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Historians mentioned different ages for Khadija (a), when she married [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]], from 25 to 46. Most of sources stated that Khadija (a) was 40 years old when she married the Prophet (s).<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 1, p. 98; vol. 9, p. 459; Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 8, p. 174; Ibn Athīr, ''Usd al-ghāba fī maʿrifat al-Ṣaḥāba'', vol. 1, p. 23.</ref> Ibn al-Mas'udi accepted the possibility of other ages (than 40 years old) for Khadija (a) in her marriage with Muhammad (s).<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 2, p. 287.</ref>  
Historians mentioned different ages for Khadija (a), when she married [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]], from 25 to 46. Most of sources stated that Khadija (a) was 40 years old when she married the Prophet (s).<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 1, p. 98; vol. 9, p. 459; Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 8, p. 174; Ibn Athīr, ''Usd al-ghāba fī maʿrifat al-Ṣaḥāba'', vol. 1, p. 23.</ref> Ibn al-Mas'udi accepted the possibility of other ages (than 40 years old) for Khadija (a) in her marriage with Muhammad (s).<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 2, p. 287.</ref>  


Analyzing the exact age of Khadija (a) at the time of her marriage with Prophet Muhammad (s) is difficult. If we consider that their marriage lasted for 25 years, from 15 years before Bi'tha (595-96 CE)<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 2, p. 295.</ref> to 10 years after Bi'tha (619-20 CE), and the age of Khadija (a) when she passed away was 65 or as [[al-Bayhaqi]] said 50; therefore, we can conclude that Khadija (a) was either 40 or 25 when she married Prophet Muhammad (s).
Analyzing the exact age of Khadija (a) at the time of her marriage with Prophet Muhammad (s) is difficult. If we consider that their marriage lasted for 25 years, from 15 years before Bi'tha (595-96 CE)<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 2, p. 295.</ref> to 10 years after Bi'tha ([[619 CE]]), and the age of Khadija (a) when she passed away was 65 or as [[al-Bayhaqi]] said 50; therefore, we can conclude that Khadija (a) was either 40 or 25 when she married Prophet Muhammad (s).


If we consider the age of Khadija (a) 50, when she passed away, then she married Prophet (s) at the age of 25, which is accepted by some of the researchers.<ref>ʿĀmilī, ''al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-Nabī'', vol. 2, p. 114.</ref> Since this statement is not common, its acceptance would seem difficult. However if we consider that [[Al-Qasim Son of the Prophet (s)|al-Qasim]], Khadija (a) and Prophet's son, had passed away after Bi'tha,<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 2, p. 294.</ref> it means Khadija (a) was around 55 when al-Qasim was born, which is unacceptable and improbable.
If we consider the age of Khadija (a) 50, when she passed away, then she married Prophet (s) at the age of 25, which is accepted by some of the researchers.<ref>ʿĀmilī, ''al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-Nabī'', vol. 2, p. 114.</ref> Since this statement is not common, its acceptance would seem difficult. However if we consider that [[Al-Qasim Son of the Prophet (s)|al-Qasim]], Khadija (a) and Prophet's son, had passed away after Bi'tha,<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 2, p. 294.</ref> it means Khadija (a) was around 55 when al-Qasim was born, which is unacceptable and improbable.


In addition, if we consider the situation and status of Khadija (a) among [[Quraysh]], it seems improbable that she would not marry until 40 years old; therefore, she should not be more than 25 or 28 when she married Prophet Muhammad (s).<ref>ʿĀmilī, ''al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-Nabī'', vol. 2, p. 114.</ref>  
In addition, if we consider the situation and status of Khadija (a) among [[Quraysh]], it seems improbable that she would not marry until 40 years old; therefore, she should not be more than 25 or 28 when she married Prophet Muhammad (s).<ref>ʿĀmilī, ''al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-Nabī'', vol. 2, p. 114.</ref>


== Children==
== Children==

Revision as of 17:04, 7 May 2019

Khadija bt. Khuwaylid (a)
Wife of the Prophet (s)
Al-Ma'lat cemetery after it was demolished by Wahhabis in 1343/1925
Al-Ma'lat cemetery after it was demolished by Wahhabis in 1343/1925
Full NameKhadija bt. Khuwaylid (a)
TeknonymUmm Hind
Well-known AsUmm al-Mu'minin
Religious AffiliationIslam
LineageQuraysh
Well-known RelativesThe Prophet (s), Lady Fatima (a)
Place of BirthMecca
Death/MartyrdomRamadan 10, 4 BH/May 1, 619
Burial PlaceAl-Hajun Cemetery, Mecca
EraEarly Islam
Known forWife of the Prophet (s)
ActivitiesSupporting the Prophet (s), Help Muslims financially


