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Draft:Naḍr b. Ḥārith

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Nadr b. Harith
Vehement opposition to the Prophet (s)
Full NameNadr b. Harith b. 'Alqama b. Kalada b. 'Abd Manaf
LineageQuraysh
Well-known RelativesMaternal cousin of Prophet Muhammad (s)
Places of ResidenceMecca
DeathRamadan 2/624
Cause of DeathExecuted by order of the Prophet (s)
Known forEnmity against the Prophet (s)
Notable rolesKey strategist and Quraysh ally in the plot to assassinate the Prophet (s)
WorksScribe of the treaty of Shi'b Abi Talib
ActivitiesHarassment of and hostility toward the Prophet (s)


Naḍr b. Ḥārith (died: 2/624) was a maternal cousin of Prophet Muhammad (s)[1] and a prominent figure within the Quraysh tribe. Historians characterize Nadr b. Harith as one of the most vehement adversaries of the Prophet of Islam (s).[2] Possessing knowledge of Persian history and culture, he maintained contact with Christians and Jews.[3] In an effort to counter the Prophet (s), he would recount Persian legends—such as those of Rustam and Isfandiyar—attempting thereby to challenge the authority of the Qur'an.[4] Nadr was captured[5] during the Battle of Badr[6] and was subsequently executed on the orders of the Prophet (s) by Imam Ali (a).[7]

Nadr is reported to have been instrumental in orchestrating plots to assassinate the Prophet (s)[8] and inciting public sentiment against Islam.[9] He also actively participated in the siege of Muslims in Shi'b Abi Talib.[10]

According to Abu Sa'd Khargushi, a noted 4th/10th-century Shafi'i Sufi author, there was an incident in which Nadr b. Harith intended to kill the Prophet (s); however, by the grace of the Lord, he was overcome by terror and unable to carry out his intention.[11]

Exegetes posit that several Qur'anic verses were revealed specifically to condemn Nadr b. Harith. Notably, Qur'an 22:3, 35:42, and 45:7 address the rebellion and obstinacy of disbelievers regarding revelation.[12] Verses 25:5 and 8:31 pertain to accusations labeling the Qur'an as "human-originated"[13] and dismissing it as "myths of the ancients."[14] Furthermore, Qur'an 8:32 and 38:16 depict "Nadr b. Harith's request for punishment from God."[15]

Ibn 'Abbas, a companion of the Prophet (s), stated that eight verses within Sura al-Qalam were revealed concerning Nadr b. Harith, particularly the fifteenth verse: "When Our signs are recited to him."[16]

Nadr b. Harith is identified as a primary instigator of the Battle of Badr and served as one of the standard-bearers for the Quraysh in the conflict.[17] Alongside Uqba b. Abi Mu'ayt and Abu Jahl, he coerced reluctant individuals into battle by instilling fear and shame in them.[18]

