, Muḥammad al-Ḥasan al-. Majmaʿ al-rasāʾil. First edition. Mashhad: Ṣāhib al-Zamān Inistitute, 1415 AH.
  • Shāhrūdī, Sayyid Maḥmūd. Farhang-i fiqh muṭābiq bā madhhab-i Ahl al-Bayt. Qom: Muʾassisat Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-Fiqh al-Islāmī, 1426 AH.
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