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Muhammad b. Khalid al-Barqi

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Muḥammad b. Khālid al-Barqī (Arabic: محمد بن خالد البرقي) was a Shi'a narrator of hadith and a companion of Imam al-Kazim (a), Imam al-Rida (a), and Imam al-Jawad (a). Based on the testimony of Al-Shaykh al-Tusi and evidence such as the acceptance of his narrations by most jurists and the numerous narrations of al-Shaykh al-Saduq from him, 'Abd Allah Mamaqani, a Shi'a expert in biographical evaluation, considered his reliability to be certain. He provided reasons to reject the criticisms of al-Najashi and Ibn al-Ghada'iri regarding Muhammad b. Khalid and did not consider them as proof of his unreliability.

According to reports, the name of Muhammad b. Khalid appears in 1041 chains of transmission in the Four Books alone. He narrated from Imam al-Jawad (a) and narrators such as Safwan b. Yahya, Isma'il b. Mihran, and Ibn Abi Umayr. Narrators such as Ibrahim b. Hashim, Sahl b. Ziyad, and Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Khalid al-Barqi (his son) narrated hadith from him. The Al-Barqi Family is known as a house of knowledge, Fiqh and Hadith.

Muhammad b. Khalid authored numerous books in various fields such as theology, Fiqh, Tafsir, and Ethics. The exact date of his birth is unknown, but his death is reported to be in 220 AH/835.

Introduction

Muhammad b. Khalid b. 'Abd al-Rahman al-Barqi[1] was from Qom,[2] his Kunya was Abu 'Abd Allah[3] or Abu l-Hasan,[4] and he was an Imami narrator of the 2nd/8th and early 3rd/9th century.[5] Al-Najashi, a biographical evaluator, introduced him as a man of letters familiar with Arabic sciences and history.[6] Al-Najashi also named his son, Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Khalid al-Barqi, as a trustworthy Shi'a narrator.[7]

According to reports, the family of Muhammad b. Khalid is known as a house of knowledge, Fiqh, and Hadiths, and his brothers, grandson, and nephew are also counted among Shi'a narrators and scholars.[8]

Muhammad b. Khalid al-Barqi is one of the narrators who transferred the hadith heritage of Kufa to Qom.[9] His scientific growth took place in Qom, and there are no reports of his scientific travels; however, his direct narration from important Kufan sheikhs reveals his connections.[10] The manner of his narration and the diversity of his students show that he was a man of thought and did not suffice with merely narrating hadith; the dispersion of his narrations in various chapters and main topics of Imamology in Kitab al-Hujja of Al-Kafi and Basa'ir al-darajat are cited as evidence for this claim.[11] The date of his death is reported as 220 AH/835.[12]

Status in Hadith

In biographical sources, Muhammad b. Khalid is named among the companions of Imam al-Kazim (a),[13] Imam al-Rida (a),[14] and Imam al-Jawad (a).[15] According to Muhammad Muhammadi Rayshahri, a jurist and hadith scholar, Muhammad b. Khalid narrated directly only from Imam al-Jawad (a) and did not report any narration directly from other Infallibles (a).[16] According to al-Khoei, a biographical evaluator, although Muhammad b. Khalid has many narrations, only two narrations are quoted from him from Imam al-Jawad (a).[17] In another account, three narrations are reported.[18]

In hadith sources, Muhammad b. Khalid is mentioned with various phrases such as Muhammad b. Khalid Abu 'Abd Allah al-Barqi, Abi 'Abd Allah al-Barqi, and Abi 'Abd Allah.[19] The name Muhammad b. Khalid alone appears in 1041 chains of transmission in the Four Books,[20] and in different hadith sources, the number of his narrations with his other names is mentioned differently.[21]

Some biographical evaluators consider Muhammad b. Khalid's narration from Imam al-Sadiq (a) to be Mursal Hadith, as it was not possible for Muhammad b. Khalid to narrate directly from Imam al-Sadiq (a).[22]

Reliability

'Abd Allah Mamaqani, a Shi'a hadith scholar, citing the testimony of Al-Shaykh al-Tusi[23] and presenting evidence such as the acceptance of his narrations by most jurists and the numerous narrations of Al-Shaykh al-Saduq and others from Muhammad b. Khalid, considered his reliability to be certain.[24]

The view of Rijal scholars regarding the reliability of Muhammad b. Khalid varies; some consider him trustworthy[25] and among the dignitaries of the Shi'a,[26] while others, such as al-Najashi, consider his narrations weak.[27] According to Ibn al-Ghada'iri, a hadith scholar, Muhammad b. Khalid narrated a lot from weak narrators and relied on Mursal narrations.[28] He believes that Muhammad b. Khalid's narrations are sometimes acceptable and sometimes unacceptable.[29]

