Prayer

Prayer or al-Ṣalāt (Arabic: الصلاة) is the most important worship of Muslims which is referred to by highly respectful and reverent phrases in the Qur'an and hadiths, such as the pillar of the religion, ascension of spirit, soul purifier, the first practice which will be questioned about on the Day of Judgement, and the requisite for the acceptance of good deeds. It is also mentioned in these sources that prayer wards the sins off, determines the border of faith and infidelity, and eliminates arrogance.

Prayer became obligatory for Muslims before the Prophet's (s) hijra. At the beginning, Muslims performed prayer towards Masjid al-Aqsa in Jerusalem al-Quds, but from the second year after hijra/623-4, they were supposed to say prayer in the direction of Ka'ba in Mecca.

In addition to its spiritual aspects, prayer is known as the most important motto of Islam. Friday prayer and congregational prayer embody the social aspect of this worship.

The Friday prayer in Fatihpur Mosque in India

In addition to obligatory prayers, there are a lot of prayers which have been mentioned in hadiths as highly beneficial for both this world and the future life. Among those, the most important ones are Night prayer and Nafila prayer which accompany the obligatory ones.

Terminology

The Arabic word "صلاة" (ṣalāt) is derived from the root "ص ل و" which means prayer and its plural form is "salawat". Salat is also used in the meaning of du'a (supplication) in some verses of the Qur'an.

Importance

Prayer is mentioned ninety eight times in the Qur'an. It has such a great importance that has been mentioned, beside faith, as the first and the most important individual and collective practice in many verses. In the Quran prayer is mentioned as the deterrent against committing sins, the way to reach deliverance, an assistance when encountering troubles, one of the important God's orders to prophets, one of the prophets' great concerns mainly for their family,

It is said in the Holy Qur'an that the first groans and shrieks of hell dwellers, refer to not having said their prayer in their life in this world. Also, people who were negligent about their prayer are said to be similar to those denying the religion.

Prayer has a remarkable position in both the Prophet's (s) words and deeds. There are over 11,600 hadiths about prayer in the books Wasa'il al-Shi'a and Mustadrak al-wasa'il, demonstrating its unique significance among the twelve Imams.

There are various expressions and phrases referring to prayer in hadith:

• The pillar of the religion
• The first divine obligatory practice
• Pious men's ascension
• Pious men's light
• Sign of faith
• The best means to approach Allah
• A key to Heaven
• A gleam in the Prophet's (s) eyes

• Representation of Islam
• One of the best practices on the Day of Judgement
• The first practice which is going to be questioned about on the Day of Judgement
• A criterion to recognize real Shi'as
• A companion for man in the darkness of grave
• Provision for one's future life
• A means to fulfill one's wishes
• A means to purify one's spirit
• A fortress against the Satan
• The forerunner of other practices and actions
• Warding off arrogance
• An expiation for sins
• A means to banish the Devil
• A means to lighten ones house by Allah's guidance light
• A means to ward off calamities
• A means to overcome grief and sadness
• A permit to pass the Sirat (the bridge on the Day of Judgement)

Severe punishments and consequences have been considered for neglecting or not saying prayer such as:

• A cause of becoming the dweller of the Hell
• A sign of hypocrisy
• Causing vain regret in barzakh
• Becoming deprived of intercession
• No blessing for lifetime
• No blessing for earning and property
• A dark face
• Having no rewards for good deeds
• A death with contempt
• Not fulfilling wishes and supplications
• Not fulfilling others' good wishes for the person
• Darkness and pressure in grave
• Severe punishments and harsh judgments on the Day of Judgement
• God does not bless him/her

History

Prayer is a worship which every religion has introduced, although there have been different types of it due to dissimilarities in religions. Some prophets' prayers including Abraham (a), Isma'il (a) (Ishmael), Ishaq (a) (Isac), Moses (a), Zakaria (a) (Zechariah), Jesus (a), Shu'ayb (a), and Luqman (a) is mentioned in the Qur'an. In hadiths, Adam's prayer as well as many other prophets is indicated.