Khadīja bt. Khuwaylid (a) (Arabic: خَدیجة بنت خُویلد) (b. ? - d. 4 BH/619), known as Khadīja al-Kubrā (a) and Umm al-Mu'minīn (the Mother of Believers) (Arabic: أمّ المؤمنین), was the first wife of Prophet Muhammad (s) and the mother of Lady Fatima (a). She married Prophet Muhammad (s) 15 years before Bi'tha (595-96 CE) and was the first woman who converted to Islam. Khadija (a) dedicated her wealth for expansion of Islam. Prophet Muhammad (s) did not choose another wife during his marital life with Khadija (a). During her life and after her demise the Prophet (s) always praised Khadija (a).

She passed away ten years after Bi'that (4 BH) in Mecca. She is buried in al-Ma'lat Cemetery in the Mount al-Hajun.

Family and Lineage

Her father was Khuwaylid b. Asad b. Abd al-Uzza b. Qusayy and her mother was Fatima bt. Za'ida.[1] Her birth was three or four decades before Bi'tha in Mecca, where she was raised in Banu Abd al-Dar b. Qusay tribe.[2]

Before Islam

The information on the personality of Khadija (a) prior to Islam is highly limited. According to sources, she was a wealthy merchant who worked in a mudaraba[3], she employed other people to work for her and she gained some parts of its profit.[4]

Khadija (a) had high social status with ancestral nobility. As Ibn Sayyid al-Nas said: "She was an honorable and wise lady and God granted her with his blessing. She was middle class in lineage, but she was a very successful and noble lady."[5] Also, al-Baladhuri said: "Al-Waqidi stated that Khadija (a) had ancestral nobility and she was a successful merchant."[6]

Khadija (a) was the first wife of Prophet Muhammad (s) and the first person who converted to Islam.

Marriage

Before Marrying Prophet Muhammad (s)

The marriage(s) of Khadija (a) was a controversial matter among Shi'a and Sunni scholars. Sunni scholars believe she married two times before Prophet Muhammad (s) and they mentioned the names of her children. Al-Baladhuri in Ansab al-ashraf introduced Hind b. al-Nabash as Khadija's (a) husband before she married Muhammad (s).[7] Also Ibn al-Habib in his book, al-Munammiq, introduced al-Nabash and named Khadija (a) as his wife, before she married to Prophet Muhammad (s).[8] Ibn al-Habib in his book al-Muhabbir, written after al-Munammiq, named 'Atiq b. 'Abid b. 'Abd Allah as her second husband before she married to Prophet Muhammad (s).[9]

On the other hand, after numerous analyses, Shi'a scholars believed Khadija (a) did not marry anyone before Prophet Muhammad (s).

Ibn Shahrashub quoted from al-Sayyid al-Murtada in al-Shafi and al-Shaykh al-Tusi in Talkhis al-shafi that Khadija (a) was a virgin when she married Prophet Muhammad (s).[10] In addition, considering the cultural and intellectual situation in Hijaz and high position and status of Khadija al-Kubra (a) among other people, it would be highly improbable that she marry men from Banu Tamim and Banu Makhzum (the two low tribes).[11]

According to researchers, children attributed to Khadija (a) both were the children of Hala, Khadija's (a) sister. After the husband of Hala had passed away, she took the responsibility of Hala and her children. After Hala passed away, Khadija (a) looked after her children.[12]

Marriage with Prophet Muhammad (s)

As Ibn Kathir quoted from Ibn Ishaq, when Khadija (a) became familiar with honesty, trustworthiness and ethical characteristics of Muhammad (s), she entrusted him her wealth. Then after Muhammad (s) came from a commercial travel from Syria, Maysara (Khadija's (a) slave) reported the characteristics of Muhammad (s) to Khadija (a). Afterwards, she proposed marriage to Prophet Muhammad (s).[13] Also, Ibn Sayyid al-Nas said, "when Khadija (a) was informed about the ethical characteristics and honesty of Muhammad (s), she proposed marriage to him".[14] Ibn al-Athir also mentioned the same thing in Usad al-ghaba.[15]

