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Muhammad b. Khalid al-Barqi
Personal Information
Full nameMuhammad b. Khalid b. 'Abd al-Rahman al-Barqi
KunyaAbu 'Abd Allah or Abu l-Hasan
Epithetal-Barqi
Birth placeQom
Place of ResidenceQom
Death220 AH/835
Well known relativesAhmad b. Muhammad b. Khalid al-Barqi
Religious AffiliationShi'a
Companion ofImam al-Kazim (a), Imam al-Rida (a), Imam al-Jawad (a)
Hadith Information
Narrated from infallibleImam al-Jawad (a)
Narrated fromIbn Abi Umayr, Safwan b. Yahya, Isma'il b. Mihran
Narrated byIbrahim b. Hashim, Sahl b. Ziyad, Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Isa
ReliabilityThiqa
Hadith topicsFiqh, theology, ethical, Qur'anic exegesis
Number of hadiths1,041 narrations under the name Muhammad b. Khalid in the Four Books
WorksKitab al-Khutab, Kitab al-Ahadith, Kitab Fada'il al-Qur'an


Muḥammad b. Khālid al-Barqī (Arabic: مُحَمَّد بن خالِد البَرقي) was a Shi'a narrator of hadith and a companion of Imam al-Kazim (a), Imam al-Rida (a), and Imam al-Jawad (a). Citing the testimony of al-Shaykh al-Tusi and evidence such as the acceptance of his narrations by most jurists and the frequent transmission of his narrations by al-Shaykh al-Saduq, 'Abd Allah Mamaqani, a Shi'a expert in biographical evaluation, considered his reliability to be certain. He also presented arguments against the criticisms of al-Najashi and Ibn al-Ghada'iri, arguing that they did not establish Muhammad b. Khalid's unreliability.

According to reports, the name Muhammad b. Khalid appears in 1041 chains of transmission in the Four Books alone. He narrated from Imam al-Jawad (a) and from narrators such as Safwan b. Yahya, Isma'il b. Mihran, and Ibn Abi Umayr. Narrators such as Ibrahim b. Hashim, Sahl b. Ziyad, and Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Khalid al-Barqi (his son) transmitted hadiths from him. The al-Barqi Family is known as a family associated with scholarship, fiqh, and hadith.

Muhammad b. Khalid authored numerous books on various subjects, including theology, fiqh, tafsir, and ethics. His exact date of birth is unknown, but his death is reported to have occurred in 220 AH/835.

Introduction

Muhammad b. Khalid b. 'Abd al-Rahman al-Barqi[1] was from Qom.[2] His kunya was Abu 'Abd Allah[3] or Abu l-Hasan.[4] He was an Imami narrator who lived in the 2nd/8th century and the early 3rd/9th century.[5] Al-Najashi, a biographical evaluator, described him as a man of letters familiar with Arabic sciences and historical reports.[6] Al-Najashi also identified his son, Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Khalid al-Barqi, as a trustworthy Shi'a narrator.[7]

According to reports, the family of Muhammad b. Khalid was known for its scholarship in fiqh and Hadith. His brothers, grandson, and nephew were also counted among Shi'a narrators and scholars.[8]

Muhammad b. Khalid al-Barqi was among the narrators who transmitted the hadith heritage of Kufa to Qom.[9] His intellectual development took place in Qom, and no reports of his scholarly travels are available. However, his direct transmission from prominent Kufan shaykhs indicates that he maintained scholarly connections beyond Qom.[10] The manner in which he transmitted narrations and the diversity of his students suggest that he had an intellectual outlook of his own and was not merely a transmitter of hadith. The distribution of his narrations across various chapters, including discussions of major topics concerning the Imamate in Kitab al-Hujja of al-Kafi and Basa'ir al-darajat, has been cited as evidence for this view.[11] His death is reported to have occurred in 220 AH/835.[12]