According to the Qur'an, prayer is not specified to humans. Every creature either in sky or land has its own particular prayer:

“ Have you not regarded that Allah is glorified by everyone in the heavens and the earth, and the birds spreading their wings. Each knows his prayer and glorification, and Allah knows best what they do. ” — Qur'an 24:41

During the first years of Islam, over the Prophet's secret propagation, he was saying a prayer along with Imam Ali (a) and Lady Khadija (a). But the obligation of daily prayers was announced by God in mi'raj (the ascension night), about eighteen months before the emigration. These prayers consisted of two units (rak'a) and seven other units were added to them in the first year after the emigration, therefore, the ultimate form of prayers was developed.

Types

Prayer is a kind of worship and no one has the right to make up a prayer which has not existed in religion. This is prohibited in Islam. Types of prayers are:

Obligatory Prayers

Main article: Obligatory Prayers

Obligatory prayers can be categorized into two groups:

1. Daily Prayers

Main article: Daily Prayers

Daily prayers are five prayers with the total of 17 units (rak'a), here are the names of prayers and their time:

• Fajr prayer (dawn prayer): two rak'as from early dawn (fajr) till sunrise.
• Zuhr prayer (noon prayer): four rak'as after zuhr (noon) till maghrib (sunset).
• Asr prayer (afternoon prayer): four rak'as after noon prayer till maghrib (sunset).
• Maghrib prayer: three rak'as at maghrib (when the redness of eastern sky has passed over one's head after sunset) till midnight.
• 'Isha' prayer: four rak'as after maghrib prayer till midnight.

When traveling, prayers comprising of four rak'as (units) are reduced into two rak'as. (see Qasr Prayer)

2. Occasional Obligatory Prayers

Ayatullah Khamenei led the funeral prayer for Hajj Qasem Soleimani and other martyrs

• Ayat Prayer (signs prayer): with two rak'as and five ruku's in every rak'a; whenever the following happenings occur: lunar eclipse, solar eclipse (partial or total), earthquake, etc.
• Qada prayer (compensation prayer): if one does not say one's prayer on its particular time, one has committed a sin and must say the prayer later with the intention of compensation. Quality of the qada prayer is the same as the missed prayer except for the time.
• Funeral Prayer: with five takbirs while standing and special recitations (dhikr) between every two takbirs, it is performed for dead Muslims before their burial.
• Prayer of obligatory circumambulation
• A father’s make-up (qada') prayers obligatory for his oldest son
• A prayer that becomes obligatory by virtue of being hired (istijar), a vow (nadhr), an oath, and a pledge.

Recommended Prayers

Main article: Recommended Prayers

Since prayer is the most beautiful and perfect practice of worship, there are lots of supererogatory prayers in addition to obligatory ones for those enthusiastic. It is almost impossible to find a religious occasion not having a special prayer. Many of these prayers are assembled in Mafatih al-jinan.

Among the most important recommended prayers are these two:

• Nafila prayers: They are the most important and recommended prayers. Nafila are prayers performed before or after the daily prayers.

• Night prayer is a notable part of Nafila prayers and also one of the most significant supererogatory prayers. It is so worthy and of great value that had become obligatory for the Prophet Muhammad (s). It has highly been recommended in hadiths.

Other recommended prayers are Eid Prayer during the Occultation of Imam al-Mahdi (a), Prayer of Ja'far al-Tayyar, Prayer for help, prayer of Burial Night and many more.

Rulings

Before starting to say prayer, preparations must be made. First of all tahara have to be achieved through performing wudu, ghusl, or tayammum according to circumstances. Then, one must face qibla (Ka'ba in Mecca) with clean body and clothes.

Obligatory elements of prayer are eleven:

1. Niyya (intention)
2. Qiyam (standing)
3. Takbirat al-Ihram (saying "Allah-u akbar")
4. Ruku' (bowing)
5. Sujud (prostration)
6. Qira'a (reciting)
7. Dhikr (saying short phrases while bowing and prostrating)
8. Tashahhud (bearing witness)
9. Salam (salutation)
10. Tartib (order)
11. Muwalat (actions must be in a continuous flow without a long pause in-between)

The first five ones are essential components of prayer (rukn). There is a difference between essential (rukn) and non-essential components: If one does not perform essential components either accidentally or on purpose, the prayer is void. But about non-essential components, if one does not perform on purpose the prayer is void and if one forgets them accidentally, the prayer is correct.

