Draft:Khuṭbat al-Bayān
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Khuṭbat al-Bayān (Arabic: خُطبَةُ البَیان), also known as Khuṭbat al-Iftikhār, is a sermon attributed to Imam Ali (a) which includes predictions about the future, the introduction of the characteristics of Imam Ali (a) from his own tongue, and the explanation of the signs of the End of Time and the Reappearance of Imam al-Mahdi (a). In this sermon, there are some phrases related to Imam Ali (a) that some scholars have considered indefensible because similar phrases are not found in other sources and it is attributed to the books of the ghulat (exaggerators). Also, this sermon emphasizes the spread of corruption and distancing from religion in the End of Time.
According to researchers, Khutbat al-Bayan does not exist in Nahj al-balagha and other early Shi'a sources, and some of its phrases are found in sources like Basa'ir al-darajat and Al-Kafi. However, some believe that this sermon is a combination of previous phrases. In Ilzam al-nasib, three versions of the sermon have been narrated, for the first two of which no source is mentioned, and the third version is attributed to a Sunni source. Some scholars like Nasir Makarim Shirazi and Jawad Tabrizi consider this sermon to be forged. The main transmitter of this sermon is 'Abd Allah b. Mas'ud, who was not alive at the time the sermon was delivered, and some other transmitters are unknown.
Content of the Sermon
Based on what is stated in Ilzam al-nasib, which is considered the most detailed narration of the sermon, the main content of Khutbat al-Bayan can be categorized into three general sections: Stating the attributes of the Noble Prophet (s), stating the personal characteristics of Imam Ali (a) from his own tongue, and points about the End of Time and the events related to the reappearance of Imam al-Mahdi (a).
In the section on the characteristics of the Commander of the Faithful (a), phrases have been used in the text of the sermon that have caused some Shi'a scholars to consider this sermon indefensible in terms of content. In this section, attributes are attributed to Imam Ali (a) the like of which are not seen in other hadith texts, and according to some hadith scholars like 'Allama al-Majlisi, examples of these expressions are observed in the books of the ghulat.[1]
In the section describing the characteristics of the End of Time, the emphasis of this sermon is on the spread of corruption and people's distancing from religious appearances.
Source and Chain of Transmission of the Sermon
What is known today as Khutbat al-Bayan does not exist in Nahj al-balagha and also other early Shi'a sources. According to the author of the article "Khutbat al-Bayan and the Ecstatic Utterances of Mystics", some of the phrases of this sermon exist in earlier sources like Basa'ir al-darajat, Rijal al-Kashshi, and Al-Kafi, and in Manaqib of Ibn Shahrashub, some of its passages have been cited under the name Khutbat al-Iftikhar, which has a very great resemblance to Khutbat al-Bayan.[2] However, according to Mustafa Sadiqi, none of the exclusive phrases of this sermon are in previous sources, and the creators of this sermon have actually used the phrases of predecessors to complete their work.[3]
The most detailed narration of Khutbat al-Bayan has come in the book Ilzam al-nasib. The author of Ilzam al-nasib has narrated three versions of the sermon and has not introduced any source for the first two versions of it[4] and has attributed the third version to Dār al-Muntaẓam written by Muhammad b. Talha al-Shafi'i, which is among Sunni sources.[5] However, Mustafa Sadiqi, who has written an article about the sources of Khutbat al-Bayan, claims by examining the relevant manuscript that the author of Ilzam al-nasib has made two mistakes. He believes that the correct name of the book is Al-Durr al-munaẓẓam fī l-sirr al-aʿẓam, and he has also concluded that this sermon is inserted in pages of the manuscript that have no connection to Al-Durr al-munaẓẓam, and due to missing pages in the manuscript, the author of this section is unknown.[6]
Hafiz Rajab al-Bursi in the book Mashariq anwar al-yaqin[7] has narrated a sermon named Khutbat al-Iftikhar without referring to other sources, the volume of which is less than Khutbat al-Bayan, but its phrases exist in the text of Khutbat al-Bayan.[8] This sermon is not narrated in Bihar al-anwar either, and al-Majlisi believes that the likes of this sermon are found in the books of the ghulat.[9] Nasir Makarim Shirazi has considered it forged[10] and Jawad Tabrizi also does not consider the authenticity of its attribution to Imam Ali (a) to be proven.[11]
According to Najm al-Din Tabasi, the most important transmitter of this sermon is 'Abd Allah b. Mas'ud (d. 33/653-54), who was not alive at the time of the delivery of the sermon, i.e., Imam Ali's (a) entry into Basra. And also another one of the transmitters in the chain of transmission of the hadith (the grandfather of Tawq b. Malik) is unknown and there is no name of him in rijal books.[12]
Translations and Commentaries
Aqa Buzurg Tihrani in Al-Dhari'a has named two Persian translations for this sermon, one of which is in the form of poetry.[13] He has also mentioned six commentaries for this sermon.[14] Template:Poem
See Also
Notes
- ↑ Al-Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, 1403/1982-83, vol. 25, p. 348; version of the Jāmiʿ al-aḥādīth 3.5 software.
