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Jundab b. Ka'b al-Azdi

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Jundab b. Ka'b al-Azdi
Personal Information
Full NameJundab b. Ka'b b. 'Abd Allah al-Azdi
EpithetJundab al-Khayr, al-Ghamidi, al-Azdi
LineageAzd tribe
Well-Known RelativesJundab b. Zuhayr
DeathAround 50 AH/670
Religious Information
Known forKilling the sorcerer


Not to be confused with Jundab b. 'Abd Allah al-Bajali.

Jundab b. Ka'b b. 'Abd Allah al-Azdi (Arabic: جُندَب بن کَعب بْنِ عَبْدُاللّٰهِ اَزدي) was a companion of the Prophet (s) and Imam 'Ali (a). He was known by several epithets, including Jundab al-Khayr, al-Ghamidi, al-'Abdi, and al-Azdi. Historical reports place him at events following the Day of Ashura and extending beyond Mukhtar's Uprising. However, the prevalence of the name "Jundab" within the Azd tribe—collectively referred to as "Janadibat al-Azd"—renders his precise identification in certain historical accounts difficult.

While sources describe his accompaniment of Imam 'Ali (a) in battle, his transmission of hadith, his involvement in events following the Peace Treaty of Imam al-Hasan (a), and his association with Imam al-Husayn (a), the definitive attribution of some of these reports to Jundab b. Ka'b remains a subject of scholarly debate.

Historians record that Jundab traveled to Medina and embraced Islam following the invitation of the Azd tribe. He narrated a Hadith from Prophet Muhammad (s) concerning the punishment of a sorcerer, during the caliphate of 'Uthman b. 'Affan, he killed a sorcerer in Kufa, earning the moniker "Qatil al-Sahir" (the Slayer of the Sorcerer). Walid b. 'Uqba imprisoned him for this act, though his incarceration was brief. Accounts of his release vary; some suggest he escaped with the aid of the jailer or relatives, while others state he was released via a letter from 'Uthman following the mediation of Imam 'Ali (a). Some reports indicate that upon his release, he relocated to Levant and fought against the Romans until his death.

Introduction

Jundab b. Ka'b b. 'Abd Allah al-Azdi is counted among the companions of the Prophet (s)[1] and Imam 'Ali (a).[2] He is mentioned in sources with epithets such as "Jundab al-Khayr",[3] [4] "al-Ghamidi",[5] "al-'Abdi",[6] and "al-Azdi".[7] Little information exists regarding his birth, but it is recorded that he died around 50/670[8] or ten years after the ascension of Mu'awiya to the Caliphate in the Levant.[9] However, accounts of his life persist beyond this date; his name appears in records of conflicts in Kufa following the Event of Karbala,[10] and he is listed among those who joined Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya in Mecca after Mukhtar's Uprising.[11]

Biographers trace his lineage to the Azd tribe.[12] However, several other individuals named Jundab are recorded within the same tribe,[13] leading to the collective designation "Janadibat al-Azd".[14] This homonymy has confused [15] and makes it challenging, or sometimes impossible, to determine the specific referent in certain historical reports.[16]

Reports narrating Jundab's participation in battles alongside Imam 'Ali (a) exist,[17] though some scholars argue these cannot be definitively ascribed to Jundab b. Ka'b b. 'Abd Allah.[18] For instance, Jundab b. Zuhayr al-Azdi was a prominent figure in Imam 'Ali's army during the Battle of Jamal,[19] serving as the commander of the Azdi infantry[20] or cavalry.[21]

Historical accounts concerning Jundab b. 'Abd Allah al-Azdi also exist, which some researchers contend do not refer to Jundab b. Ka'b.[22] These include reports of his hesitation regarding Imam 'Ali's rectitude at the Battle of Nahrawan;[23] his transmission of the Imam's words;[24] his mobilization of Kufans against the people of Levant following the battle with the Khawarij;[25] his role as an envoy of Imam al-Hasan (a) to Levant during the conflict with Mu'awiya;[26] and his accompaniment of Sulayman b. Surad al-Khuza'i, Musayyib b. Najaba, and Sa'id b. 'Abd Allah al-Hanafi in petitioning Imam al-Husayn (a) to lead an uprising following the Peace of Imam al-Hasan (a).[27]