In summarizing these two views in his book Tanqih al-maqal, 'Abd Allah Mamaqani stated that al-Najashi did not consider Muhammad b. Khalid himself weak, but rather considered his hadiths weak.[30] In his opinion, Ibn al-Ghada'iri's view also only means that Muhammad b. Khalid's hadiths should not be accepted without examining the chain of transmission and the text, but this does not imply the lack of authority of Muhammad b. Khalid's Musnad hadiths with a valid chain.[31]

According to reports, although the number of Muhammad b. Khalid's narrations is mentioned as numerous in hadith sources,[32] the number of his Mursal narrations in the books al-Kafi, al-Mahasin, Tahdhib al-ahkam, and Basa'ir al-darajat is reported to be less than 24 cases.[33]

Teachers and Students

According to Muhammad Muhammadi Rayshahri, Muhammad b. Khalid narrated from seventy masters, and more than thirty Muhaddiths narrated Hadith from him.[34]

1. Some of the dignitaries and narrators from whom Muhammad b. Khalid narrated Hadith are:

2. Some of the students and narrators who narrated from Muhammad b. Khalid are:

Works

Hadith sources mention Muhammad b. Khalid's narrations on various topics such as Fiqh, theology, Ethics, and Tafsir.[37] His works on historical, literary, and Quranic subjects are also reported.[38] Some of his books are mentioned in Rijal al-Najashi[39] and most of them in Ibn al-Nadim's Al-Fihrist.[40]

Al-Najashi mentioned the following works for him:

  • Kitab al-tanzil wa l-ta'bir
  • Kitab yawm wa layla
  • Kitab al-tafsir
  • Kitab Makka wa l-Madina
  • Kitab hurub al-Aws wa l-Khazraj
  • Kitab al-'ilal
  • Kitab fi 'ilm al-bari
  • Kitab al-khutab[41]

Ibn al-Nadim provides a longer list of Muhammad b. Khalid al-Barqi's works than al-Najashi, part of which is as follows:

  • Kitab al-'awis
  • Kitab al-tabsira
  • Kitab al-mahasin
  • Kitab al-rijal
  • Kitab al-mahbubat
  • Kitab al-makruhat
  • Kitab tabaqat al-rijal
  • Kitab fada'il al-a'mal
  • Kitab al-tahdhir
  • Kitab al-takhwif
  • Kitab al-tarhib
  • Kitab al-hayra wa l-safwa
  • Kitab al-ahadith
  • Kitab ma'ani l-ahadith wa l-tahrif
  • Kitab al-furuq, Kitab al-ihtijaj
  • Kitab al-lata'if
  • Kitab al-masalih
  • Kitab tafsir al-ru'ya
  • Kitab sawm al-ayyam
  • Kitab al-sama'
  • Kitab al-aradayn
  • Kitab al-buldan
  • Kitab dhikr al-Ka'ba
  • Kitab al-haywan wa l-ajnas
  • Kitab ahadith al-jinn wa l-ins
  • Kitab fada'il al-Qur'an
  • Kitab al-azahir
  • Kitab al-awamir wa l-rawajiz
  • Kitab ma khatab Allah bi-hi khalqa-hu[42]

Author of Rijal al-Barqi and Kitab al-Mahasin?

There are different views regarding the author of the book Rijal al-Barqi; some attribute it to Muhammad b. Khalid[43] and others to Ahmad b. Muhammad (his son).[44] According to Ja'far Subhani, the author of Kulliyyat fi 'ilm al-rijal, this book belongs to Ahmad al-Barqi's son, 'Abd Allah b. Ahmad al-Barqi, or his grandson, Ahmad b. 'Abd Allah.[45]

There are also different views regarding the book al-Mahasin; Ibn al-Nadim in al-Fihrist attributed this work to Muhammad b. Khalid,[46] while al-Shaykh al-Saduq in Man la yahduruh al-faqih[47] and also early biographical evaluators[48] mentioned this book as one of the works of Ahmad b. Khalid al-Barqi.

