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Khadija bt. Khuwaylid (a)

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This article is about wife of the Prophet (s), Khadija bt. Khuwaylid (a). For other people named Khadija, see Khadija (disambiguation).


Khadīja bt. Khuwaylid (a) (Arabic: خَدیجة بنت خُویلد) (b. ? - d. 4 BH/619), known as Khadīja al-Kubrā (a) and Umm al-Mu'minīn (the Mother of Believers), was the first wife of Prophet Muhammad (s) and the mother of Lady Fatima (a). She married Prophet Muhammad (s) 15 years before Bi'tha (595 CE) and was the first woman who converted to Islam. Khadija (a) dedicated her wealth to the expansion of Islam. Prophet Muhammad (s) did not choose another wife during his marital life with Khadija (a). The Prophet (s) always praised Khadija (a) during her life and after her demise.

Khadija bt. Khuwaylid (a)
Wife of the Prophet (s)
Al-Ma'lat cemetery, in Mecca, after its destruction by Wahhabis in 1925
Al-Ma'lat cemetery, in Mecca, after its destruction by Wahhabis in 1925
Full NameKhadija bt. Khuwaylid (a)
TeknonymUmm Hind
Well-known AsUmm al-Mu'minin
Religious AffiliationIslam
LineageQuraysh
Well-known RelativesThe Prophet (s), Lady Fatima (a)
Place of BirthMecca
Death/MartyrdomRamadan 10, 4 BH/May 1, 619
Burial PlaceAl-Hajun Cemetery, Mecca
EraEarly Islam
Known forWife of the Prophet (s)
ActivitiesSupporting the Prophet (s), Helping Muslims financially

She passed away in the year ten after Bi'that (4 BH) in Mecca. She is buried in al-Ma'lat Cemetery in Mount al-Hajun.

Family and Lineage

Her father was Khuwaylid b. Asad b. Abd al-Uzza b. Qusayy[1] and her mother was Fatima bt. Za'ida.[2] Her birth is said to be fefteen years before 'Am al-Fil/(555 CE) in Mecca.[3]

Before Islam

The information on the personality of Khadija (a) before Islam is minimal. According to sources, she was a wealthy merchant who worked in a mudaraba[4], she employed other people to work for her, and she gained some parts of its profit.[5]

Khadija (a) had high social status with ancestral nobility. As Ibn Sayyid al-Nas said: "She was an honorable and wise lady, and God granted her with his blessing. She was middle class in lineage, but she was a very successful and noble lady."[6] Also, al-Baladhuri said: "Al-Waqidi stated that Khadija (a) had ancestral nobility, and she was a successful merchant."[7]

Khadija (a) was the first wife of Prophet Muhammad (s) and the first woman who converted to Islam.

Marriage

 
Wives of the Prophet (s)
Name Date of Marriage
Khadija (28 BH/595)
Sawda (before Hijra/before 622)
Aisha (1,2, or 4/622, 623, or 625)
Hafsa (3/624)
Zaynab (bt. Khuzayma) (3/624)
Umm Salama (4/625)
Zaynab (bt. Jahsh) (5/627)
Juwayriyya (5 or 6/626 or 627)
Umm Habiba (6 or 7/627 or 628)
Mariya (7/628)
Safiyya (7/628)
Maymuna (7/628)

Before Marrying Prophet Muhammad (s)

The marriage(s) of Khadija (a) was a controversial matter among Shi'a and Sunni scholars. Sunni scholars believe she married two times before Prophet Muhammad (s), and they mentioned the names of her children. Al-Baladhuri in Ansab al-ashraf introduced Hind b. al-Nabash as Khadija's (a) husband before she married Muhammad (s).[8] Also, Ibn al-Habib, in his book, al-Munammiq, introduced al-Nabash and named Khadija (a) as his wife, before she married Prophet Muhammad (s).[9] Ibn al-Habib in his book al-Muhabbar, written after al-Munammiq, named 'Atiq b. 'Abid b. 'Abd Allah as her second husband before she married to Prophet Muhammad (s).[10]

On the other hand, after numerous analyses, Shi'a scholars believed Khadija (a) did not marry anyone before Prophet Muhammad (s).

