Draft:Ibn Umm Maktum
| Personal Information | |
|---|---|
| Full Name | 'Abd Allah or 'Amr b. Qays b. Za'ida |
| Well Known As | Ibn Umm Maktum |
| Lineage | Banu 'Amir b. Lu'ayy |
| Well-Known Relatives | Khadija (a) |
| Muhajir/Ansar | Muhajirun |
| Place(s) of Residence | Mecca • Medina |
| Burial Place | Bab al-Saghir Cemetery (attributed) |
| Religious Information | |
| Conversion to Islam | Early Mecca |
| Presence at ghazwas | Uhud, Khandaq, Banu Nadir, Banu Qurayza, al-Qadisiyya |
| Migration to | Medina |
| Known for | Muezzin of the Prophet (s) |
'Abd Allah or 'Amr b. Qays b. Za'ida[1], from the Banu 'Amir b. Lu'ayy tribe,[2] was a distinguished Companion of Prophet Muhammad (s).[3] Historical accounts suggest that he and Bilal shared the duty of the call to prayer. Whichever of them arrived at the mosque first would recite the Adhan, leaving the Iqama for the other.[4]
Historians record that his pre-Islamic name was Husayn, which the Prophet (s) changed to Abd Allah.[5] His lineage was notable with his father being the maternal uncle of Khadija (a), the Prophet's (s) wife, and his mother being Atika bt. Abd Allah b. Ankatha of the Makhzum clan.[6] While precise details regarding his birth date and the onset of his blindness are unavailable, it is widely believed that he lost his sight during childhood.[7]
Historical reports indicate that Ibn Umm Maktum was present in Mecca during the early stages of the Bi'tha (Prophetic mission) and showed an early interest in Islam. On one occasion, while the Prophet (s) was engaged in conversation with Quraysh leaders, such as al-Walid b. al-Mughira, in hopes of winning them over to Islam, Ibn Umm Maktum approached and requested the Prophet (s) to recite verses from the Qur'an.
Exegetes and historians assert that Qur'an 80:1 and Qur'an 80:2 were revealed in reference to this incident.[8] Additionally, it is reported that following the Battle of Tabuk, Qur'an 4:95 was revealed to reprimand those who had abstained from battle. Despite his disability, Ibn Umm Maktum insisted on participating in subsequent military expeditions, declaring, "Entrust the war banner to me, for I am blind and cannot flee."[9]
Some historians assert that prior the the migration, he and Mus'ab b. Umayr were the first to travel to Medina to propagate Islam.[10] However, other sources suggest he migrated to Medina after the Battle of Badr[11], taking up residence in the Suffa of the Prophet's (s) Mosque.[12]
The Prophet (s) reportedly held Ibn Umm Maktum in high esteem, appointing him as his deputy in Medina during numerous military campaigns, including the battles of Uhud and Khandaq, as well as the operations against the Banu Nadir and Banu Qurayza.[13]
Accounts state that Ibn Umm Maktum participated in the Battle of al-Qadisiyya, bearing a black banner. While some sources claim he eventually returned to Medina where he passed away,[14] other narrations suggest he was martyred during the battle.[15] A grave attributed to him is located in the Bab al-Saghir Cemetery.[16]
Notes
- ↑ Ibn Hishām, Al-Sīra al-nabawiyya, Dār al-Maʿrifa, vol. 1, p. 390; Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, Al-Istīʿāb, 1412 AH, vol. 3, pp. 997-998.
- ↑ Zubayrī, Nasab Quraysh, 1951, p. 343; Ibn Ḥibbān, Mashāhīr ʿulamāʾ al-amṣār, 1959, p. 16.
- ↑ Ibn Saʿd, Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, 1410 AH, vol. 8, p. 364.
- ↑ Yaʿqūbī, Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī, 1415 AH, vol. 2, p. 42.
- ↑ Zubayrī, Nasab Quraysh, 1951, p. 343; Ibn Ḥibbān, Mashāhīr ʿulamāʾ al-amṣār, 1959, p. 16.
- ↑ Ibn Ḥazm, Jamharat ansāb al-ʿArab, 1983, p. 171.
- ↑ Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ, 1985, vol. 1, p. 362.
- ↑ Ibn Hishām, Al-Sīra al-nabawiyya, Dār al-Maʿrifa, vol. 1, pp. 389-390; Sayyid Murtaḍā, Tanzīh al-anbiyāʾ, pp. 118-119; Ṭabrisī, Majmaʿ al-bayān, 1372 Sh, vol. 9, pp. 663-664.
- ↑ Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ, 1985, vol. 1, p. 364.
- ↑ Ibn Saʿd, Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, 1410 AH, vol. 1, p. 234.
- ↑ Ibn Qutayba, Al-Maʿārif, 1960, p. 290.
- ↑ Abū Nuʿaym, Ḥilyat al-awliyāʾ, 1967, vol. 2, p. 4.
- ↑ Khalīfa b. Khayyāṭ, Tārīkh Khalīfa b. Khayyāṭ, 1415 AH, vol. 1, p. 71; Wāqidī, Al-Maghāzī, 1409 AH, various places.
- ↑ Ibn Qutayba, Al-Maʿārif, 1960, p. 290.
- ↑ Dhahabī, Al-ʿIbar, p. 15.
- ↑ Qāʾidān, Aṣghar, Amākin-i siyāḥatī wa ziyāratī-yi Dimashq, Anhar Digital Library.
References
- Abū Nuʿaym, Aḥmad b. ʿAbd Allāh. Ḥilyat al-awliyāʾ wa ṭabaqāt al-aṣfiyāʾ. Beirut, 1967.
- Dhahabī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-. Al-ʿIbar fī khabar man ghabar. Beirut, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, n.d.
- Dhahabī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-. Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ. Ed. Shuʿayb al-Arnaʾūṭ. Beirut, 1985.
- Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, Yūsuf b. ʿAbd Allāh. Al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb. Beirut, Dār al-Jīl, 1412 AH.
- Ibn Ḥazm, ʿAlī b. Aḥmad. Jamharat ansāb al-ʿArab. Beirut, 1983.
- Ibn Ḥibbān, Muḥammad. Mashāhīr ʿulamāʾ al-amṣār. Cairo, 1959.
- Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. Al-Sīra al-nabawiyya. Beirut, Dār al-Maʿrifa, n.d.
- Ibn Qutayba, ʿAbd Allāh b. Muslim. Al-Maʿārif. Beirut, 1960.
- Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā. Beirut, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1410 AH.
- Khalīfa b. Khayyāṭ. Tārīkh Khalīfa b. Khayyāṭ. Ed. Najīb Fawwāz. Beirut, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1415 AH.
- Sayyid Murtaḍā, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. Tanzīh al-anbiyāʾ. Qom, Manshūrāt al-Sharīf al-Raḍī, n.d.
- Ṭabrisī, Faḍl b. Ḥasan al-. Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Tehran, Nāṣir Khusraw, 3rd ed., 1372 Sh.
- Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. Al-Maghāzī. Beirut, Aʿlamī, 1409 AH.
- Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Isḥāq al-. Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī. Beirut, Dār Ṣādir, 1415 AH.
- Zubayrī, Muṣʿab b. ʿAbd Allāh. Nasab Quraysh. Ed. E. Lévi-Provençal. Cairo, 1951.