How to Say Prayer

First Rak'a

• Face qibla with comfort and take your niyyat (intention) into mind. Altough uttering niyyat is not necessary but it's better to utter the niyyat, for instance, "I say two rak'as (units) of the Fajr prayer for God's sake and satisfaction." And so for other prayers.
• Say takbirat al-ihram: Raise your hands up to near your ears and say اَللهُ أکبَر (transliteration: "Allah-u akbar", meaning: Allah is the greatest).

• Start to read the sura al-Hamd, after that, you are free to read any complete sura you wish, like sura al-tawhid.

• Perform ruku' (bowing) and say its dhikr: سُبْحانَ رَبّیَ الْعَظیمِ وَ بِحَمْدِه (transliteration: "subhan-a rabbi-a l-'azim-i wa bi-hamdih"; meaning: exalted be my Lord, the great, and I praise him) or instead, you can say three times سُبْحانَ الله (transliteration: "subhan Allah"; meaning: exalted be Allah).

• After that stand up again and then, perform sujud (prostration): place your head on the ground and say dhikr of sujud سُبْحانَ رَبّیَ الْاَعلی وَ بِحَمْدِه (transliteration: "Subhan-a rabbi-a l-a'la wa bi-hamdih; meaning: exalted be my lord, the highest, and I praise him), or say three times سُبْحانَ الله (transliteration: "subhan Allah"; meaning: exalted be Allah). Then, sit on your knees for a few seconds and perform sujud again and restate its dhikr (recite).

Second Rak'a

• After the second sujud of the first rak'a (unit), stand up and again read the sura al-Fatiha and another sura of the Holy Qur'an.

• After reciting Fatiha and another sura say qunut: raise your hands and Keep your hands in front of your face, turning the palms facing the sky, and keep both the hands and fingers close together. In this condition, you can say any du'a (supplication) you wish. For instance: رَبَّنا آتِنا فِی الدُّنْیا حَسَنَةً وَ فِی الْآخِرَةِ حَسَنَةً وَ قِنا عَذابَ النَّار (transliteration: "Rabbana atina fi l-dunya hasanat-an wa fi l-akhirat-i hasanat-an wa qina 'adhab-a l-nar"; meaning: "Our Lord, give us good in this world and good in the Hereafter, and save us from the punishment of the Fire"), however saying qunut is supererogatory.

• After Qunut, you have to perform ruk'u the same as the first rak'a.

• then stand and again prostrate twice.

• Next, sit and read tashahhud:

اَشْهَدُ اَنْ لااِلهَ اِلاَّ اللّهُ وَحْدَهُ لاشَرِیكَ لَهُ، وَاَشْهَدُ اَنَّ مُحَمَداً عَبْدُهُ وَ رَسُولُه، اَلّلهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلی مُحَمَّد وَ آلِ مُحَمَّد

(Transliteration: "Ashhad-u an la ilah-a illa Allah, wa ashhad-u anna Muhammad-an abduh-u wa rasuluh, Allahumma sall-i ala Muhammad-in wa al-i Muhammad; meaning: I bear witness that there is no God except Allah who is one without any partner, and I bear witness that Muhammad is His servant and Messenger, O Allah bless Muhammad and the family of Muhammad)

• If the prayer consists of two rak'as (units), in the second unit after tashahhud you must read salam:

اَلسَّلامُ عَلَیْكَ اَیُّهَا النَّبِیُّ وَ رَحْمَةُ اللّهِ وَ بَرَکاتُهُ، اَلسَّلامُ عَلَیْنا وَ عَلی عِبادِ اللّهِ الصّالِحینَ، اَلسَّلامُ عَلَیكُمْ وَ رَحْمَةُ اللّهِ وَ بَرَکاتُهُ

(Transliteration: al-salam-u 'alayk-a ayyuha l-Nabiy-yu wa rahmat-u l-Allah-i wa barakatuh, al-salam-u 'alayna wa 'ala 'ibad-i l-Allah-i l-salihin, al-salam-u 'alaykum wa rahmat-u l-Allah-i wa barakatuh; meaning: peace be upon you O the Prophet, and the mercy of God and His bounties, peace be upon us and upon the virtuous servants of Allah, peace be upon you all, and the mercy of Allah and his bounties.)

Prayers of two rak'as are ended after salam.

