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Istikhlaf in Prayer

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Istikhlāf in Prayer (Arabic:الإستخلاف فی الصلاة) refers to the substitution of another person in place of the Imam of Congregational Prayer who is unable to continue the prayer after it has started. According to Islamic jurisprudence, it is recommended to select a qualified individual to continue and complete the Congregational Prayer.

Concept and Status

Istikhlaf in prayer means the substitution of a person in place of the Imam of Congregational Prayer. This implies that if an excuse arises for the Imam of the congregation or the Imam of Friday Prayer in the middle of the prayer, rendering him unable to continue, he can select a qualified person as his successor to finish the prayer with the followers (ma'mumin).[1]

Death, unconsciousness, illness, invalidation of wudu,[2] nosebleed, stomachache, and remembering that one does not have wudu[3] are counted among these excuses. The basis for this fatwa is the narrations of the Fourteen Infallibles.[4][5]

It is claimed that the Imam of the congregation can invalidate his prayer even voluntarily and appoint a successor to continue the congregational prayer.[6] In the terminology of some jurists, the term "istinaba" is used instead of istikhlaf.[7]

Rulings

  • A claim of consensus has been made regarding the permissibility of istikhlaf in prayer (whether due to an excuse or voluntarily).[8]
  • It is stated that the selection of a successor for the Imam of Congregational Prayer is possible by both the Imam himself and the followers.[9] However, the successor must possess the qualifications for leading the prayer; meaning he must be just, baligh (of age), and jurisprudentially qualified to be followed.[10]
  • According to the Imamiyya, choosing a successor in Congregational Prayer is recommended,[11] because the principle of congregational prayer itself is not obligatory.[12] However, some Imami jurists believe that in Friday Prayer, if the Imam dies in the middle of the prayer, the followers must select a successor for the Friday Prayer leader.[13]

Notes

  1. ↑ Ṭūsī, al-Mabsūṭ fī fiqh al-Imāmīyya, vol. 1, p. 145.
  2. ↑ Ḥillī, Tadhkirat al-fuqahā’, vol. 4, p. 320.
  3. ↑ Najafī, Jawāhir al-kalām fī sharḥ sharā’i‘ al-Islām, vol. 13, p. 369.
  4. ↑ ʿĀmilī, Wasā’il al-Shī‘a, vol. 8, p. 426.
  5. ↑ Sabziwārī, Kifāyat al-aḥkām, vol. 1, p. 147.
  6. ↑ Muḥaqqiq al-Ḥillī, Sharā’i‘ al-Islām fī masā’il al-ḥalāl wa l-ḥarām, vol. 1, p. 115; Shahīd al-Thānī, Masālik al-ifhām, vol. 1, p. 317.
  7. ↑ Shahīd al-Awwal, al-Durūs al-shar‘īyya, vol. 1, p. 224; Sabziwārī, Kifāyat al-aḥkām, vol. 1, p. 147.
  8. ↑ ʿĀmilī, Madārik al-aḥkām, vol. 4, p. 363.
  9. ↑ Ḥillī, Tadhkirat al-fuqahā’, vol. 4, p. 320.
  10. ↑ Karakī, Jāmi‘ al-maqāṣid, vol. 2, p. 381.
  11. ↑ Ḥillī, Tadhkirat al-fuqahā’, vol. 4, p. 320.
  12. ↑ Khū’ī, Mawsū‘at al-Imām al-Khū’ī, vol. 17, p. 331.
  13. ↑ Collective of Researchers, Mawsū‘at al-fiqh al-Islāmī, vol. 11, p. 304.

References

  • ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. Madārik al-aḥkām fī sharḥ sharā’i‘ al-Islām. Beirut: Mu’assisa Āl al-Bayt, 1411 AH.
  • ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. Wasā’il al-Shī‘a. Qom: Mu’assisa Āl al-Bayt, 1409 AH.
  • Collective of Researchers. Mawsū‘at al-fiqh al-Islāmī. Qom: Muʾassisa Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif Fiqh Islāmī bar Madhhab Ahl al-Bayt, 1423 AH.
  • Ḥillī, al-Ḥasan b. Yūsuf al-. Tadhkirat al-fuqahā’. Qom: Mu’assisa Āl al-Bayt, 1414 AH.
  • Karakī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. Jāmi‘ al-maqāṣid fī sharḥ al-qawā‘id. Qom: Mu’assisa Āl al-Bayt, 1414 AH.
  • Khū’ī, Sayyid Abū l-Qāsim al-. Mawsū‘at al-Imām al-Khū’ī. Qom: Mu’assisa Iḥyā’ Āthār al-Imām al-Khū’ī, 1418 AH.
  • Muḥaqqiq al-Ḥillī, Ja‘far b. al-Ḥasan al-. Sharā’i‘ al-Islām fī masā’il al-ḥalāl wa l-ḥarām. Qom: Mu’assisa Ismā‘īlīyān, 1408 AH.
  • Najafī, Muḥammad Ḥasan al-. Jawāhir al-kalām fī sharḥ sharā’i‘ al-Islām. Beirut: Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-‘Arabī, 1404 AH.
  • Sabziwārī, Muḥammad Bāqir b. Muḥammad Mu’min al-. Kifāyat al-aḥkām. Qom: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 1423 AH.
  • Shahīd al-Awwal, Muḥammad b. Makkī al-. Al-Durūs al-shar‘īyya fī fiqh al-Imāmīyya. Qom: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 1417 AH.
  • Shahīd al-Thānī, Zayn al-Dīn b. ʿAlī al-. Masālik al-afhām ilā tanqīḥ sharā’i‘ al-Islām. Qom: Mu’assisa al-Ma‘ārif al-Islāmīyya, 1413 AH.
  • Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. Al-Mabsūṭ fī fiqh al-Imāmīyya. Tehran: Al-Maktaba al-Murtaḍawīyya, 1387 AH.
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