Ibn Shahrashub quoted from al-Sayyid al-Murtada in al-Shafi and al-Shaykh al-Tusi in Talkhis al-shafi that Khadija (a) was a virgin when she married Prophet Muhammad (s).[11] Besides, considering the cultural and intellectual situation in Hijaz and the high position and status of Khadija al-Kubra (a) among other people, it would be highly improbable that she marry men from Banu Tamim and Banu Makhzum (the two low tribes).[12]

According to researchers, the children attributed to Khadija (a) both were the children of Hala, Khadija's (a) sister. After the husband of Hala had passed away, she took responsibility for Hala and her children. After Hala passed away, Khadija (a) looked after her children.[13]

Marriage with Prophet Muhammad (s)

As Ibn Kathir quoted from Ibn Ishaq, when Khadija (a) became familiar with the honesty, trustworthiness, and ethical characteristics of Muhammad (s), she entrusted him with her wealth. Then after Muhammad (s) came from a commercial travel from Syria, Maysara (Khadija's (a) slave) reported the characteristics of Muhammad (s) to Khadija (a). Afterward, she proposed marriage to Prophet Muhammad (s).[14] Also, Ibn Sayyid al-Nas said, "When Khadija (a) was informed about the ethical characteristics and honesty of Muhammad (s), she proposed marriage to him".[15] Ibn al-Athir also mentioned the same thing in Usd al-ghaba.[16]

According to all sources, Khadija (a) was the first wife of Prophet Muhammad (s). Ibn Abd al-Barr considered Khadija (a) as the first wife of Prophet (s), and he said Prophet (s) did not have any other wife during their marital life.[17] He also said Prophet (s) was 25 when he married Khadija (a).[18] As he quoted from al-Zahiri, the Prophet (s) was 21 years old when he married Khadija (a).[19] Ibn Kathir mentioned different ages for Prophet Muhammad (s) at the time of his marriage: 21, 22, 25, 28, 30 and 37.[20]

Age in Marriage to Prophet Muhammad (s)

Historians mentioned different ages for Khadija (a), when she married Prophet Muhammad (s), from 25 to 46. Most of the sources stated that Khadija (a) was 40 years old when she married the Prophet (s).[21] However there are reports for the possibility of other ages.[22] Historical sources mentioned her age when she married the Prophet (s) to be 25,[23] 28,[24] 30,[25] 35,[26] 44, 45[27] or even 46[28].

Analyzing the exact age of Khadija (a) at the time of her marriage with Prophet Muhammad (s) is difficult. If we consider that their marriage lasted for 25 years, from 15 years before Bi'tha (595 CE)[29] to 10 years after Bi'tha (619 CE), and the age of Khadija (a) when she passed away was 65 or as al-Bayhaqi said 50; therefore, we can conclude that Khadija (a) was either 40 or 25 when she married Prophet Muhammad (s).

If we consider the age of Khadija (a) 50, when she passed away, then she married Prophet (s) at the age of 25, which is accepted by some of the researchers.[30] Since this statement is not common, its acceptance would seem difficult. However according to the account of 65, if we consider that al-Qasim, Khadija (a) and Prophet's son, had passed away after Bi'tha,[31] it means Khadija (a) was around 55 when al-Qasim was born, which is unacceptable and improbable.