Companion of the Prophet (s)

According to certain reports, following Prophet Muhammad (s)'s written invitation to the Azd tribe to accept Islam, Jundab, accompanied by several tribesmen, met the Prophet (s) in Medina and embraced the faith.[28] He transmitted a Hadith from the Messenger of God (s) regarding the penalty for a sorcerer.[29] Some sources claim this is the sole Hadith he narrated from the Prophet (s).[30] Additionally, a hadith honoring him is recorded from the Messenger of God, stating that Jundab would distinguish between truth and falsehood.[31] Some orientalists have noted that Imam 'Ali (a) regarded him as a worthy Muslim.[32]

Killing the Sorcerer and Exile to Levant

During the caliphate of 'Uthman b. 'Affan, a sorcerer—identified by some as a Jew from the region of Babel—arrived in Kufa.[33] He performed magical feats for the public, such as killing a man and subsequently resurrecting him. To quell the resulting Sedition (Fitna)[34] and citing the practice of the Prophet Muhammad (s) regarding sorcerers, Jundab killed the man, challenging him to resurrect himself if he were able.[35] This incident earned him the title "Qatil al-Sahir" in numerous sources,[36] and his action was interpreted as the fulfillment of a prophecy by the Prophet (s).[37]

Walid b. 'Uqba, 'Uthman's governor, imprisoned him for the killing,[38] though his confinement was brief.[39] Accounts of his release vary: some suggest the jailer, witnessing Jundab's worship and conduct, facilitated his escape;[40] [41] others claim his nephew[42] or relatives stormed the prison to free him;[43] while a third group maintains he was released via a letter from 'Uthman.[44] Records also indicate that after Jundab spent time as a fugitive, 'Uthman pardoned him following a letter of mediation from Imam 'Ali (a) to Walid.[45]

Some accounts state that following his release from the Kufa prison during the reign of the third caliph, Jundab traveled to the Levant, where he participated in wars against the Romans until the end of his life.[46]

