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Draft:La'n of the Sahaba

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La'n of the Sahaba is haram, according to the fatwa of many Shi'a scholars. They believe that the sanctities of Islamic denominations must be respected, especially since these curses have become a pretext for extremist groups to create division and massacre Shi'as. The destruction of the Unity of the Islamic World is another reason for this prohibition. The Ahl al-Sunna wa l-Jama'a also consider cursing and insulting the Sahaba prohibited due to their belief in the justice of all Sahaba, and they sometimes excommunicate (takfir) those who curse.

In contrast, some believe that there are imprecations in the Qur'an for the oppressors, the liars, etc., and if the acts and behavior of some Sahaba fall into the category of oppressors or liars, these curses also include them. They also cite the cursing of some Sahaba by Prophet Muhammad (s).

Conceptology

Main articles: Cursing and Sahaba

The purpose of cursing the Sahaba is imprecation and insulting some Sahaba because of their acts and behavior, and not because of their being Sahaba.[1]

Cursing (la'n) from God means the cutting off of Divine Mercy and otherworldly punishment, and from humans, it is a kind of imprecation and ill-will for another.[2] Ibn al-Athir has considered "cursing" by humans equivalent to insulting (sabb).[3] Some, in the difference between sabb and la'n, have considered sabb to mean expressing ugly words and la'n to mean distancing from Divine mercy.[4]

A Sahabi is an individual who met Prophet Muhammad (s) and when they passed away, they still had faith in him and were Muslim.[5] What is meant by meeting is inclusive of visiting, sitting together, accompanying, and one reaching the other.[6]

Various Foundations Regarding the Sahaba

In the Qur'an, some groups such as the disbelievers,[7] oppressors,[8] liars,[9] and also Iblis[10] have been cursed. Muslims, citing these verses, agree that curses should be sent upon disbelievers and oppressors; but they differ in determining its instances. The Ahl al-Sunna wa l-Jama'a, due to accepting the justice of all companions of the Prophet (s), do not consider cursing them permissible, and even some of them believe it is obligatory for Muslims to love the Sahaba, and hatred and resentment of them is disbelief and hypocrisy.[11] Among the Shi'a, some have also prohibited cursing the Sahaba due to the interest of the general Muslims.[12] But some believe that since a number of Sahaba fall under instances such as oppressors,[13] cursing them is permissible.[14]

Opponents of Cursing the Sahaba

Cursing and bad-mouthing the Sahaba has opponents. Most Sunni scholars and a group of Shi'a scholars are opposed to cursing the Sahaba, and each of these two categories has reasons for their statement.

Opposition of Some Shi'as to Cursing the Sahaba

A number of Shi'a writers and scholars believe that insulting and cursing the Sahaba and the Three Caliphs has been a pretext for some Sunni rulers for the massacre of Shi'as throughout history.[15] Ayatollah Jawadi Amuli, one of the marjas, believes that preserving the lives of Muslims is very important, and among the solutions to prevent the killing of Muslims is abandoning the insult and cursing of the elders of the Ahl al-Sunna.[16] In the view of Hashemi Rafsanjani, one of the Iranian politicians, insult and cursing is among the factors that led to the formation of extremist groups such as al-Qaeda and ISIS.[17]

Ayatollah Sayyid 'Ali Khamene'i, the leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran, believes that anything that causes the kindling of the fire of discord among Muslims and also insulting the sanctities of any of the Muslim groups is a service to the groups of disbelief and polytheism and a betrayal of Islam and is haram.[12] Some have also argued that the preservation of the system of Islam is dependent on preserving the unity of Muslims and the Islamic society, and preserving this union is not possible without respecting the sanctities of other Muslims. Muslims, considering this very interest, must avoid any kind of insult and offence to individuals respected by other denominations.[18]

Among Shi'a writers and jurisprudence researchers, one can also point to this view that there is no valid reason from the Ahl al-Bayt (a) for cursing the Sahaba.[19] Based on this view, also relying on the discussion of precautionary dissimulation (taqiyya mudārātī), we are not authorized to curse the elders of the Ahl al-Sunna.[19]

Opposition of the Ahl al-Sunna to Cursing the Sahaba

According to the famous view of Ahl al-Sunna scholars, all Sahaba are just.[20] The Ahl al-Sunna have brought narrations in praise of the Sahaba and prohibition against insulting and cursing them, and in them, they have shown more sensitivity toward the first caliph and the second caliph.[21] Ibn Taymiyya, one of the greatest scholars of Salafiyya thought, believes that insulting any of the Sahaba is not permissible, and insulting Abu Bakr, 'Umar, and 'Uthman is a greater sin than insulting 'Ali b. Abi Talib.[22]

The Ruling of the Ahl al-Sunna on the Cursing and Insulting of the Sahaba

Insulting and cursing the Sahaba and the caliphs has been a pretext for some Sunni rulers for the massacre of Shi'as throughout history.[23] Nevertheless, the Ahl al-Sunna differ regarding the ruling of an individual who curses and insults the Sahaba.[24] According to Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, a Sunni traditionist and jurist in the 8th and 9th centuries AH, the famous view of the Ahl al-Sunna is that the insulter of the Sahaba should only be punished (ta'zir).[25] But Ibn Kathir, a great scholar of the Ahl al-Sunna in the 8th century AH, reported that a group of scholars have excommunicated (takfir) such an individual.[26]