In addition, if we consider the situation and status of Khadija (a) among Quraysh, it seems improbable that she would not marry until 40 years old; therefore, she should not be more than 25 or 28 when she married Prophet Muhammad (s).[32]

Children

See also: Children of Prophet Muhammad (s)

According to sources, Prophet Muhammad (s) and Khadija (a) had seven or eight children, or as some other sources said, six children. As Ibn Kathir quoted from Ibn Ishaq and Ibn Hisham, they had seven children; all the children of Prophet (s) are from Khadija (a) except for Ibrahim.[33] He has quoted the names of six children.[34] As Ibn al-Athir has quoted from al-Zubayr b. Bakkar, al-Tayyib, and al-Tahir, the Prophet's children, were named after Muhammad's (a) Prophethood.[35] Also, other sources mentioned all the Prophet's children were from Khadija (a) except for Ibrahim.[36] Ibn al-Athir al-Jazari has quoted from al-Zubayr b. Bakkar, the names of eight children for Prophet Muhammad (s) and Khadija al-Kubra (a).[37]

It seems some historians have confused the names and titles of children, hence the difference in the count. Therefore, they had six children, including two sons, al-Qasim and Abd Allah (al-Tayyib and al-Tahir as 'Abd Allah's titles) and four daughters, (Zaynab, Ruqayya, Umm Kulthum, and Lady Fatima (a).[38]

Some historians believe that Lady Fatima (a) was the only daughter of the Prophet Muhammad (s) and Khadija (a) and the other daughters were their adopted children.[39]

Conversion to Islam

Most historical sources consider Khadija (a) as the first one who converted to Islam.[40] Even some sources claimed, it is agreed among all the researchers. Ibn Abd al-Barr claimed that Ali b. Abi Talib (a) was the first one after Khadija (a) who converted to Islam.[41] Sources that discussed the timing of sahaba in converting to Islam have mentioned Khadija al-Kubra (a) and Ali b. Abi Talib (a) as the first two people who converted to Islam. They have mentioned they were the first two people who performed prayer alongside Prophet Muhammad (s).[42]

Role in Islam

After the financial help from Khadija al-Kubra (a), Prophet Muhammad (s) became financially privileged. As Allah mentioned the gift given to Prophet Muhammad (s): "Allah found you needy and made you prosperous."[43] Also, Prophet Muhammad (s) always said: "No money was profitable for me the way the wealth of Khadija (a) was."[44] Prophet Muhammad (s) applied her wealth to paying debtors' debts, and orphans, and the poor.

When Meccan boycotted Banu Hashim, the wealth from Khadija al-Kubra (a) helped Banu Hashim. According to a narration: "Abu Talib and Khadija (a) dedicated all their wealth to protecting Islam and helping the boycotted Muslims."[45] Hakim b. Hizam, Khadija's (a) cousin, brought dates, fruits, and wheat with difficulties and in a dangerous situation for Banu Hashim.[46] Such dedication and generosity by Khadija (a) was accepted by God and considered as gifts to Prophet Muhammad (s).[47] Prophet always mentioned her dedication and appreciated her generosity.[48]

Status

The Prophet (s) describing Khadija (a)

Allah did not grant me better than her; she accepted me when people rejected me; she shared her wealth with me when other people deprived me; and Allah has provided children for me from her, while He didn't provide children for me from other than her.

Al-Shaykh al-Mufid, al-Ifsah, p. 217

Khadija (a) was a notable, reliable, and wealthy lady of her time.[49] Jabir b. 'Abd Allah al-Ansari has narrated a hadith from Prophet Muhammad (s) which mentioned the best of women: Khadija (a), Lady Fatima (a), Maryam, and Asiya.[50] In addition, Prophet called her one of the perfect ladies of the world[51] and also one of the best women.[52] According to the sources, she was called al-Tahira (the pure woman), al-Zakiyya (the innocent woman), al-Marziyya (the respected woman), al-Sidiqqa (the truthful woman), the greatest woman of Quraysh.[53] Umm Hind, Umm al-Zahra, and Umm al-Mu'minun were her kunyas.[54]

According to sources, Khadija (a) was the best and the most honest companion and consultant of Prophet Muhammad (s).[55] Khadija al-Kubra (a) had a high status in Prophet Muhammad's perspective. Numerous reports have been stated on Khadija's (a) special role in the Prophet's life, so that years after her demise, the Prophet (s) always remembered her as the special one in his life.

