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Draft:Al-Qasitin

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Al-Qāsiṭūn (Arabic: القاسطون) means the oppressors. In terminology, it refers to Mu'awiya b. Abi Sufyan and his followers who, after the start of the Imamate of Imam Ali (a), refused to accept his government and instigated the Battle of Siffin.[1]

Historical Context

According to historical sources, after Muslims pledged allegiance to Imam Ali (a),[2] Mu'awiya b. Abi Sufyan, who had been dismissed from the government of Sham by Imam Ali (a),[3] refused to accept the authority of the Imam (a) and paved the way for the Battle of Siffin under the pretext of avenging 'Uthman.[4]

Historical sources report that when Mu'awiya's army was on the verge of defeat, they raised Qur'ans on spears upon the ruse of Amr b. al-As. They deceived the Imam's army and requested a ceasefire.[5] Imam Ali (a) warned against this deception, but the majority of his army did not accept it and forced him to accept the Arbitration.[6]

Leaders

Mu'awiya and Amr b. al-As are known as the main leaders of the Qasitun.[7] According to Muhammad Muhammadi Rayshahri, Mu'awiya's followers were mainly individuals who were neither considered among the pioneers of Islam nor were approved by the Prophet (s); rather, some of them had even fought against the Prophet (s) or were cursed by him.[8]

In Hadiths

Based on a hadith cited in Bihar al-anwar, the Prophet (s) had predicted that Imam Ali (a) would fight Nakithun (the violators of oath), Qasitun, and Mariqun (the renegades).[9] Facing the army of Sham in the Battle of Siffin, Imam Ali (a) introduced this group as the instance of Qasitun and called himself the executor of the Prophet's (s) order to fight them.[10]

In Nahj al-balagha, the subject of Qasitun has been discussed in thirteen sermons, such as al-Shiqshiqiyya Sermon and al-Qasi'a Sermon,[11] as well as in seventeen letters.[12] The battle of Imam Ali (a) against this group is mentioned in al-Nudba Supplication.[13]

See Also

Notes

  1. ↑ Ibn Manẓūr, Lisān al-ʿArab, vol. 7, p. 378.
  2. ↑ Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, Sharḥ Nahj al-balāgha, vol. 1, p. 230.
  3. ↑ Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 4, p. 440.
  4. ↑ Amīnī, Al-Ghadīr, vol. 10, p. 440.
  5. ↑ Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 5, p. 48.
  6. ↑ Naṣr b. Muzāḥim, Waqʿat Ṣiffīn, p. 489.
  7. ↑ Muḥammadī Rayshahrī, Dānish-nāma-yi Amīr al-Muʾminīn (a), vol. 5, pp. 302-383.
  8. ↑ Muḥammadī Rayshahrī, Dānish-nāma-yi Amīr al-Muʾminīn (a), vol. 5, p. 293.
  9. ↑ Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 30, p. 588.
  10. ↑ Ibn Aʿtham al-Kūfī, Al-Futūḥ, vol. 3, p. 77; Naṣr b. Muzāḥim, Waqʿat Ṣiffīn, p. 338.
  11. ↑ Sharīf al-Raḍī, Nahj al-balāgha, sermon 192, p. 300.
  12. ↑ Khazʿalī, "Nākithīn, Qāsiṭūn wa Māriqīn dar Nahj al-balāgha", p. 398.
  13. ↑ Shahīd al-Awwal, Al-Mazār, p. 43; Majlisī, Zād al-maʿād, p. 305.

References

  • Ākhūndī, Muṣṭafā et al. Iṣṭilāḥāt-i niẓāmī dar fiqh-i Islāmī. Tehran: Sipāh-i Pāsdārān-i Inqilāb-i Islāmī, 1378 Sh.
  • Amīnī, ʿAbd al-Ḥusayn al-. Al-Ghadīr fī l-kitāb wa l-sunna wa l-adab. Qom: Markaz al-Ghadīr, 1416 AH.
  • Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ʿIzz al-Dīn Abū Ḥāmid. Sharḥ Nahj al-balāgha. Edited by Muḥammad Abū l-Faḍl Ibrāhīm. Qom: Kitābkhāna-yi ʿUmūmī-yi Āyatullāh Marʿashī Najafī, 1404 AH.
  • Ibn Aʿtham al-Kūfī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. Al-Futūḥ. Beirut: Dār al-Aḍwāʾ, 1411 AH.
  • Ibn Manẓūr, Muḥammad b. Mukarram. Lisān al-ʿArab. Edited by Jamāl al-Dīn Mīr Dāmādī. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1414 AH.
  • Khazʿalī, Abū l-Qāsim. "Nākithīn, Qāsiṭūn wa Māriqīn dar Nahj al-balāgha". In Majmūʿa maqālāt wa sukhanrānī-hā dar kungira-yi bayn al-milalī-yi hizāra-yi Nahj al-balāgha. n.p.: n.d.
  • Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. Biḥār al-anwār. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1403 AH.
  • Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. Zād al-maʿād. Edited by ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Aʿlamī. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Aʿlamī, 1423 AH.
  • Muḥammadī Rayshahrī, Muḥammad. Dānish-nāma-yi Amīr al-Muʾminīn (a). Qom: Dār al-Ḥadīth, 1386 Sh.
  • Naṣr b. Muzāḥim. Waqʿat Ṣiffīn. Edited by ʿAbd al-Salām Muḥammad Hārūn. Qom: Maktabat Āyatullāh al-Marʿashī al-Najafī, 1404 AH.
  • Ṣāmit Burūjirdī. Dīwān-i ashʿār. n.p.: n.d.
  • Shahīd al-Awwal, Muḥammad b. Makkī al-. Al-Mazār. Edited by Muḥammad Bāqir Muwaḥḥid Abṭaḥī Iṣfahānī. Qom: Madrasat al-Imām al-Mahdī, 1410 AH.
  • Sharīf al-Raḍī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥusayn al-. Nahj al-balāgha. Edited by Ṣubḥī Ṣāliḥ. Qom: Hijrat, 1414 AH.
  • Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-. Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk. Beirut: Dār al-Turāth, 1387 AH.
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