Status in Hadith

In biographical sources, Muhammad b. Khalid is listed among the companions of Imam al-Kazim (a),[13] Imam al-Rida (a),[14] and Imam al-Jawad (a).[15] According to Muhammad Muhammadi Rayshahri, a jurist and hadith scholar, Muhammad b. Khalid narrated directly only from Imam al-Jawad (a), and no direct narrations from the other Infallibles (a) are reported from him.[16] According to al-Khoei, a biographical evaluator, although Muhammad b. Khalid transmitted numerous narrations, only two narrations from Imam al-Jawad (a) are reported through him.[17] Another account gives the number as three.[18]

In hadith sources, Muhammad b. Khalid appears under various forms of his name, including Muhammad b. Khalid Abu 'Abd Allah al-Barqi, Abi 'Abd Allah al-Barqi, and Abi 'Abd Allah.[19] The name Muhammad b. Khalid alone appears in 1041 chains of transmission in the Four Books.[20] However, different hadith sources give varying counts of his narrations under his other names.[21]

Some biographical evaluators classify Muhammad b. Khalid's narrations from Imam al-Sadiq (a) as mursal narrations, since he could not have narrated directly from Imam al-Sadiq (a).[22]

Reliability

'Abd Allah Mamaqani, a Shi'a hadith scholar, considered Muhammad b. Khalid's reliability to be certain. In support of this assessment, he cited the testimony of al-Shaykh al-Tusi[23] and presented evidence such as the acceptance of Muhammad b. Khalid's narrations by most jurists and the numerous narrations transmitted from him by al-Shaykh al-Saduq and others.[24]

The views of Rijal scholars regarding Muhammad b. Khalid's reliability differ. Some consider him trustworthy[25] and count him among the prominent figures of the Shi'a,[26] while others, such as al-Najashi, consider his narrations weak.[27] According to Ibn al-Ghada'iri, a hadith scholar, Muhammad b. Khalid frequently narrated from weak narrators and relied on mursal narrations.[28] Ibn al-Ghada'iri considered the quality of Muhammad b. Khalid's narrations to be mixed, with some acceptable and others unacceptable.[29]

In Tanqih al-maqal, 'Abd Allah Mamaqani sought to reconcile these two views. He stated that al-Najashi had not declared Muhammad b. Khalid himself unreliable, but had instead described his hadiths as weak.[30] In Mamaqani's view, Ibn al-Ghada'iri's criticism meant that Muhammad b. Khalid's hadiths should not be accepted without examining their chains of transmission and texts. It did not, however, imply that his musnad narrations with reliable chains lacked probative value.[31]

According to reports, although hadith sources attribute numerous narrations to Muhammad b. Khalid,[32] fewer than twenty-four of his mursal narrations are reported in the books al-Kafi, al-Mahasin, Tahdhib al-ahkam, and Basa'ir al-darajat.[33]

Teachers and Students

According to Muhammadi Rayshahri, Muhammad b. Khalid narrated from seventy masters, and more than thirty muhaddiths narrated hadith from him.[34]

1. Some of the dignitaries and narrators from whom Muhammad b. Khalid narrated hadith are:

2. Some of the students and narrators who narrated from Muhammad b. Khalid are:

Works

Hadith sources mention Muhammad b. Khalid's narrations on various topics such as Fiqh, theology, Ethics, and Tafsir.[37] His works on historical, literary, and Quranic subjects are also reported.[38] Some of his books are mentioned in Rijal al-Najashi[39] and most of them in Ibn al-Nadim's al-Fihrist.[40]

Al-Najashi mentioned the following works for him:

  • Kitab al-tanzil wa l-ta'bir
  • Kitab yawm wa layla
  • Kitab al-tafsir
  • Kitab Makka wa l-Madina
  • Kitab hurub al-Aws wa l-Khazraj
  • Kitab al-'ilal
  • Kitab fi 'ilm al-bari
  • Kitab al-khutab[41]