Khadija (a) was indeed a knowledgeable and honorable lady. As Ibn al-Jawzi said: Khadija (a) was known for her knowledge, fairness, progress, and her desire for spirituality and perfection. Since her young age, she was an honorable and virtuous woman among Arabs in Hijaz.[56] Her unlimited spiritual wealth was more significant than her impressive wealth. Although different notable and wealthy men of Quraysh asked Khadija (a) for marriage, she rejected them. She chose Muhammad (s) to guarantee her salvation in the Hereafter and rewards in Paradise. She was the first person who converted to Islam, who accepted his prophethood and performed prayer with Prophet (s).

Demise

 
An old picture of al-Hajun Cemetery, where Lady Khdaija (a) is buried, before its destruction by Wahhabis in the 1920s.

According to most of sources, Khadija al-Kubra (a) passed away in the tenth year after Bi'that; i.e. 4 BH/619.[57] They mentioned that she was 65 when she passed away.[58] Ibn Abd al-Barr mentioned Khadija (a) passed away 64 years and 6 months after her birth.[59] Yet al-Bayhaqi believed that she was 50.[60]

Some sources mentioned Khadija (a) passed away after Abu Talib had passed away, in the same year.[61] Ibn Sa'd believed Khadija (a) passed away 35 days after the demise of Abu Talib.[62] Other sources mentioned Khadija (a) passed away in Ramadan 10 years after Bi'tha (May 619).[63] Due to the demise of the Prophet's uncle, Abu Talib (a), and his wife, Lady Khadija (a), this year was called Am al-Huzn (the year of sorrow and grief).[64]