Third and Fourth Rak'as

• If the prayer is composed of three or four units, you must stand after tashahhud, and instead of reading sura al-Fatiha and another sura, you are supposed to read tasbihat al-arba'a (the four tasbihs):

سُبْحانَ اللّهِ وَ الْحَمْدُ لِلّهِ وَ لاإلهَ اِلّا اللّهُ وَ اللّهُ أكْبَر

(Transliteration: subhan Allah wa l-hamd-u li-Allah wa la ilah-a illa Allah wa Allah-u akbar; menaing: exalted be Allah and the praise belong to Allah and there is no god but Allah and Allah is the Greatest.)

• Next, it is the turn of ruku' and two sujuds.

If the prayer consists of three units, Tashahhud and Salam must be read after the two sujuds on the third unit. But if the prayer is comprised of four units, you have to stand up after sujuds and read tasbihat al-arba'a, and after ruku and the two sujuds, tashahhud and salam must be said.

All supererogatory prayers are 2 units, except for the last prayer of the Night prayers (Witr prayer) and A'rabi prayer. For instance, one of the practices at Eid al-Ghadir is a supererogatory prayer consisting of 12 units, it must be said as six prayers, each of them 2 units.

Specific Rulings of the Prayer

Here are some of the rulings of the prayer:

• Cleanliness: it is obligatory to have wudu' (ritual ablution) for each obligatory prayer. In some cases, tayammum must be performed instead of wudu', such as when one cannot find water or when water is harmful for one’s body.
• Place of the prayer: for the place where the prayer is performed, certain conditions must be met. For instance, it must be permissible (not usurped), non-mobile, clean, and the place of the forehead must not be higher or lower than the place of the knees for more than four fingers.
• Clothes for the prayer: if the person who performs the prayer is male, then he must cover his intimate parts, and if the person is female, then she must cover her whole body except the face, hands, and feet up to the wrist.
• The prayer must be performed in the direction of the qibla (the Ka'ba). A person who is far from the Ka'ba only needs to stand such that it counts in that direction.
• All recommended (mustahabb) prayers are performed in two rak'as except the last rak'a of the Night Prayer (Witr Prayer), which is performed in one rak'a.

Invalidators of the Prayer

The following are invalidators (mubtilat) of the prayer:

• Loss of one condition of the prayer in the middle of performing it (e.g., by finding out that the place was usurped)
• Major ritual impurity (al-Hadath al-Akbar) or minor ritual impurity (al-Hadath al-Asghar)
• Placing one hand on the other, as practiced by Sunni Muslims (takattuf)
• Turning away from the qibla to the right or the left or the back
• Intentional talk
• Intentional loud laughter
• Intentional loud cry for worldly affairs (not for God and the Hereafter)
• Saying Amen after finishing the recitation of Sura al-Hamd
• An act that spoils the form of the prayer, such as jumping up and down or clapping
• Eating and drinking
• Having doubts about the number of the rak'as performed in two-rak'a or three-rak'a prayers or the first two rak'as of four-rak'a prayers
• Increase or decrease in the tenets of the prayer (both intentional and unintentional) or

Intentional increase or decrease in obligatory parts of the prayer, which are not tenets.

Formalities

Many formalities and recommended practices have been suggested for prayer. The most important ones are:

• Saying prayer on the beginning of its time,
• Saying adhan and iqamah before the prayer,
• Performing prayer in mosque and in congregational way
• Having deep concentration and being modest.

Besides, a lot of blessing and beneficial supplications have been introduced to us to read after prayer is finished (ta'qibat). The most important of them is tasbih of Lady Fatima (a). Most of these formalities are explained at the first chapter of Mafatih al-jinan.