- ↑ Ṣādiqī, "Khuṭbat al-Bayān wa shaṭḥiyyāt-i ʿārifān", p. 59.
- ↑ Ṣādiqī, "Khuṭbat al-Bayān wa shaṭḥiyyāt-i ʿārifān", p. 60.
- ↑ Yazdī Ḥāʾirī, Ilzām al-nāṣib, 1422/2001-2, vol. 2, p. 148.
- ↑ Yazdī Ḥāʾirī, Ilzām al-nāṣib, 1422/2001-2, vol. 2, p. 191.
- ↑ Ṣādiqī, "Khuṭbat al-Bayān wa shaṭḥiyyāt-i ʿārifān", p. 60.
- ↑ Ḥāfiẓ al-Bursī, Mashāriq anwār al-yaqīn, 1422/2001-2, p. 260.
- ↑ Āqā Buzurg Tihrānī, Al-Dharīʿa, 1408/1987-88, vol. 7, p. 210.
- ↑ Al-Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, 1403/1982-83, vol. 25, p. 348.
- ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Istiftāʾāt-i jadīd, 1427/2006-7, vol. 1, p. 531.
- ↑ Tabrīzī, Ṣirāṭ al-najāt, 1427/2006-7, vol. 9, p. 70.
- ↑ Ṭabasī, "Sayyid Ḥasanī dar Khuṭbat al-Bayān", p. 55.
- ↑ Āqā Buzurg Tihrānī, Al-Dharīʿa, 1408/1987-88, vol. 7, p. 210.
- ↑ Āqā Buzurg Tihrānī, Al-Dharīʿa, 1408/1987-88, vol. 13, pp. 218-219.
References
- Āqā Buzurg Tihrānī, Muḥammad Muḥsin. Al-Dharīʿa ilā taṣānīf al-Shīʿa. Beirut: Dār al-Aḍwāʾ, second edition, 1403/1982-83.
- Asadpūr, Riḍā. "Khuṭbat al-Bayān wa shaṭḥiyyāt-i ʿārifān". Tehran, Pizhūhish-nāma-yi Adyān, no. 3, Spring and Summer 1387 SH.
- Tabrīzī, Jawād. Ṣirāṭ al-najāt. Dār al-Ṣiddīqat al-Shahīda, 1427/2006-7.
- Ḥāfiẓ al-Bursī, Rajab b. Muḥammad. Mashāriq anwār al-yaqīn fī asrār Amīr al-Muʾminīn ʿalayh al-salām. Al-Aʿlamī Publications, Beirut, 1422/2001-2.
- Ṣādiqī, Muṣṭafā. "Khuṭbat al-Bayān wa khuṭbahā-yi mansūb bih Amīr Muʾminān". Majalla-yi ʿUlūm-i Ḥadīth, no. 33. Fall 1383 SH.
- Ṭabasī, Najm al-Dīn. "Sayyid Ḥasanī dar Khuṭbat al-Bayān". Qom, Intiẓār-i Mawʿūd, no. 32, Spring and Summer 1389 SH.
- Al-Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir. Biḥār al-anwār al-jāmiʿa li-durar akhbār al-aʾimmat al-aṭhār. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, second edition, 1403/1982-83.
- Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. Istiftāʾāt-i jadīd. Madrasa-yi Imām Amīr al-Muʾminīn, 1427/2006-7.
- Yazdī Ḥāʾirī, ʿAlī b. Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn. Ilzām al-nāṣib fī ithbāt al-ḥujjat al-ghāʾib ʿajjal farajah. Edited by ʿAlī ʿĀshūr. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Aʿlamī li-l-Maṭbūʿāt, 1422/2001-2.