Ibn al-Nadim provides a longer list of Muhammad b. Khalid al-Barqi's works than al-Najashi, part of which is as follows:

  • Kitab al-'awis
  • Kitab al-tabsira
  • Kitab al-mahasin
  • Kitab al-rijal
  • Kitab al-mahbubat
  • Kitab al-makruhat
  • Kitab tabaqat al-rijal
  • Kitab fada'il al-a'mal
  • Kitab al-tahdhir
  • Kitab al-takhwif
  • Kitab al-tarhib
  • Kitab al-hayra wa l-safwa
  • Kitab al-ahadith
  • Kitab ma'ani l-ahadith wa l-tahrif
  • Kitab al-furuq, Kitab al-ihtijaj
  • Kitab al-lata'if
  • Kitab al-masalih
  • Kitab tafsir al-ru'ya
  • Kitab sawm al-ayyam
  • Kitab al-sama'
  • Kitab al-aradayn
  • Kitab al-buldan
  • Kitab dhikr al-Ka'ba
  • Kitab al-haywan wa l-ajnas
  • Kitab ahadith al-jinn wa l-ins
  • Kitab fada'il al-Qur'an
  • Kitab al-azahir
  • Kitab al-awamir wa l-rawajiz
  • Kitab ma khatab Allah bi-hi khalqa-hu[42]

Author of Rijal al-Barqi and Kitab al-Mahasin?

Scholars hold differing views regarding the authorship of Rijal al-Barqi; some attribute the work to Muhammad b. Khalid al-Barqi.[43] and others to Ahmad b. Muhammad (his son).[44] According to Ja'far Subhani, the author of Kulliyyat fi 'ilm al-rijal, this book belongs to Ahmad al-Barqi's son, 'Abd Allah b. Ahmad al-Barqi, or his grandson, Ahmad b. 'Abd Allah.[45]

There are also different views regarding the book al-Mahasin; Ibn al-Nadim in al-Fihrist attributed this work to Muhammad b. Khalid,[46] while al-Shaykh al-Saduq in Man la yahduruh al-faqih[47] and also early biographical evaluators[48] mentioned this book as one of the works of Ahmad b. Khalid al-Barqi.