Notes

  1. ↑ 'Allāma al-Ḥillī, Rijāl al-ʿAllāma al-Ḥillī, p. 139.
  2. ↑ Ṭihrānī, Al-Dharīʿa, vol. 4, p. 263.
  3. ↑ 'Allāma al-Ḥillī, Rijāl al-ʿAllāma al-Ḥillī, p. 139.
  4. ↑ Ibn al-Nadīm, Al-Fihrist, p. 404.
  5. ↑ Muḥammadī Ray-Shahrī, Shinākht-nāma-yi ḥadīth, p. 80.
  6. ↑ Najāshī, Rijāl al-Najāshī, p. 335.
  7. ↑ Najāshī, Rijāl al-Najāshī, p. 76.
  8. ↑ Ḥusaynī & Bahrāmī, "Bāzkhānī-yi sīra-yi ḥadīthī-yi Muḥammad b. Khālid Barqī", p. 41.
  9. ↑ Amīrkhānī, Maʿrifat-i iḍṭirārī, p. 118, 130.
  10. ↑ Ḥusaynī & Bahrāmī, "Bāzkhānī-yi sīra-yi ḥadīthī-yi Muḥammad b. Khālid Barqī", p. 41.
  11. ↑ Ḥusaynī & Bahrāmī, "Bāzkhānī-yi sīra-yi ḥadīthī-yi Muḥammad b. Khālid Barqī", p. 43.
  12. ↑ Muḥammadī Ray-Shahrī, Shinākht-nāma-yi ḥadīth, p. 80.
  13. ↑ Ṭūsī, Rijāl al-Ṭūsī, p. 363.
  14. ↑ 'Allāma al-Ḥillī, Rijāl al-ʿAllāma al-Ḥillī, p. 139.
  15. ↑ Ibn al-Nadīm, Al-Fihrist, p. 404.
  16. ↑ Muḥammadī Ray-Shahrī, Shinākht-nāma-yi ḥadīth, p. 80.
  17. ↑ Khūʾī, Muʿjam rijāl al-ḥadīth, vol. 17, p. 73.
  18. ↑ Ḥusaynī & Bahrāmī, "Bāzkhānī-yi sīra-yi ḥadīthī-yi Muḥammad b. Khālid Barqī", p. 42.
  19. ↑ Khūʾī, Muʿjam rijāl al-ḥadīth, vol. 17, pp. 59, 70, 74.
  20. ↑ Muḥammadī Ray-Shahrī, Shinākht-nāma-yi ḥadīth, p. 81.
  21. ↑ Khūʾī, Muʿjam rijāl al-ḥadīth, vol. 17, pp. 59, 69, 70, 74.
  22. ↑ Khūʾī, Muʿjam rijāl al-ḥadīth, vol. 17, p. 64.
  23. ↑ Ṭūsī, Rijāl al-Ṭūsī, p. 363.
  24. ↑ Māmaqānī, Tanqīḥ al-maqāl, vol. 3, p. 113.
  25. ↑ 'Allāma al-Ḥillī, Rijāl al-ʿAllāma al-Ḥillī, p. 139.
  26. ↑ Ṭihrānī, Al-Dharīʿa, vol. 4, p. 263.
  27. ↑ Najāshī, Rijāl al-Najāshī, p. 335.
  28. ↑ Ibn al-Ghaḍāʾirī, Al-Rijāl, p. 93.
  29. ↑ Ibn al-Ghaḍāʾirī, Al-Rijāl, p. 93.
  30. ↑ Māmaqānī, Tanqīḥ al-maqāl, vol. 3, p. 113.
  31. ↑ Māmaqānī, Tanqīḥ al-maqāl, vol. 3, p. 113.
  32. ↑ Muḥammadī Ray-Shahrī, Shinākht-nāma-yi ḥadīth, p. 81; Khūʾī, Muʿjam rijāl al-ḥadīth, vol. 17, p. 59.
  33. ↑ Ḥusaynī & Bahrāmī, "Bāzkhānī-yi sīra-yi ḥadīthī-yi Muḥammad b. Khālid Barqī", p. 48.
  34. ↑ Muḥammadī Ray-Shahrī, Shinākht-nāma-yi ḥadīth, p. 80.
  35. ↑ Khūʾī, Muʿjam rijāl al-ḥadīth, vol. 17, p. 69.
  36. ↑ Khūʾī, Muʿjam rijāl al-ḥadīth, vol. 17, pp. 60, 69.
  37. ↑ Muḥammadī Ray-Shahrī, Shinākht-nāma-yi ḥadīth, p. 80.
  38. ↑ Muḥammadī Ray-Shahrī, Shinākht-nāma-yi ḥadīth, p. 81.
  39. ↑ Najāshī, Rijāl al-Najāshī, p. 335.
  40. ↑ Ibn al-Nadīm, Al-Fihrist, p. 404.
  41. ↑ Najāshī, Rijāl al-Najāshī, p. 335.
  42. ↑ Ibn al-Nadīm, Al-Fihrist, p. 404.
  43. ↑ Ibn al-Nadīm, Al-Fihrist, p. 404.
  44. ↑ Najāshī, Rijāl al-Najāshī, p. 76.
  45. ↑ Subḥānī, Kulliyyāt fī ʿilm al-rijāl, pp. 71-72.
  46. ↑ Ibn al-Nadīm, Al-Fihrist, p. 404.
  47. ↑ Ṣadūq, Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh, vol. 1, p. 4.
  48. ↑ Ṭūsī, Al-Fihrist, p. 52; Najāshī, Rijāl al-Najāshī, p. 76.

References

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