Qur'an 2:194
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| Verse's Information | |
|---|---|
| Name | Ayat al-I'tida' |
| Sura | al-Baqara |
| Verse | 194 |
| Juz' | 2 |
| Page | 30 |
| Topic | Jurisprudential - Ethical |
| About | Permissibility of responding to an aggressive enemy, even in the sacred month, retaliation in kind |
Qur'an 2:194, known as the Verse of Iʿtidāʾ (the Verse of Aggression/Transgression) is the 194th verse of Sura al-Baqara concerning the permissibility of retaliating against an aggressor enemy[1] during the sacred months.[2] According to this verse, despite the prohibition of fighting during the sacred months,[3] retaliation against an aggressor enemy, even in a sacred month, is permissible.[4] However, the retaliation must be proportional to the initial aggression. Ayat al-I'tida' is cited in numerous jurisprudential chapters including pilgrimage, Jihad, retaliation, usurpation, and sale[5] and jurists have derived the jurisprudential principle of I'tida' from this verse.[6]
| “ | الشَّهْرُ الْحَرَامُ بِالشَّهْرِ الْحَرَامِ وَالْحُرُمَاتُ قِصَاصٌ فَمَنِ اعْتَدَى عَلَيْكُمْ فَاعْتَدُوا عَلَيْهِ بِمِثْلِ مَا اعْتَدَى عَلَيْكُمْ وَاتَّقُوا اللَّهَ وَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّ اللَّهَ مَعَ الْمُتَّقِينَ
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| “ | A sacred month for a sacred month, and all sanctities require retribution. So should anyone aggress against you, assail him in the manner he assailed you, and be wary of Allah, and know that Allah is with the Godwary.
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| — Qur'an 2:194 | ||
Regarding the occasion of revelation of this verse, it is said that in the sixth year of Hijra when the Peace Treaty of Hudaybiyya was signed, the Prophet (s) and his companions reached the area of Hudaybiyya to participate in the pilgrimage ceremonies. The polytheists, by throwing stones and arrows towards the Muslims, prevented them from entering Mecca. In retaliation to the behavior of the polytheists and their disregard for the sanctity of the month of Dhu l-Qa'da, this verse was revealed.[7]
According to Allama Tabataba'i, the permissibility of retaliation during the sacred months is an instance of the general principle of the permissibility of retaliation in all things whose violation is forbidden and honoring is obligatory. This principle falls under the law which states any retaliation must be proportionate to the original aggression.[8]
According to Nasir Makarim Shirazi, based on the mentioned verse, if someone wrongfully transgresses upon another's sanctity, the other can retaliate in the same manner in order to defend or claim their right. This concept includes both financial and non-financial rights.[9]
Notes
- ↑ Mukhtar 'Umar, Mu'jam al-Lugha al-'Arabiyya al-Mu'asira, 1429 AH, vol. 2, p. 1472.
- ↑ Tabataba'i, Tafsir al-Mizan, al-A'lami, vol. 2, p. 63.
- ↑ Mishkini, Tafsir-i Rawan, 1392 SH, vol. 1, p. 230
- ↑ Najafi, Jawahir al-Kalam, 1363 SH, vol. 21, p. 32; Mishkini, Tafsir-i Rawan, 1392 SH, vol. 1, p. 206; Burji, Terror va Difa'-i Mashru, 1386 SH, p. 52.
- ↑ Hilli, Tadhkirat al-Fuqaha, 1374 SH, vol. 8, p. 441; Najafi, Jawahir al-Kalam, 1981 CE, vol. 21, p. 32; Tusi, al-Khilaf, Nashr Islami, vol. 5, p. 193; Tusi, al-Mabsut, 1387 AH, vol. 3, p. 60.
- ↑ Kashif al-Ghita', Anwar al-Fiqaha (Kitab al-Makasib), 1422 AH, vol. 1, p. 124.
- ↑ Tabataba'i, al-Mizan, al-A'lami, vol. 2, p. 63.
- ↑ Tabataba'i, al-Mizan, Manshurat Isma'iliyan, vol. 2, p. 63.
- ↑ Makarem Shirazi, Tafsir-i Nimuna, 1374 SH, vol. 2, p. 33.
References
- Burjī, Yaʿqūb ʿAlī. Tirur va difāʿ-i mashrūʿ. Qom: Zamzam-i Hidāyat, 1386 SH.
- Ḥillī, Ḥasan b. Yūsuf al-. Tadhkirat al-fuqahāʾ. Qom: Muʾassisa Āl al-Bayt, 1374 SH.
- Kāshif al-Ghiṭāʾ, al-Ḥasan. Anwār al-fiqāha (Kitāb al-makāsib). Najaf: Kāshif al-Ghiṭāʾ al-ʿĀmma, 1422 AH.
- Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. Tafsīr-i nimūna. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1374 SH.
- Mishkīnī, ʿAlī. Tafsīr-i rawān. Qom: Dār al-Ḥadīth, 1392 SH.
- Mukhtār ʿUmar, Aḥmad. Muʿjam al-lugha al-ʿarabiyya al-muʿāṣira. n.p.: ʿĀlam al-Kitāb, 1429 AH.
- Najafī, Muḥammad Ḥasan al-. Jawāhir al-kalām fī sharḥ sharāʾiʿ al-islām. Edited by ʿAbbās Qūchānī and ʿAlī Ākhūndī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-turāth al-ʿarabī, 1981 CE.
- Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Sayyid Muḥammad Ḥusayn al-. Al-Mīzān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Beirut: al-Aʿlamī, n.d.
- Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Sayyid Muḥammad Ḥusayn al-. Al-Mīzān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Qom: Manshūrāt Ismāʿīlīyān, n.d.
- Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. Al-Khilāf. Qom: Nashr Islāmī, n.d.
- Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. Al-Mabsūṭ fī fiqh al-imāmiyya. Tehran: al-Maktaba al-Murtaḍawiyya li-Iḥyāʾ al-Āthār al-Jaʿfarīyya, 1387 AH.