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Draft:Samura b. Jundab al-Fazari

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Samura b. Jundab al-Fazari
Narrating the La Darar Hadith
Full NameSamura b. Jundab b. Hilal b. Hurayj
Well-known AsSamura b. Jundab
LineageBanu Shamkh b. Fazara
Well-known RelativesUmm Thabit (daughter)
Places of ResidenceMedina, Kufa, Basra
Death58/677-78 or 59/678-79
Notable rolesGovernor of Basra and Kufa
ActivitiesParticipating in Ghazwas


Samura b. Jundab al-Fazārī (Arabic: سمرة بن جندب الفزاري) was a companion of the Prophet (s) best known for a legal dispute involving a date palm he owned situated within the garden of an Ansari. Samura frequently entered the garden without seeking authorization, which prompted the owner to object. Despite the Ansari's requests that he ask for permission before entering, Samura refused. The Ansari eventually lodged a complaint with the Prophet Muhammad (s). The Prophet (s) instructed Samura to seek permission, but Samura rejected this directive. The Prophet (s) then proposed that Samura either sell the tree or gift it in exchange for a tree in Paradise, yet Samura declined both options. Consequently, the Prophet (s) ordered the Ansari to "go and uproot his date palm," declaring that in Islam, causing harm to others is prohibited.[1] This incident serves as a primary textual basis for the Rule of La Darar (No Harm) in both Shi'a and Sunni jurisprudence.[2]

Samura b. Jundab b. Hilal b. Hurayj[3] belonged to the Banu Shamkh branch of the Banu Fazara tribe.[4] Orphaned at a young age, he moved to Medina with his mother. When she entered into a remarriage with a man from Medina, a condition was set that Samura would remain under his stepfather's guardianship until he reached maturity.[5] Samura recounted that he was a youth during the lifetime of the Prophet (s) and memorized traditions directly from him.[6] He also participated in numerous battles led by the Prophet (s).[7]

Samura's daughter, known by the kunya Umm Thabit, was the wife of al-Mukhtar b. Abi Ubayd al-Thaqafi.[8] Historical reports indicate that following the Event of Karbala, she was present in the court of Yazid. She reportedly protested when Yazid desecrated the teeth of Imam al-Husayn (a) with a cane.[9] While Sunni scholars have transmitted many of Samura's traditions,[10] regarding him as a trustworthy and truthful narrator,[11] al-Shaykh al-Tusi records a tradition in Tahdhib al-ahkam in which Imam al-Baqir (a) cursed Samura.[12]

Ziyad b. Abih appointed Samura as the governor of Kufa for six months and subsequently as the governor of Basra for a similar term.[13] Following Ziyad's death, Samura governed Basra for approximately one year before being dismissed by Mu'awiya b. Abi Sufyan.[14] He was noted for his severity toward the Khawarij, ordering the execution of a significant number of their adherents.[15] Certain Sunni sources record an incident regarding Samura's sale of wine during the reign of the Second Caliph. Sahih Muslim[16] and Sunan Ibn Majah[17]—both included in the Six Authentic Books of Sunni Islam—narrate that upon being informed that Samura had sold wine, Umar exclaimed, "May God kill Samura." al-Bukhari records a similar tradition in Sahih al-Bukhari, though he refers to Samura as "so-and-so" rather than explicitly naming him.[18] Some Sunni authors have offered apologetic interpretations to justify Samura's conduct in this matter.[19]

Samura died in 58/677-78,[20] 59/678-79,[21] or after the year 60/679-80.[22] According to some Sunni sources, he suffered from a severe illness in his final days that caused an intense sensation of cold. In an attempt to treat this, he was positioned over a vessel of hot water to provide warmth; however, he fell into the boiling water and died.[23]

Notes

  1. ↑ al-Kulaynī, al-Kāfī, 1407 AH, vol. 5, p. 292; with a slight difference: al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī, Tahdhīb al-aḥkām, 1407 AH, vol. 7, p. 147.
  2. ↑ al-Ṣadr, Qāʿidat lā ḍarar wa lā ḍirār, 1420 AH, p. 228.
  3. ↑ Ibn Athīr, Usd al-ghāba, 1409 AH, vol. 2, p. 302.
  4. ↑ Abū Nuʿaym al-Iṣfahānī, Maʿrifat al-ṣaḥāba, 1419 AH, vol. 2, p. 522.
  5. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, 1412 AH, vol. 2, pp. 654-655.
  6. ↑ Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, al-Iṣāba, 1415 AH, vol. 3, p. 150.
  7. ↑ al-Nawawī, Tahdhīb al-asmāʾ wa-l-lughāt, 1430 AH, p. 170.
  8. ↑ al-Aʿlamī al-Ḥāʾirī, Tarājim aʿlām al-nisāʾ, 1407 AH, vol. 1, p. 243.
  9. ↑ al-Karkī al-Ḥāʾirī, Tasliyat al-majālis, 1418 AH, vol. 2, p. 403.
  10. ↑ Ibn al-Jawzī, Kashf al-mushkil min ḥadīth al-ṣaḥīḥayn, Riyadh, vol. 2, p. 33.
  11. ↑ al-Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, 1417 AH, vol. 5, p. 212.
  12. ↑ al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī, Tahdhīb al-aḥkām, 1407 AH, vol. 7, p. 147.
  13. ↑ Ibn Ḥibbān, Tārīkh al-ṣaḥāba, 1415 AH, p. 123.
  14. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, 1412 AH, vol. 2, p. 653.
  15. ↑ Ibn Athīr, Usd al-ghāba, 1409 AH, vol. 2, p. 302.
  16. ↑ Muslim, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, Beirut, vol. 3, p. 1207.
  17. ↑ Ibn Māja, Sunan Ibn Māja, vol. 4, p. 470.
  18. ↑ al-Bukhārī, Ṣaḥīḥ Bukhārī, 1422 AH, vol. 3, p. 82.
  19. ↑ Saʿīd b. Manṣūr, al-Tafsīr min Sunan Saʿīd b. Manṣūr, 1997, vol. 4, footnote p. 1602.
  20. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, 1412 AH, vol. 2, p. 645.
  21. ↑ al-Nawawī, Tahdhīb al-asmāʾ wa-l-lughāt, 1430 AH, p. 171.
  22. ↑ Ibn Qutayba, al-Maʿārif, 1992, p. 305.
  23. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, 1412 AH, vol. 2, p. 645.

References

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  • al-Aʿlamī al-Ḥāʾirī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn. Tarājim aʿlām al-nisāʾ. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Aʿlamī, 1407 AH.
  • al-Balādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā. Ansāb al-ashrāf. Edited by Suhayl Zakkār and Riyāḍ Ziriklī. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, first edition, 1417 AH.
  • al-Bukhārī, Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl. Ṣaḥīḥ Bukhārī. Edited by Muḥammad Zuhayr b. Nāṣir. Beirut: Dār Ṭawq al-Najāt, first edition, 1422 AH.
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