According to all sources, Khadija (a) was the first wife of Prophet Muhammad (s). Ibn Abd al-Barr considered Khadija (a) as the first wife of Prophet (s) and he said Prophet (s) did not have any other wife during their marital life.[16] He also said Prophet (s) was 25 when he married Khadija (a).[17] As he quoted from al-Zahiri, the Prophet (s) was 21 years old when he married Khadija (a).[18] Ibn Kathir mentioned different ages for Prophet Muhammad (s) at the time of his marriage: 21, 22, 25, 28, 30 and 37.[19]

Age in Marriage to Prophet Muhammad (s)

Historians mentioned different ages for Khadija (a), when she married Prophet Muhammad (s), from 25 to 46. Most of sources stated that Khadija (a) was 40 years old when she married the Prophet (s).[20] Ibn al-Mas'udi accepted the possibility of other ages (than 40 years old) for Khadija (a) in her marriage with Muhammad (s).[21]

Analyzing the exact age of Khadija (a) at the time of her marriage with Prophet Muhammad (s) is difficult. If we consider that their marriage lasted for 25 years, from 15 years before Bi'tha (595-96 CE)[22] to 10 years after Bi'tha (619 CE), and the age of Khadija (a) when she passed away was 65 or as al-Bayhaqi said 50; therefore, we can conclude that Khadija (a) was either 40 or 25 when she married Prophet Muhammad (s).

If we consider the age of Khadija (a) 50, when she passed away, then she married Prophet (s) at the age of 25, which is accepted by some of the researchers.[23] Since this statement is not common, its acceptance would seem difficult. However if we consider that al-Qasim, Khadija (a) and Prophet's son, had passed away after Bi'tha,[24] it means Khadija (a) was around 55 when al-Qasim was born, which is unacceptable and improbable.

In addition, if we consider the situation and status of Khadija (a) among Quraysh, it seems improbable that she would not marry until 40 years old; therefore, she should not be more than 25 or 28 when she married Prophet Muhammad (s).[25]

Children

According to sources, Prophet Muhammad (s) and Khadija (a) had seven or eight children, or as some other sources said, six children. As Ibn Kathir quoted from Ibn Ishaq and Ibn Hisham, they had seven children; all the children of Prophet (s) are from Khadija (a) except for Ibrahim.[26] He has quoted the names of six children.[27] As Ibn al-Athir have quoted from al-Zubayr b. Bakkar, al-Tayyib and al-Tahir, Prophet's children, were named after Prophet Muhammad's Prophethood.[28] Also other sources mentioned all the Prophet's children were from Khadija (a) except for Ibrahim.[29] Ibn al-Athir al-Jazari has quoted from al-Zubayr b. Bakkar the names of eight children for Prophet Muhammad (s) and Khadija al-Kubra (a).[30]

It seems some of the historians have confused the names and titles of children, hence the difference in the count. Therefore, they had six children including two sons, al-Qasim and 'Abd Allah (al-Tayyib and al-Tahir as 'Abd Allah's titles) and four daughters, (Zaynab, Ruqayya, Umm Kulthum, and Lady Fatima (a).[31]

Some historians believe that Lady Fatima (a) was the only daughter of the Prophet Muhammad (s) and the other daughters were his adopted children.[32]

Conversion to Islam

Most of historical sources consider Khadija (a) as the first one who converted to Islam.[33] Even some sources claimed, it is agreed among all the researchers. Ibn Abd al-Barr claimed that Ali b. Abi Talib (a) was the first one after Khadija (a) who converted to Islam.[34] Sources which discussed the timing of sahaba in converting to Islam, have mentioned Khadija al-Kubra (a) and Ali b. Abi Talib (a) as the first two people who converted to Islam. They have mentioned they were the first two people who performed prayer alongside Prophet Muhammad (s).[35]

Role in Islam

Early Islam
Figures
Events
Places
Ghazwas & Sariyyas
Related Concepts

After the financial help from Khadija al-Kubra (a), Prophet Muhammad (s) became financially privileged. As Allah mentioned the gift given to Prophet Muhammad (s): "Allah found you needy and made you prosperous."[36] Also Prophet Muhammad (s) always said: "No money was profitable for me the way the wealth of Khadija (a) was."[37] Prophet Muhammad (s) applied her wealth in paying the debts of debtors, and on orphans, and the poor.