References

  • Ibn al-Athīr, Usd al-Ghāba fī Ma'rifat al-Ṣaḥāba, Research: 'Alī Muḥammad Mu'awwaḍ, 'Ādil Aḥmad 'Abd al-Mawjūd, n.p., Dār al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 1st ed., 1415/1994.
  • Ibn al-Jawzī, 'Abd al-Raḥmān b. 'Alī, al-Muntaẓam, vol. 3, p. 121, Dār al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, Beirut, 1st ed., 1412/1992.
  • Ibn Sa'd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kubrā, Research: Muḥammad 'Abd al-Qādir 'Aṭā, Beirut, Dār al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 1st ed., 1410/1990.
  • Ibn Kathīr, Ismā'īl b. 'Umar, al-Bidāya wa al-Nihāya, Beirut, Dār al-Fikr, 1398/1978.
  • Ibn Kathīr, Ismā'īl b. 'Umar, Tafsīr al-Qur'ān al-'Aẓīm, Research: Muḥammad Ḥusayn Shams al-Dīn, Beirut, Dār al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya Manshūrāt Muḥammad 'Alī Bayḍūn, 1419/1998.
  • Amīn, Nuṣrat Begum, Tafsīr-i Makhzan al-'Irfān dar 'Ulūm-i Qur'ān, Isfahan, Kitābfurūshī-yi Thaqafī, n.d.
  • Ālūsī, Maḥmūd b. 'Abd Allāh, Rūḥ al-Ma'ānī fī Tafsīr al-Qur'ān al-'Aẓīm wa al-Sab' al-Mathānī, Compilation: Ibrāhīm Shams al-Dīn, Sanā' Bazī' Shams al-Dīn, Research: 'Alī 'Abd al-Bārī 'Aṭiyya, Beirut, Dār al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, Manshūrāt Muḥammad 'Alī Bayḍūn, 1415/1994.
  • Balādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā, Research: Muḥammad Bāqir Maḥmūdī, Iḥsān 'Abbās, 'Abd al-'Azīz Dūrī, Muḥammad Ḥamīd Allāh, Beirut, Mu'assisat al-A'lamī lil-Maṭbū'āt, 1397/1977.
  • Ibn Hishām, 'Abd al-Malik b. Hishām, al-Sīra al-Nabawiyya, Research: Muḥammad Muḥyī al-Dīn 'Abd al-Ḥamīd, Cairo, 1383/1963.
  • Ziriklī, Khayr al-Dīn, al-A'lām, Beirut, Dār al-'Ilm lil-Malāyīn, 1980.
  • Suhaylī, 'Abd al-Raḥmān b. 'Abd Allāh, al-Rawḍ al-Unuf fī Sharḥ al-Sīra al-Nabawiyya li-Ibn Hishām, Research: 'Abd al-Raḥmān Wakīl, Beirut, Dār Iḥyā' al-Turāth al-'Arabī, 1412/1992.
  • Ṭabrisī, Faḍl b. Ḥasan, Majma' al-Bayān fī Tafsīr al-Qur'ān, Beirut, Mu'assisat al-A'lamī lil-Maṭbū'āt, 1415/1995.
  • Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī (Tārīkh al-Umam wa al-Mulūk), Beirut, Bī-nā, n.d.
  • Al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. Ḥasan, al-Tibyān fī Tafsīr al-Qur'ān, Correction: Aḥmad Ḥabīb 'Āmilī, with introduction by Muḥammad Muḥsin Āghā Buzurg Tihrānī, Beirut, Dār Iḥyā' al-Turāth al-'Arabī, n.d.
  • Fakhr Rāzī, Muḥammad b. 'Umar, al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr (Mafātīḥ al-Ghayb), Beirut, Dār Iḥyā' al-Turāth al-'Arabī, 1420/2000.
  • The Holy Qur'an, Translation: Nāṣir Makārim Shīrāzī, Qom, Dār al-Qur'ān al-Karīm (Daftar-i Muṭāla'āt-i Tārīkh wa Ma'ārif-i Islāmī), 2nd ed., 1994.
  • Kāshānī, Mullā Fatḥ Allāh, Tafsīr-i Kabīr Manhaj al-Ṣādiqīn fī Ilzām al-Mukhālifīn, Correction: Abū l-Ḥasan Sha'rānī and 'Alī Akbar Ghaffārī, Tehran, Kitābfurūshī-yi Islāmiyya, 1957.
  • Maqrīzī, Aḥmad b. 'Alī, Imtā' al-Asmā' bi-mā lil-Nabī min al-Aḥwāl wa al-Amwāl wa al-Ḥafada wa al-Matā', Research: Muḥammad 'Abd al-Ḥamīd Namīsī, Beirut, Dār al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, Manshūrāt Muḥammad 'Alī Bayḍūn, 1420/1999.
  • Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir, Tafsīr-i Nemūneh, with cooperation of a group of writers, Tehran, 2001.
  • Wā'iẓ Kāshifī, Ḥusayn b. 'Alī, Tafsīr-i Ḥusaynī, Effort: Aḥmad b. 'Abd al-Raḥīm Shāh Walī Allāh, Saravan, Kitābfurūshī-yi Nūr, n.d.
  • Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. 'Umar, al-Maghāzī, Research: Marsden Jones, Beirut, Dār al-A'lamī, 3rd ed., 1409/1989.
  • Hāshimī Rafsanjānī, Akbar, Farhang-i Qur'ān, Qom, Būstān-i Kitāb-i Qom, 2nd ed., 2004.
  1. ↑ Ziriklī, al-A'lām, 1980, vol. 8, p. 33.
  2. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa al-Nihāya, 1398 AH, vol. 3, p. 88.
  3. ↑ Ibn al-Athīr, al-Kāmil fī al-Tārīkh, 1385 AH, vol. 2, p. 73; Ziriklī, al-A'lām, 1980, vol. 8, p. 33.
  4. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, Tafsīr al-Qur'ān al-'Aẓīm, 1419 AH, vol. 4, p. 41.
  5. ↑ Ḥimyarī, al-Sīra al-Nabawiyya, 1383 AH, vol. 2, p. 527; Ibn al-Jawzī, al-Muntaẓam, 1412 AH, vol. 3, p. 121; Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī, n.d., vol. 2, p. 459.
  6. ↑ Wāqidī, al-Maghāzī, 1409 AH, vol. 1, p. 149; Balādhurī, Jumal min Ansāb al-Ashrāf, 1397 AH, vol. 1, p. 141; Ibn Sa'd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kubrā, 1410 AH, vol. 2, p. 13; Ziriklī, al-A'lām, 1980, vol. 8, p. 33.
  7. ↑ Ibn al-Athīr, Usd al-Ghāba, 1415 AH, vol. 5, p. 301; Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī, n.d., vol. 2, p. 459.
  8. ↑ Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī, n.d., vol. 2, p. 370; Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa al-Nihāya, 1398 AH, vol. 3, p. 176.
  9. ↑ Balādhurī, Jumal min Ansāb al-Ashrāf, 1397 AH, vol. 1, p. 141.
  10. ↑ Maqrīzī, Imtā' al-Asmā', 1420 AH, vol. 1, p. 43; Suhaylī, al-Rawḍ al-Unuf, 1412 AH, vol. 3, p. 282.
  11. ↑ Khargūshī, Sharaf al-Nabī, 1361 Sh, pp. 174-175.
  12. ↑ Ṭabrisī, Majma' al-Bayān, 1408 AH, vol. 7, p. 113; Fakhr Rāzī, al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr, 1420 AH, vol. 23, p. 202; Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i Nemūneh, 1380 Sh, vol. 14, p. 12; Balādhurī, Jumal min Ansāb al-Ashrāf, 1397 AH, vol. 1, p. 139; Wā'iẓ Kāshifī, Tafsīr-i Ḥusaynī, n.d., p. 1119; Kāshānī, Manhaj al-Ṣādiqīn, 1336 Sh, vol. 8, p. 292.
  13. ↑ Al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī, al-Tibyān fī Tafsīr al-Qurʾān, n.d., vol. 7, p. 472.
  14. ↑ Ṭabrisī, Majma' al-Bayān, 1408 AH, vol. 4, p. 428; Al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī, al-Tibyān, n.d., vol. 7, p. 472.
  15. ↑ Ṭabrisī, Majma' al-Bayān, 1415 AH, vol. 4, p. 460; Wāqidī, al-Maghāzī, 1409 AH, vol. 1, p. 133; Ālūsī, Rūḥ al-Ma'ānī, 1415 AH, vol. 12, p. 166; Hāshimī Rafsanjānī, Farhang-i Qurʾān, 1383 Sh, vol. 30, p. 502.
  16. ↑ Ḥimyarī, al-Sīra al-Nabawiyya, 1383 AH, vol. 2, p. 300.
  17. ↑ Maqrīzī, Imtā' al-Asmā', 1420 AH, vol. 1, p. 100; Balādhurī, Jumal min Ansāb al-Ashrāf, 1397 AH, vol. 1, p. 293; Wāqidī, al-Maghāzī, 1409 AH, vol. 1, p. 58.
  18. ↑ Balādhurī, Jumal min Ansāb al-Ashrāf, 1397 AH, vol. 1, p. 292; Maqrīzī, Imtā' al-Asmā', 1420 AH, vol. 1, p. 88.
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