The Prayer in Shiite and Sunni Jurisprudential Schools

title	Ja'fari	Maliki	Shafi'i	Hanafi	Hanbali
Recitation of Sura al-Fatiha	It is obligatory in the first two rak'as of prayer	It is obligatory in all rak'as and in all obligatory and recommended prayers	It is obligatory in all rak'as and in all obligatory and recommended prayers	It is obligatory in the first two rak'as of prayer	It is obligatory in all rak'as
Recitation of Bism Allah at the beginning of suras	It is part of the surah, and it is obligatory to recite it	It is recommended not to say, Bism Allah	It is part of the surah, and it is obligatory to recite it	It is permissible not to say it	It is part of the surah, and it is obligatory to recite it
Qunut	It is recommended in all prayers	It is permissible only in the Fajr prayer	It is permissible only in the Fajr prayer	It is permissible only in the Watr prayer	It is permissible only in the Watr prayer
Audible (jahr) and non-audible (Ikhfat) recitations	It is compulsory to perform the qira'a (recitation) of salat al-fajr, maghrib, and 'isha' in Jahr (loudly) and salat al-zuhr and 'asr in ikhfat	It is recommended to perform the qira'a (recitation) of salat al-fajr, maghrib, and 'isha' in Jahr (loudly)	It is compulsory to perform the qira'a (recitation) of salat al-fajr, maghrib, and 'isha' in Jahr (loudly) and salat al-zuhr and 'asr in ikhfat	Jahr and ikhfat are neither obligatory nor recommended in any of the prayers	It is compulsory to perform the qira'a (recitation) of salat al-fajr, maghrib, and 'isha' in Jahr
Takattuf	It is prohibited and, according to the majority of jurists, Invalidates the Prayer	It is permissible, neither obligatory nor recommended	It is recommended and Sunnah (tradition)	It is recommended and Sunnah (tradition)	It is recommended and Sunnah (tradition)
Saying Amen after recitation of Sura al-Hamd	it is forbiddenand invalidates the prayer	It is recommended	It is recommended	It is recommended	It is recommended
Ruku'and Bodily composure	it is obligatory to bend such that the hands reach the knees and to preserve composure while in ruku'	it is obligatory to bend such that the hands reach the knees and to preserve composure while in ruku'	it is obligatory to bend such that the hands reach the knees and to preserve composure while in ruku'	Just bending is enough, and preserving composure in ruku' is not obligatory	it is obligatory to bend such that the hands reach the knees and to preserve composure while in ruku'
Dhikr of ruku'	it is obligatory to recite tasbih in ruku'	Dhikr of ruku' is not obligatory, and it is recommended	Dhikr of ruku' is not obligatory, and it is recommended	Dhikr of ruku' is not obligatory, and it is recommended	Dhikr of ruku' is obligatory
Standing after ruku'	It is obligatory	It is obligatory	It is obligatory	It is not obligatory	It is obligatory
Bodily parts involved in Prostration	all the seven parts (forehead, the two palms, the two knees, the two big toes) must be placed on the ground	only the forehead must be placed on the ground, and the rest of the body is recommended	only the forehead must be placed on the ground, and the rest of the body is recommended	only the forehead must be placed on the ground, and the rest of the body is recommended	all the seven parts, along with the nose, must be placed on the ground
Composure while prostrating	it is obligatory to preserve one’s composure while in prostration	it is obligatory to preserve one’s composure while in prostration	it is obligatory to preserve one’s composure while in prostration	it is not obligatory to preserve one’s composure while in prostration	it is obligatory to preserve one’s composure while in prostration
Dhikr of prostrating	it is obligatory to recite tasbih in prostrating'	Dhikr of prostrating is recommended	Dhikr of prostrating is recommended	Dhikr of prostrating is recommended	Dhikr of prostrating is recommended
Tashahhud	Tashahhud in the middle and at the end of the prayer is obligatory	Tashahhud in the middle and at the end of the prayer is recommended	Tashahhud in the middle of the prayer is recommended, and at the end of the prayer is obligatory	Tashahhud in the middle and at the end of the prayer is recommended	Tashahhud in the middle and at the end of the prayer is obligatory
The final greeting (salam) at the end of the prayer	According to the majority of recent scholars, it is obligatory	It is obligatory	It is obligatory	It is recommended	It is obligatory
Doubts about the number of rak'as	When doubting after the second rak'a of a four-rak'a prayer, one must assume the maximum number and then perform a Cautionary prayer	In all Obligatory Prayers, one must assume the minimum number and continue the prayer	In all Obligatory Prayers, one must assume the minimum number and continue the prayer	in all obligatory prayers, if it is the first time that one has such doubts, then one must perform the prayer anew, and next times, one must assume the minimum number.	In all Obligatory Prayers, one must assume the minimum number and continue the prayer
Traveler's prayer	If the travel conditions are met, then a four-rak'a prayer must be shortened	It is optional to perform the prayer in full or in shortened form	It is optional to perform the prayer in full or in shortened form	The prayer must be shortened	It is optional to perform the prayer in full or in shortened form
Performing noon, afternoon, evening, and 'isha' prayers together	It is permissible	It is permissible while traveling	It is permissible while traveling	It is not permissible	It is permissible while traveling

Philosophies of Prayer

There are many philosophies for praying:

• Reminding of God is the foundation, base, purpose, spirit, preliminary, conclusion, and reason of prayer.