When Meccan boycotted Banu Hashim, the wealth from Khadija al-Kubra (a) helped Banu Hashim. According to a narration: "Abu Talib and Khadija (a) dedicated all their wealth for protecting Islam and helping the boycotted Muslims."[38] Hakim b. Hizam, Khadija's (a) cousin, brought date fruits and wheat with difficulties and in a dangerous situation for Banu Hashim.[39] Such dedications and generosity by Khadija (a) was accepted by God and considered as gifts to Prophet Muhammad (s).[40] Prophet always mentioned her dedication and appreciated her generosity.[41]

Status

The Prophet (s) describing Khadija (a)

Allah did not grant me better than her; she accepted me when people rejected me; she shared her wealth with me when other people deprived me; and Allah has provided children for me from her, while He didn't provided children for me from other than her.

Al-Shaykh al-Mufid, al-Ifsah, p. 217

Khadija (a) was a notable, reliable, and wealthy lady of her time.[42] Jabir b. 'Abd Allah al-Ansari has narrated a hadith from Prophet Muhammad (s) which mentioned the best of women: Khadija (a), Lady Fatima (a), Maryam, and Asiya.[43] In addition, Prophet called her as one of the perfect ladies of world[44] and also one of the best women.[45] According to the sources, she was called al-Tahira (the pure woman), al-Zakiyya (the innocent woman), al-Marziyya (the respected woman), al-Sidiqqa (the truthful woman), the greatest woman of Quraysh.[46] Umm Hind, Umm al-Zahra, and Umm al-Mu'minun were her kunyas.[47]

According to sources Khadija (a) was the best and the most honest companion and consultant of Prophet Muhammad (s).[48] Khadija al-Kubra (a) had a high status in Prophet Muhammad's perspective. Numerous reports have been stated on Khadija's (a) special role in Prophet's life, so that years after her demise, Prophet (s) always remembered her as the special one in his life.

Khadija (a) was truly a knowledgeable and honorable lady. As Ibn al-Jawzi said: Khadija (a) was known for her knowledge, fairness, progress, and her desire for spirituality and perfection. Since her young ages she was an honorable and virtuous woman among Arabs in Hijaz.[49] Her unlimited spiritual wealth was more significant than her impressive wealth. Although different notable and wealthy men of Quraysh asked Khadija (a) for marriage but she rejected them and chose Muhammad (s) to guarantee her salvation in the Hereafter and rewards in Paradise. She was the first person who converted to Islam, who accepted his prophethood and performed prayer with Prophet (s).

Demise

An old picture of al-Hajun Cemetery where Lady Khdaija (a) is buried.

According to most of sources Khadija al-Kubra (a) passed away ten years after Bi'that; i.e. 4 BH/619.[50] They mentioned that she was 65 when she had passed away.[51] Ibn Abd al-Barr mentioned Khadija (a) passed away 64 years and 6 month after her birth.[52] Some other sources, mentioned Khadija (a) passed away after Abu Talib had passed away, in the same year.[53] Ibn Sa'd believed Khadija (a) passed away 35 days after the demise of Abu Talib.[54] Other sources mentioned Khadija (a) passed away in Ramadan (May 619).[55]