According to Islamic narrations, Prophet Muhammad (s) first enshrouded her with his cloak and then with another cloak from Paradise. Then he buried her in al-Ma'lat Cemetery, on the slopes of Mount Al-Hajun.[65]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Ibn Athīr, Usd al-ghāba, vol. 6, p. 78.
  2. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, vol. 4, p. 17.
  3. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 8, p. 13.
  4. ↑ Profit and Loss Sharing, also called PLS or participatory banking
  5. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 2, p. 293; Ibn Sayyid al-Nās, ʿUyūn al-athar, vol. 1, p. 63.
  6. ↑ Ibn Sayyid al-Nās, ʿUyūn al-athar, vol. 1, p. 63.
  7. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 1, p. 98.
  8. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 1, p. 406.
  9. ↑ Ibn al-Ḥabīb, al-Munahhiq, p. 247.
  10. ↑ Ibn Ḥabīb, al-Muḥabbar, p. 452.
  11. ↑ Ibn Shahrāshūb, Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib, vol. 1, p. 159.
  12. ↑ ʿĀmilī, al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-Nabī, vol. 2, p. 123.
  13. ↑ ʿĀmilī, al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-Nabī, vol. 2, p. 125.
  14. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 2, p. 293.
  15. ↑ Ibn Sayyid al-Nās, ʿUyūn al-athar, vol. 1, p. 63.
  16. ↑ Ibn Athīr, Usd al-ghāba, vol. 1, p. 23.
  17. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, vol. 1, p. 25.
  18. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, vol. 1, p. 35.
  19. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, vol. 1, p. 35.
  20. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 2, p. 293.
  21. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 1, p. 98; vol. 9, p. 459; Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 8, p. 174; Ibn Athīr, Usd al-ghāba fī maʿrifat al-Ṣaḥāba, vol. 1, p. 23.
  22. ↑ Masʿūdī, Murūj al-dhahab, vol. 2, p. 287.
  23. ↑ Bayhaqī, Dalāʾil al-nubuwwa, 1405 AH, vol. 2, p. 72; Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 2, p. 294; Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 1, p. 98.
  24. ↑ Ḥākim al-Nayshābūrī, Al-Mustadrak ʿala l-ṣaḥīḥayn, 1411 AH, vol. 3, p. 200; *Dūlābī, Al-Dhurrīyya al-ṭāhira al-nabawīyya, 1407 AH, p. 52.
  25. ↑ ʿĀmilī, al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-Nabī, vol. 2, p. 115, from Tahdhīb tārīkh Damishq vol.1, p. 303; Tārīkh al-khamīs, vol. 1, p. 264.
  26. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, 1407 AH, vol. 2, p. 295; Ibn Hishām, Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya, vol. 1, p. 265.
  27. ↑ Ibn Manẓūr, Mūkhtasar tārīkh Damishq 1404 AH, vol. 2, p. 274.
  28. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, 1417 AH, vol. 1, p. 98.
  29. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 2, p. 295.
  30. ↑ Bayhaqī, Dalāʾil al-nubuwwa, 1405 AH, vol. 2, p. 71; ʿĀmilī, al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-Nabī, vol. 2, p. 114.
  31. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 2, p. 294.
  32. ↑ ʿĀmilī, al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-Nabī, vol. 2, p. 114.
  33. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 8, p. 174; Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 2, p. 294.
  34. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 8, p. 174; Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 2, p. 294.
  35. ↑ Ibn Athīr, al-Kāmil, vol. 2, p. 307.
  36. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 5, p. 306.
  37. ↑ Ibn Athīr, Usd al-ghāba, vol. 6, p. 81.
  38. ↑ Ziriklī, al-Aʿlām, vol. 2, p. 302.
  39. ↑ ʿĀmilī, al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-Nabī, vol. 2, p. 207-220.
  40. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 3, p.23; vol. 4, p. 817.
  41. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, vol. 4, p. 817.
  42. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, vol. 3, p. 1089. Ibn Athīr, Usd al-ghāba fī maʿrifat al-Ṣaḥāba, vol. 6, p. 78.
  43. ↑ Qurʾān, 93: 8.
  44. ↑ Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 19, p. 63.
  45. ↑ Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 19, p. 16.
  46. ↑ Ibn Hishām, al-Sīrat al-Nabawīyya, vol. 1, p. 353-354.
  47. ↑ Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 35, p. 425; Ibn Shahrāshūb, Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib, vol. 3, p. 120.
  48. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, vol. 4, p. 1817.
  49. ↑ Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī, vol. 2, p. 281.
  50. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 2, p. 129.
  51. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 2, p. 129.
  52. ↑ Dhahabī, Tārīkh al-Islām, vol. 1, p. 239.
  53. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 3, p. 15.
  54. ↑ Abū al-Ḥasan al-Bakrī, al-Anwār al-sāṭiʿa, p. 7.
  55. ↑ Ibn Athīr, Usd al-ghāba, vol. 1, p. 26; Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 2, p. 61.
  56. ↑ Ibn al-Jawzī, Tadhkirat al-khawāṣ, vol. 2, p. 300.
  57. ↑ Masʿūdī, Murūj al-dhahab, vol. 2, p. 282; Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, vol. 4, p. 1817. Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī, vol. 11, p. 493.
  58. ↑ Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī, vol. 11, p. 493.
  59. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-barr, al-Istīʿāb, vol. 4, p. 1817.
  60. ↑ Bayhaqī, Dalāʾil al-nubuwwa, 1405 AH, vol. 2, p. 72.
  61. ↑ Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī, vol. 11, p. 493. Ibn sayyid al-nās, ʿUyūn al-athar, vol. 1, p. 151.
  62. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 1, p. 96.
  63. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 8, p. 14.
  64. ↑ Maqrizī, Imtāʿ al-asmāʾ, vol. 1, p. 45; Diyār Bakrī, Tārīkh al-khamīs, vol. 1, p. 301.
  65. ↑ Abū al-Ḥasan al-Bakrī, al-Anwār al-sāṭiʿa, p. 735.

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  • Ziriklī, Khayr al-dīn al-. Al-Aʿlām Qāmūs trājm l-ashhar al-rijal wa l-nisāʾ min al-ʿArab wa l-mustaʿribīn wa l-mustashriqīn. Second edition. Beirut: Dār al-ʿIlm li-l-Mullayyin, 1989.

Further Reading

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