• Prayer builds up the spirit of worship. If one performs prayer in a form that God prefers (not the way one wants), despite lacking deep concentration during prayer, it demonstrates one's perfect devotion to Allah. One can praise Allah in one's own language. This kind of worship and prayer is blessing and rewarding and makes one closer to God; however, it does not contain the compliance and obedience spirit before almighty God. Because it actually is in the way one prefers, not on the basis of God's order and will.

• By prayer, the sins could get washed away and it brings about God's forgiveness. As it is necessary for one to clean one's body, it is also essential to wash away the dirt of sins which has covered one's heart.

• Prayer is a barrier to commit sins, since it fortifies faith and grows the piety in one's heart. According to what is found in numerous hadiths, there were some people who had gotten used to committing sins, but also performed their prayer; despite that, Imams (a) had foretold that their prayer would make them repent and reform in the future.

• Prayer makes one think of God in every moment and to eliminate neglect. The worst catastrophe for pious men tending to step in God's passage is to forget the purpose of their creation. Since prayer is performed in different intervals and must be said five times a day, it constantly warns the human and reminds him of his real status in the universe.

• Prayer destroys and eliminates arrogance and haughtiness inside human.

• Prayer must be performed on the basis of some rules which invites one to purify one's life from any impurity. For example, the place of praying, the clothes the person intends to say prayer with, the rug or carpet which one is standing on, and the water one uses to make wudu must be free of any violation of others' rights and property.

• Prayer has to be performed in particular times (sooner or later than its specified time is not acceptable). Besides, it contains some formalities and orders (for example niyya, ruku', sujud, etc.) which if being obeyed and accepted, facilitates discipline and order in one's life.

• Prayer reduces impatience and greed. Almighty God tells us in the Holy Qur'an: "Indeed man has been created covetous: anxious when an ill befalls him, and grudging when good comes his way —[all are such] except the prayerful, those who are persevering in their prayers."

• Prayer builds up perseverance when encountering life obstacles. God had recommended in two parts of the Qur'an to get help from prayer and patience. With the aid of the peace which prayer brings to one's life, one can easily cope with problems and hardships.

Bibliography

Title	Author	Translator	Publication	Description
Method of Salat along with Pictures	Sayyid Muhammad Qadi Mar'ashi	Saleem Bhimji	Ansariyan Publications	This book has explained the pronunciation and the correct way of ablution, tayammum, and prayer.
How to pray a good prayer	Ali Reza Panahian		Bayan-i ma'nawi	This book answers the following questions: What is a good prayer? What are the effects and benefits of good prayer and its role in life? How should we pray a good prayer? Why should we pray well?
A Commentary on Prayer	Muhsin Qara'ati	Mansoor L. Limba	Ahl al-Bayt World Assembly	In this book, topics such as worship, intention, Takbirat al-ihram, Sura al-Fatiha, Sura al-Ikhlas, bowing and prostration, tasbih, qunut, tashahhud, and salam have been briefly discussed.
The Radiance of the Secrets of Prayer	Muhsin Qara'ati	Mansoor L. Limba	Ahl al-Bayt World Assembly	In this text, Muhsin Qara'ati explains in detail the meaning of Worship and Intention, as well as how different stages of worship are acquired.
Prayer (Salat), According to the Five Islamic Schools of Law	Muhammad Jawad Mughniyya	Mujahid Husayn	Islamic Culture and Relations Organisation	This book is about the comparative comparison of prayer between these five schools of jurisprudence: Hanafi, Hanbali, Shafi'i, Maliki and Jaf'ari
Adab as-Salat	Sayyid Ruhullah Musawi Khomeini	Muhammad Ja'far Khalili	The Institute for the Compilation and Publication of the Works of Imam Khomeini	A detailed explanation of prayer's strict disciplines and moral secrets for the general public.

See Also

• List of Ayat al-Ahkam
• Adhan
• Dhikr
• Du'a

External Links

• The Disciplines of the Prayer (PDF)
• The Mode of Divine Proximity and Recognition (PDF)
• The Arabic phrases of Prayer and its translation in English
• http://www.qul.org.au/Files/Namaaz/salat.html