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Draft:Battle of Dhu Qarad

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Template:Infobox Battle The Battle of Dhu Qarad (Arabic: غَزوَة ذي‌قَرَد) or Battle of al-Ghaba (Arabic: غَزوَة الغابَة)[1] is one of the battles (ghazwas) and military campaigns of the Prophet (s) that took place in 6 AH to confront the Ghatafan tribe in the Dhu Qarad region (a watering place near Medina).[2][3] The cause of this battle was the attack by 'Uyayna b. Hisn, the chief of the Ghatafan tribe, along with a group of his tribesmen on the pasture of the Prophet's (s) camels.[4] In this attack, 'Uyayna and his companions plundered 20 camels that Abu Dharr al-Ghifari was looking after. Also, Abu Dharr's son was killed and his wife was taken prisoner.[5]

After receiving the news of 'Uyayna's attack, the Prophet (s) prepared for battle to confront them along with 500 to 700 men.[6][7] Some sources consider Miqdad[8] and others Sa'd b. Zayd al-Ashhali as the commander of the horsemen.[9] Miqdad moved ahead of the army and the Prophet (s) joined them at night.[10] Also, when leaving Medina, the Prophet (s) appointed Ibn Umm Maktum as his deputy[11] and put Sa'd b. 'Ubada in charge of protecting Medina with 300 men.[12]

In this battle, the call "O horsemen of God, mount" (Yā khayl Allāh irkabī) was chanted for the first time, and the Islamic army was called the "Horsemen of God." (fa-nūdī yā khayl Allāh irkabī wa kān awwal mā nūdī bihā)[13] Based on Ibn Sa'd's report, the Messenger of God's (s) milch camels were being pastured in al-Ghaba and were twenty in number, and Abu Dharr was guarding them. 'Uyayna b. Hisn raided them on a Tuesday night with forty horsemen accompanying him; they snatched the camels and killed Abu Dharr's son. Someone came to Medina and cried out for help; for the first time in Medina, the call was made: "O horsemen of God, mount."[14] The slogan of the Muslims in this battle was "Amit, amit" (Kill, kill).[15] After the clash, the Muslims retrieved 10 milch camels[16] and Abu Dharr's wife was freed. The Prophet (s) sacrificed one camel for every hundred men and distributed it among them.[17] It is also narrated that the Prophet (s) ordered the belongings of Mas'ada, whom Abu Qatada had killed, to be given to Abu Qatada.[18]

According to the report of al-Waqidi, a historian of the second and third centuries AH, the Prophet (s) performed the prayer of fear (Salat al-Khawf) in this battle (6 AH),[19] but Sayyid Ja'far Murtada al-'Amili, a Shi'a historical researcher, rejects this narration and believes that the prayer of fear was legislated in 7 AH.[20] In this battle, two Muslims were martyred and three enemies were killed.[21] Famous poets such as Hassan b. Thabit, Ka'b b. Malik, and Shaddad b. 'Arid al-Jushami addressed this battle in their poems.[22]

Historians have reported the time of the battle's occurrence differently; some have recorded it in the months of Rabi' al-Awwal,[23] Rabi' al-Thani,[24] Jumada al-Ula, and Sha'ban.[25] According to al-Mas'udi, this battle took place after the Battle of Banu Lihyan.[26] Al-Waqidi and Ibn Hisham have reported that the Prophet (s) left Medina on Wednesday morning[27] and returned on Monday night after five days.[28]