Notes

  1. ↑ 'Allāma al-Ḥillī, Rijāl al-ʿAllāma al-Ḥillī, p. 139.
  2. ↑ Ṭihrānī, Al-Dharīʿa, vol. 4, p. 263.
  3. ↑ 'Allāma al-Ḥillī, Rijāl al-ʿAllāma al-Ḥillī, p. 139.
  4. ↑ Ibn al-Nadīm, al-Fihrist, p. 404.
  5. ↑ Muḥammadī Ray-Shahrī, Shinākht-nāma-yi ḥadīth, p. 80.
  6. ↑ Najāshī, Rijāl al-Najāshī, p. 335.
  7. ↑ Najāshī, Rijāl al-Najāshī, p. 76.
  8. ↑ Ḥusaynī & Bahrāmī, Bāzkhānī-yi sīra-yi ḥadīthī-yi Muḥammad b. Khālid Barqī, p. 41.
  9. ↑ Amīrkhānī, Maʿrifat-i iḍṭirārī, p. 118, 130.
  10. ↑ Ḥusaynī & Bahrāmī, Bāzkhānī-yi sīra-yi ḥadīthī-yi Muḥammad b. Khālid Barqī, p. 41.
  11. ↑ Ḥusaynī & Bahrāmī, Bāzkhānī-yi sīra-yi ḥadīthī-yi Muḥammad b. Khālid Barqī, p. 43.
  12. ↑ Muḥammadī Ray-Shahrī, Shinākht-nāma-yi ḥadīth, p. 80.
  13. ↑ Ṭūsī, Rijāl al-Ṭūsī, p. 363.
  14. ↑ 'Allāma al-Ḥillī, Rijāl al-ʿAllāma al-Ḥillī, p. 139.
  15. ↑ Ibn al-Nadīm, al-Fihrist, p. 404.
  16. ↑ Muḥammadī Ray-Shahrī, Shinākht-nāma-yi ḥadīth, p. 80.
  17. ↑ Khūʾī, Muʿjam rijāl al-ḥadīth, vol. 17, p. 73.
  18. ↑ Ḥusaynī & Bahrāmī, Bāzkhānī-yi sīra-yi ḥadīthī-yi Muḥammad b. Khālid Barqī, p. 42.
  19. ↑ Khūʾī, Muʿjam rijāl al-ḥadīth, vol. 17, pp. 59, 70, 74.
  20. ↑ Muḥammadī Ray-Shahrī, Shinākht-nāma-yi ḥadīth, p. 81.
  21. ↑ Khūʾī, Muʿjam rijāl al-ḥadīth, vol. 17, pp. 59, 69, 70, 74.
  22. ↑ Khūʾī, Muʿjam rijāl al-ḥadīth, vol. 17, p. 64.
  23. ↑ Ṭūsī, Rijāl al-Ṭūsī, p. 363.
  24. ↑ Māmaqānī, Tanqīḥ al-maqāl, vol. 3, p. 113.
  25. ↑ 'Allāma al-Ḥillī, Rijāl al-ʿAllāma al-Ḥillī, p. 139.
  26. ↑ Ṭihrānī, al-Dharīʿa, vol. 4, p. 263.
  27. ↑ Najāshī, Rijāl al-Najāshī, p. 335.
  28. ↑ Ibn al-Ghaḍāʾirī, al-Rijāl, p. 93.
  29. ↑ Ibn al-Ghaḍāʾirī, al-Rijāl, p. 93.
  30. ↑ Māmaqānī, Tanqīḥ al-maqāl, vol. 3, p. 113.
  31. ↑ Māmaqānī, Tanqīḥ al-maqāl, vol. 3, p. 113.
  32. ↑ Muḥammadī Ray-Shahrī, Shinākht-nāma-yi ḥadīth, p. 81; Khūʾī, Muʿjam rijāl al-ḥadīth, vol. 17, p. 59.
  33. ↑ Ḥusaynī & Bahrāmī, Bāzkhānī-yi sīra-yi ḥadīthī-yi Muḥammad b. Khālid Barqī, p. 48.
  34. ↑ Muḥammadī Ray-Shahrī, Shinākht-nāma-yi ḥadīth, p. 80.
  35. ↑ Khūʾī, Muʿjam rijāl al-ḥadīth, vol. 17, p. 69.
  36. ↑ Khūʾī, Muʿjam rijāl al-ḥadīth, vol. 17, pp. 60, 69.
  37. ↑ Muḥammadī Ray-Shahrī, Shinākht-nāma-yi ḥadīth, p. 80.
  38. ↑ Muḥammadī Ray-Shahrī, Shinākht-nāma-yi ḥadīth, p. 81.
  39. ↑ Najāshī, Rijāl al-Najāshī, p. 335.
  40. ↑ Ibn al-Nadīm, al-Fihrist, p. 404.
  41. ↑ Najāshī, Rijāl al-Najāshī, p. 335.
  42. ↑ Ibn al-Nadīm, al-Fihrist, p. 404.
  43. ↑ Ibn al-Nadīm, al-Fihrist, p. 404.
  44. ↑ Najāshī, Rijāl al-Najāshī, p. 76.
  45. ↑ Subḥānī, Kulliyyāt fī ʿilm al-rijāl, pp. 71-72.
  46. ↑ Ibn al-Nadīm, al-Fihrist, p. 404.
  47. ↑ Ṣadūq, Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh, vol. 1, p. 4.
  48. ↑ Ṭūsī, al-Fihrist, p. 52; Najāshī, Rijāl al-Najāshī, p. 76.

References

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