Notes

  1. ↑ Ibn Ḥajar, al-Iṣāba, vol. 1, p. 615; Dhahabī, Tārīkh al-Islām, vol. 5, p. 86.
  2. ↑ Muḥammadī Ray-shahrī, Dānishnāma-yi Amīr al-Muʾminīn (a), vol. 13, p. 135; Aḥmadī Miyānjī, Makātīb al-Rasūl (s), vol. 3, p. 248.
  3. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 5, p. 519; Ibn Ḥajar, al-Iṣāba, vol. 1, p. 615; Dhahabī, Tārīkh al-Islām, vol. 5, p. 86.
  4. ↑ Ibn Ḥazm attributed naming Jundab with this epithet to the Shi'as. (Ibn Ḥazm, Jamharat ansāb al-ʿArab, p. 379.)
  5. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, vol. 1, p. 258; Amīnī, al-Ghadīr, vol. 9, p. 497.
  6. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, vol. 1, p. 258; Abī Firās, Majmūʿat Warrām, vol. 2, p. 283.
  7. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, vol. 1, p. 258.
  8. ↑ Dhahabī, Tārīkh al-Islām, vol. 4, p. 29.
  9. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, vol. 1, p. 260; Ibn al-Athīr, Usd al-ghāba, vol. 1, p. 362.
  10. ↑ Ibn Aʿtham, al-Futūḥ, vol. 5, pp. 125, 126.
  11. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 3, p. 280.
  12. ↑ Ibn al-Athīr, Usd al-ghāba, vol. 1, p. 361; Ibn Ḥajar, al-Iṣāba, vol. 1, p. 615; Ibn Ḥazm, Jamharat ansāb al-ʿArab, p. 379.
  13. ↑ Ibn Sallām, al-Nasab, p. 296; Ṣaḥārī, al-Ansāb, vol. 2, p. 683; Ibn al-Athīr, Usd al-ghāba, vol. 1, p. 359.
  14. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 6, p. 414; Ibn Durayd, al-Ishtiqāq, p. 495.
  15. ↑ Ṣādiqī, "Dushvārī-yi nām-hā dar pazhūhesh-hā-yi tārīkhī", p. 116.
  16. ↑ Bahrāmiyān, "Jundab-i Azdī", vol. 13, p. 576.
  17. ↑ Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī, vol. 4, pp. 520–521, 569, vol. 5, pp. 10–11, 14, 66, 89; Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, vol. 1, p. 258.
  18. ↑ Bahrāmiyān, "Jundab-i Azdī", vol. 13, p. 576.
  19. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 5-2, p. 38; Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 2, p. 245, vol. 6, p. 414; Ibn Shahrāshūb, al-Manāqib, vol. 3, p. 154.
  20. ↑ Dīnawarī, Akhbār al-ṭiwāl, p. 146; Ibn Aʿtham, al-Futūḥ, vol. 2, p. 468.
  21. ↑ Mufīd, al-Jamal wa al-nuṣra, p. 320.
  22. ↑ Bahrāmiyān, "Jundab-i Azdī", vol. 13, p. 576.
  23. ↑ Mufīd, al-Irshād fī maʿrifat ḥujaj Allāh ʿalā al-ʿibād, vol. 1, pp. 317–319; Ibn Shahrāshūb, al-Manāqib, vol. 2, pp. 268-269.
  24. ↑ Ibn Hilāl al-Thaqafī, al-Ghārāt, vol. 1, p. 199, vol. 2, p. 288; Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī, vol. 5, pp. 10, 14, 48, 51, 56, 60, 66.
  25. ↑ Ibn Hilāl al-Thaqafī, al-Ghārāt, vol. 2, p. 338; Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 2, p. 380.
  26. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 3, p. 32; Ibn Aʿtham, al-Futūḥ, vol. 4, p. 285; Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, Maqātil al-ṭālibiyyīn, Beirut, pp. 64, 68
  27. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 3, p. 149.
  28. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 1, p. 214; Ibn al-Athīr, Usd al-ghāba, vol. 3, p. 785; Ibn Ḥajar, al-Iṣāba, vol. 1, pp. 612, 615.
  29. ↑ Dhahabī, Tārīkh al-Islām, vol. 5, p. 86.
  30. ↑ Bahrāmiyān, "Jundab-i Azdī", vol. 13, p. 576.
  31. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 6, p. 176; Maqrīzī, Imtāʿ al-asmāʿ, vol. 12, p. 192; Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, al-Aghānī, vol. 5, p. 98.
  32. ↑ Madelung, Jānishīnī-yi Muḥammad, p. 154.
  33. ↑ Masʿūdī, Murūj al-dhahab, vol. 2, pp. 338 - 339.
  34. ↑ Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, al-Aghānī, vol. 5, p. 97.
  35. ↑ Yaʿqūbī, Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī, Beirut, vol. 2, p. 165; Dhahabī, Tārīkh al-Islām, vol. 3, p. 667, vol. 5, pp. 86–87; Ṣāliḥī Shāmī, Subul al-hudā, vol. 10, p. 108.
  36. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, vol. 1, pp. 258, 557; Ibn al-Athīr, Usd al-ghāba, vol. 1, p. 359; Ibn Ḥajar, al-Iṣāba, vol. 1, p. 613.
  37. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 6, p. 176; Maqrīzī, Imtāʿ al-asmāʿ, vol. 12, p. 192.
  38. ↑ Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī, vol. 4, p. 275.
  39. ↑ Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, al-Aghānī, vol. 5, p. 97.
  40. ↑ Yaʿqūbī, Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī, Beirut, vol. 2, p. 165; Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, al-Aghānī, vol. 5, p. 98; Abū Hilāl ʿAskarī, al-Awāʾil, p. 295.
  41. ↑ It is said that Jundab's jailer was a Christian who became so fascinated by his prisoner's behavior that he converted to Islam. (Jawharī Baṣrī, al-Saqīfa wa Fadak, p. 127; Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, Sharḥ Nahj al-balāgha, vol. 17, p. 242.)
  42. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, vol. 1, p. 260; Ibn al-Athīr, Usd al-ghāba, vol. 1, p. 362.
  43. ↑ Dhahabī, Tārīkh al-Islām, vol. 4, p. 29.
  44. ↑ Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī, vol. 4, p. 275; Abī Firās, Majmūʿat Warrām, vol. 2, p. 283.
  45. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 5, p. 519.
  46. ↑ Dhahabī, Tārīkh al-Islām, vol. 4, p. 29.

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