Notes

  1. ↑ Wāqidī, al-Maghāzī, 1409 AH, vol. 2, p. 537.
  2. ↑ Ḥamawī, Muʿjam al-buldān, 1995 CE, vol. 4, p. 321.
  3. ↑ Wāqidī, al-Maghāzī, 1409 AH, vol. 2, p. 537.
  4. ↑ Ibn Hishām, al-Sīrat al-nabawiyya, Dār al-Maʿrifa, vol. 2, p. 281.
  5. ↑ Wāqidī, al-Maghāzī, 1409 AH, vol. 2, p. 538.
  6. ↑ Wāqidī, al-Maghāzī, 1409 AH, vol. 2, p. 546.
  7. ↑ Wāqidī, al-Maghāzī, 1409 AH, vol. 2, pp. 539-540.
  8. ↑ Wāqidī, al-Maghāzī, 1409 AH, vol. 2, p. 547.
  9. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, 1410 AH, vol. 2, p. 62.
  10. ↑ Wāqidī, al-Maghāzī, 1409 AH, vol. 2, pp. 539-540.
  11. ↑ Ibn Hishām, al-Sīrat al-nabawiyya, Dār al-Maʿrifa, vol. 2, p. 284.
  12. ↑ Wāqidī, al-Maghāzī, 1409 AH, vol. 2, p. 546.
  13. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, Publisher: Dār Ṣādir - Beirut, vol. 2, p. 80.
  14. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, Publisher: Dār Ṣādir - Beirut, vol. 2, p. 80.
  15. ↑ Ṣāliḥī Shāmī, Subul al-hudā wa l-rashād, 1414 AH, vol. 5, p. 101.
  16. ↑ Wāqidī, al-Maghāzī, 1409 AH, vol. 2, p. 542.
  17. ↑ Ibn Hishām, al-Sīrat al-nabawiyya, Dār al-Maʿrifa, vol. 2, p. 285.
  18. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, 1410 AH, vol. 2, p. 62.
  19. ↑ Wāqidī, al-Maghāzī, 1409 AH, vol. 2, p. 546.
  20. ↑ al-ʿĀmilī, al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-Nabī al-aʿẓam, 1426 AH, vol. 14, pp. 260-263.
  21. ↑ Ibn Hishām, al-Sīrat al-nabawiyya, Dār al-Maʿrifa, vol. 2, pp. 283-284.
  22. ↑ Ibn Hishām, al-Sīrat al-nabawiyya, Dār al-Maʿrifa, vol. 2, pp. 285-288.
  23. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, 1410 AH, vol. 2, p. 61.
  24. ↑ Wāqidī, al-Maghāzī, 1409 AH, vol. 2, p. 537.
  25. ↑ Ṣāliḥī Shāmī, Subul al-hudā wa l-rashād, 1414 AH, vol. 5, p. 106.
  26. ↑ Masʿūdī, Murūj al-dhahab, 1409 AH, vol. 2, p. 281.
  27. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, 1410 AH, vol. 2, p. 61.
  28. ↑ Wāqidī, al-Maghāzī, 1409 AH, vol. 2, p. 537.

References

  • Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad b. Saʿd. al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Qādir ʿAṭā. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1st ed., 1410 AH.
  • Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik b. Hishām. al-Sīrat al-nabawiyya. Edited by Muṣṭafā al-Saqqā, Ibrāhīm Abyārī, and ʿAbd al-Ḥafīẓ Shiblī. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, n.d.
  • Ḥamawī, Yāqūt b. ʿAbd Allāh. Muʿjam al-buldān. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 2nd ed., 1995 CE.
  • Ṣāliḥī Shāmī, Muḥammad b. Yūsuf. Subul al-hudā wa l-rashād fī sīrat khayr al-ʿibād. Edited by ʿAbd al-Mawjūd ʿĀdil Aḥmad and ʿAlī Muḥammad Muʿawwaḍ. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1st ed., 1414 AH.
  • al-ʿĀmilī, Jaʿfar Murtaḍā. al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-Nabī al-aʿẓam. Qom: Dār al-Ḥadīth, 1st ed., 1426 AH.
  • Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn. Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿādin al-jawhar. Edited by Asʿad Dāghir. Qom: Dār al-Hijra, 2nd ed., 1409 AH.
  • Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar. al-Maghāzī. Edited by Marsden Jones. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Aʿlamī, 3rd ed., 1409 AH.
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