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Muslims visit the shrine of the Prophet (s)

Pilgrim or Zāʾir (Arabic:الزائر) refers to a person who visits the graves of Prophets, Imams, Imamzadas, and believers with the intention of proximity to God.[1] The term "za'ir" is sometimes used as an equivalent for religious tourist.[2]

Pilgrims in the Holy Shrine of Imam al-Rida (a)

Ziyarah is common among all Muslim denominations.[3] Sunnis, citing the sunna of the Prophet (s), the sira of the Companions and Tabi'un, and the consensus of Muslims, consider ziyarah a legitimate and recommended act.[4] However, ziyarah holds a more prominent position in Shi'a rituals and identity,[5] and every year, a large number of Shi'as from various countries travel to visit the tombs of the Imams (a) and Imamzadas.[6] In contrast, Wahhabism, following Ibn Taymiyya,[7] considers visiting the graves of religious figures as bid'a and shirk if performed with the intention of intercession or requesting needs.[8]

In hadiths, a pilgrim to certain shrines, especially that of Imam al-Husayn (a),[9] and Imam al-Rida (a),[10] and also one who visits a believer,[11] is considered a pilgrim of God. According to narrations, walking ziyarah has greater reward;[12] therefore, today many pilgrims participate in rituals such as the Procession of Arba'in, and walking pilgrimages to the shrines of Imam al-Kazim (a) and Imam al-Rida (a).[13] To provide services to pilgrims, especially in pilgrimage cities or routes leading to them, special buildings have been built.[14]

In the 21st century, millions of Muslims annually visit the grave of the Prophet (s)[15] and Imams of al-Baqi'[16] during the Hajj season, in addition to performing Hajj rituals. The number of pilgrims to the shrines of Shi'a Imams in Iraq[17] and Iran[18] also reaches millions, especially during the Procession of Arba'in, attended by over 20 million people annually.[19] Also, the graves of Imamzadas in various countries are destinations for pilgrims.[20]

In religious texts, etiquette for the pilgrim has been mentioned, which includes acts such as Ghusl of Ziyarah, wearing clean clothes, avoiding vain speech, using perfume, prayer of ziyarah, recitation of the Qur'an, and avoiding raising one's voice in the shrines.[21] Also, books known as "Pilgrim's Guide" have been compiled to guide pilgrims. These books provide instructions on the behavior and duties of the pilgrim as well as ziyara-texts.

Notes

  1. ↑ Kiyānī Farīd, «Ziyārat», 1395 Sh, p. 847.
  2. ↑ See: Āqājānī & Farāhānī-fard, «Gardishgarī-yi madhhabī wa ʿawāmil-i muʾaththir bar ān», p. 47.
  3. ↑ Aṣgharī-nizhād, «Ahl-i sunnat wa ziyārat», pp. 54-59.
  4. ↑ Subkī, Shifāʾ al-saqām, 1419 AH, pp. 166-168; Mālik b. Anas, Al-Muwaṭṭaʾ, 1406 AH, vol. 1, p. 166; Ṣanʿānī, Al-Muṣannaf, 1403 AH, vol. 3, pp. 570-576.
  5. ↑ «Ziyārat, ʿāmil-i ḥayāt wa huwiyyat-i Shīʿa», Āstān Quds Raḍavī.
  6. ↑ «Bīsh az 4 mīlyūn zāʾir-i khārijī az 100 kishwar-i jahān wārid-i Karbalā shudand», Al-Alam.
  7. ↑ Ibn Taymiyya, Minhāj al-sunna al-nabawiyya, 1406 AH, vol. 2, pp. 438, 444.
  8. ↑ Ibn Taymiyya, Minhāj al-sunna..., 1406 AH, vol. 1, p. 131; Riḍwānī, Silsila mabāḥith-i Wahhābiyyat-shināsī (Ziyārat-i Payāmbar wa awliyāʾ), 1390 Sh, p. 126.
  9. ↑ Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa, 1409 AH, vol. 14, p. 411.
  10. ↑ Kulaynī, Al-Kāfī, 1407 AH, vol. 4, p. 585.
  11. ↑ Nūrī, Mustadrak al-wasāʾil, 1408 AH, vol. 2, p. 76.
  12. ↑ Sanad, Al-Shaʿāʾir al-Ḥusayniyya, 2014, vol. 3, pp. 163-164.
  13. ↑ Shabakat al-Kafeel al-ʿĀlamiyya, «Al-ʿAtaba al-ʿAbbāsiyya al-Muqaddasa tuʿlin ʿadad al-mushārikīn fī iḥyāʾ ziyārat al-Arbaʿīn li-ʿām 1447 AH / 2025 CE balagh (21,103,524) zāʾiran», Al-Mawqiʿ al-Rasmī li-l-ʿAtaba al-ʿAbbāsiyya al-Muqaddasa; «Zāʾirān dar masīr-i rāhpīmāyī bi samt-i ḥaram-i Imām Kāẓim (a)», IQNA; «Tārīkhcha-yi ziyārat-i piyāda-yi ḥaram-i Imām Riḍā (a); az Shāh ʿAbbās tā zāʾirān-i Baḥraynī», Mehr.
  14. ↑ Akwānī, «Uṣūl-i ṭarrāḥī-yi zāʾir-sarā-yi bayn-i rāhī bā rūykard-i Arbaʿīn-i Ḥusaynī», 1399 Sh, pp. 25–27.
  15. ↑ «Ḥuḍūr-i 13 mīlyūn zāʾir dar Masjid al-Nabī ṭayy-i yik sāl», ABNA.
  16. ↑ «Waḥshat-i Wahhābī-hā az garāyish-i Ahl-i Sunnat barāy-i ziyārat-i Imāmān-i Baqīʿ (a)», Sibṭayn.
  17. ↑ «Al-ʿAtaba al-ʿAlawiyya al-Muqaddasa tuʿlin mushārakat naḥw 5 malāyīn zāʾir fī iḥyāʾ dhikrā wafāt al-Rasūl (s)», Wakālat al-Anbāʾ al-ʿIrāqiyya.
  18. ↑ «Rikūrd-shikanī-yi tārīkhī-yi zāʾirān-i ḥaram-i Raḍavī bā tasharruf-i 7 mīlyūn nafar», Tasnim.
  19. ↑ «Majlis-i Karbalā arqām-i nihāyī-yi zāʾirān-i Arbaʿīn rā iʿlām kard», ABNA.
  20. ↑ Nāṣiḥ Sutūda, «Falsafa-yi ziyārat-i Imāmzādegān wa naqsh-i ān dar jāmiʿa-yi dīnī», Pāygāh-i Jāmiʿ-i Imāmzādegān wa Biqāʿ-i Mutabarraka; Sharīfī, «Naqsh-i ziyārat dar gustarish-i farhang wa tamaddun-i Islāmī», p. 28.
  21. ↑ Muḥaddithī, «Ādāb-i ziyārat», in Portal-i ʿUlūm-i Insānī; Qummī, Kulliyyāt Mafātīḥ al-jinān, Intishārāt-i Uswa, pp. 306-313.

References

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