Proponents of Cursing Some Sahaba

A group of Shi'as believe that although God has prohibited insulting,[27] He has allowed cursing.[28] These individuals believe that the Sahaba, like other individuals, can be subject to the verses of the Qur'an.[29] God in the Qur'an has cursed whoever annoys the Prophet of Islam (s).[30] Now, if an individual from the Sahaba has annoyed the Prophet of Islam (s), they are subject to this verse and condemned to cursing, and if an individual from the Muslims curses them, they have acted according to the Qur'an.[14] Also, a Sahabi who has committed injustice or has lied is also subject to cursing according to the Qur'an, and this curse is not because of being a Sahabi but because of being an oppressor or being a liar.[1]

Some Shi'a scholars believe it is understood from the narrations that the Ahl al-Bayt (a) have given permission for the disparaging and cursing of some Sahaba.[31]

In addition to this, the permissibility of this cursing has been documented by the cursing of some Sahaba by the Prophet of Islam (s).[32] The Prophet (s) cursed Abu Sufyan and Mu'awiya.[33] Some researchers have considered the instances of the Prophet's (s) cursing of Mu'awiya to be numerous.[34] He also cursed a group of Sahaba who had separated from the Army of Usama.[35] Also, based on historical reports, some Sahaba were cursed and insulted by other Sahaba.[36]

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Subḥānī, Rasā'il wa maqālāt, 1425 AH, vol. 6, p. 136.
  2. ↑ Ṭurayḥī, Majma' al-baḥrayn, 1375 Sh, vol. 6, p. 309.
  3. ↑ Ibn al-Athīr, Al-Nihāya, 1367 Sh, vol. 4, p. 255.
  4. ↑ Fakhla'ī, Majmū'a-yi guftumān-hā-yi madhāhib-i Islāmī, 1383 Sh, p. 299.
  5. ↑ Ibn Ḥajar al-'Asqalānī, Al-Iṣāba, 1415 AH, vol. 1, p. 158.
  6. ↑ al-Shahīd al-Thānī, Al-Ri'āya fī 'ilm al-dirāya, 1408 AH, p. 339.
  7. ↑ Qur'an 33:64.
  8. ↑ Qur'an 11:18.
  9. ↑ Qur'an 24:7.
  10. ↑ Qur'an 15:35 and 78.
  11. ↑ "Opinions of Scholars on the Ruling of One Who Insults the Sahaba", IslamWeb.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Islam is against arrogance, not other religions", Information Base of Ayatollah Khamene'i.
  13. ↑ Āhangarān, Dargāhī, "The ruling of cursing those characterized by fafsq and kufr in Islamic jurisprudence", p. 28.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Subḥānī, Rasā'il wa maqālāt, 1425 AH, vol. 6, p. 137.
  15. ↑ Husayni Qazwini, "Is it permissible to curse the Caliphs and companions?", School of Jurisprudence Library.
  16. ↑ "Opinion of Ayatollah Jawadi Amuli on insulting and cursing", Aparat site.
  17. ↑ "Hashemi Rafsanjani: From the cursing of the Sahaba we reached ISIS", Aparat site.
  18. ↑ Āhangarān, Dargāhī, "The ruling of cursing those characterized by fafsq and kufr in Islamic jurisprudence", p. 24.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Kadivar, "Non-permissibility of cursing the Rightly Guided Caliphs, Mothers of the Believers, and Sahaba", Kadivar site.
  20. ↑ Ibn al-Athīr, Asad al-ghāba, 1409 AH, vol. 1, p. 10.
  21. ↑ For example, see: Lālakā'ī, Sharḥ uṣūl i'tiqād Ahl al-Sunna wa l-Jama'a, 2003, vol. 7, pp. 1336 and 1344.
  22. ↑ Ibn Taymiyya, Mukhtaṣar minhāj al-sunna, 2005, vol. 1, p. 210.
  23. ↑ Husayni Qazwini, "Is it permissible to curse the caliphs and companions?", School of Jurisprudence Library.
  24. ↑ Ibn Ḥajar al-'Asqalānī, Fatḥ al-bārī, 1379 AH, vol. 7, p. 36.
  25. ↑ Ibn Ḥajar al-'Asqalānī, Fatḥ al-bārī, 1379 AH, vol. 7, p. 36.
  26. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, Tafsīr al-Qur'ān al-'aẓīm, 1419 AH, vol. 2, p. 248.
  27. ↑ Qur'an 6:108.
  28. ↑ Raḍwānī, Shī'a-shināsī wa pāsukh bih shubuhāt, 1385 Sh, vol. 2, p. 597.
  29. ↑ "Does the Shi'a insult and curse the caliphs and 'A'isha?!", Site of the Representation of the Wali al-Faqih in Hajj and Ziyarah Affairs.
  30. ↑ Qur'an 33:57.
  31. ↑ Imam Khomeini, Al-Makāsib al-muḥarrama, 1415 AH, vol. 1, p. 379.
  32. ↑ "The cursing and imprecation of the Prophet (s) upon Mu'awiya", Ekmal site.
  33. ↑ Naṣr b. Muzāḥim, Waq'at Ṣiffīn, 1404 AH, p. 220.
  34. ↑ Shubbar, Ḥaqq al-yaqīn, 1424 AH, vol. 1, p. 247.
  35. ↑ Ḥaskānī, Shawāhid al-tanzīl, 1411 AH, vol. 1, p. 337.
  36. ↑ For example, see: Ṭabarī, 1387 AH, vol. 3, p. 223; Maqdisī, Al-Bad' wa l-tārīkh, vol. 5, p. 228.

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