According to Islamic narrations, at first Prophet Muhammad (s) enshrouded her with his own cloak and then with another cloak from Paradise. Then he buried her in al-Ma'lat Cemetery, on the slopes of Mount Al-Hajun.[56]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Ibn Athīr, Usd al-ghāba, vol. 6, p. 78.
  2. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 8, p. 11.
  3. ↑ Profit and Loss Sharing and also called PLS or participatory banking
  4. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 2, p. 293; Ibn Sayyid al-Nās, ʿUyūn al-athar, vol. 1, p. 63.
  5. ↑ Ibn Sayyid al-Nās, ʿUyūn al-athar, vol. 1, p. 63.
  6. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 1, p. 98.
  7. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 1, p. 406.
  8. ↑ Ibn al-Ḥabīb, al-Munahhiq, p. 247.
  9. ↑ Ibn Ḥabīb, al-Muḥabbar, p. 452.
  10. ↑ Ibn Shahrāshūb, Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib, vol. 1, p. 159.
  11. ↑ ʿĀmilī, al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-Nabī, vol. 2, p. 123.
  12. ↑ ʿĀmilī, al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-Nabī, vol. 2, p. 125.
  13. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 2, p. 293.
  14. ↑ Ibn Sayyid al-Nās, ʿUyūn al-athar, vol. 1, p. 63.
  15. ↑ Ibn Athīr, Usd al-ghāba, vol. 1, p. 23.
  16. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, vol. 1, p. 25.
  17. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, vol. 1, p. 35.
  18. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, vol. 1, p. 35.
  19. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 2, p. 293.
  20. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 1, p. 98; vol. 9, p. 459; Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 8, p. 174; Ibn Athīr, Usd al-ghāba fī maʿrifat al-Ṣaḥāba, vol. 1, p. 23.
  21. ↑ Masʿūdī, Murūj al-dhahab, vol. 2, p. 287.
  22. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 2, p. 295.
  23. ↑ ʿĀmilī, al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-Nabī, vol. 2, p. 114.
  24. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 2, p. 294.
  25. ↑ ʿĀmilī, al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-Nabī, vol. 2, p. 114.
  26. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 8, p. 174; Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 2, p. 294.
  27. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 8, p. 174; Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 2, p. 294.
  28. ↑ Ibn Athīr, al-Kāmil, vol. 2, p. 307.
  29. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 5, p. 306.
  30. ↑ Ibn Athīr, Usd al-ghāba, vol. 6, p. 81.
  31. ↑ Ziriklī, al-Aʿlām, vol. 2, p. 302.
  32. ↑ ʿĀmilī, al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-Nabī, vol. 2, p. 207-220.
  33. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 3, p.23; vol. 4, p. 817.
  34. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, vol. 4, p. 817.
  35. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, vol. 3, p. 1089. Ibn Athīr, Usd al-ghāba fī maʿrifat al-Ṣaḥāba, vol. 6, p. 78.
  36. ↑ Qurʾān, 93: 8.
  37. ↑ Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 19, p. 63.
  38. ↑ Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 19, p. 16.
  39. ↑ Ibn Hishām, al-Sīrat al-Nabawīyya, vol. 1, p. 353-354.
  40. ↑ Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 35, p. 425; Ibn Shahrāshūb, Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib, vol. 3, p. 120.
  41. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, vol. 4, p. 1817.
  42. ↑ Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī, vol. 2, p. 281.
  43. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 2, p. 129.
  44. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 2, p. 129.
  45. ↑ Dhahabī, Tārīkh al-Islām, vol. 1, p. 239.
  46. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 3, p. 15.
  47. ↑ Abū al-Ḥasan al-Bakrī, al-Anwār al-sāṭiʿa, p. 7.
  48. ↑ Ibn Athīr, Usd al-ghāba, vol. 1, p. 26; Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 2, p. 61.
  49. ↑ Ibn al-Jawzī, Tadhkirat al-khawāṣ, vol. 2, p. 300.
  50. ↑ Masʿūdī, Murūj al-dhahab, vol. 2, p. 282; Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, vol. 4, p. 1817. Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī, vol. 11, p. 493.
  51. ↑ Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī, vol. 11, p. 493.
  52. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-barr, al-Istīʿāb, vol. 4, p. 1817.
  53. ↑ Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī, vol. 11, p. 493. Ibn sayyid al-nās, ʿUyūn al-athar, vol. 1, p. 151.
  54. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 1, p. 96.
  55. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 8, p. 14.
  56. ↑ Abū al-Ḥasan al-Bakrī, al-Anwār al-sāṭiʿa, p. 735.

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  • Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. Biḥār al-anwār al-jāmiʿa li-durar akhbār al-aʾimmat al-aṭhār. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1403 AH.
  • Masūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿādin al-Jawāhir. Qom: Dār al-hijra, 1409 AH.
  • Saylāwī, Abū l-Ḥasan al-Bakrī al-. Al-Anwār al-sāṭiʿa min al-gharrāʾ al-ṭāhira. Qom: Maḥallātī, 1424 AH.
  • Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-. Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī. Edited by Muḥammad Ibrāhim. Second edition. Beirut: Dār al-Turāth, 1967.
  • Ziriklī, Khayr al-dīn al-. Al-Aʿlām Qāmūs trājm l-ashhar al-rijal wa l-nisāʾ min al-ʿArab wa l-mustaʿribīn wa l-mustashriqīn. Second edition. Beirut: Dār al-ʿIlm li-l-Mullayyin, 1989.

Further Reading

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