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Draft:Ja'da b. Hubayra al-Makhzumi

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Ja'da b. Hubayra al-Makhzumi
One of the early banners of Shi'ism
Full NameJa'da b. Hubayra
Religious AffiliationIslam, Shi'a
LineageMakhzum
Well-known RelativesUmm Hani bt. Abi Talib and Imam Ali (a)
Place of BirthMecca
Places of ResidenceMecca, Kufa
Era1st century AH
Known forGovernor of Greater Khorasan
Notable rolesParticipating in the battles of Jamal, Siffin, and Nahrawan


Ja'da b. Hubayra al-Makhzumi was the nephew of Imam Ali (a) and one of his special and trusted companions. He has been named one of the early banner-bearers of Shi'ism. He is the son of Umm Hani, who was among the narrators and companions of the Prophet (s) and the sister of Imam Ali (a). He participated in all the battles of Imam Ali (a). Ja'da's debate with 'Utba b. Abi Sufyan during the Battle of Siffin regarding the legitimacy of Imam Ali (a) led al-Najashi and al-A'war al-Shanni (d. 50 AH/670-71) to compose poems in his praise.

After the Battle of Siffin, Imam Ali (a) appointed Ja'da as the governor of Greater Khorasan. He stayed in Khorasan for one year, and due to his appropriate conduct, the people of the region became Muslim and developed love for Imam Ali (a). Ja'da was a devotee of Imam al-Husayn (a). After the martyrdom of Imam al-Hasan al-Mujtaba (a), Ja'da, along with other Shi'as, invited Imam al-Husayn (a) to revolt, but the Imam (a) did not accept it due to the peace treaty with Mu'awiya.

Introduction

Ja'da b. Hubayra al-Makhzumi was a Qurayshi from the tribe of Makhzum[1] who was born during the time of the Messenger of Allah (s).[2] His father, Hubayra b. Abi Wahb, fled to Najran on the day of the Conquest of Mecca and died in the state of disbelief.[3] His mother was named Fakhita, and her teknonym was Umm Hani, the daughter of Abu Talib and the sister of Imam Ali (a).[4]

There is disagreement regarding his being a Sahabi;[5] Al-Shaykh al-Tusi does not count him among the Sahaba;[6] however, Ibn Abi l-Hadid considers him among the companions who saw the Messenger of Allah (s) on the day of the Conquest of Mecca.[7] Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani has also quoted his traditions from the Messenger of Allah (s).[8] Some have also considered him among the Tabi'un.[9] Ja'da married Umm al-Hasan, the daughter of Imam Ali (a),[10] and passed away during the caliphate of Mu'awiya.[11]

Era of Imam Ali (a)

Ja'da was one of the special and trusted companions of Imam Ali (a),[12] one of the jurists,[13] and among the early banner-bearers of Shi'ism.[14] According to a report from Imam al-Sadiq (a), 13 tribes from Quraysh had connections with Mu'awiya, and only Ja'da, along with 4 others from Quraysh, accompanied Imam Ali (a).[15] Ja'da lived in Kufa.[16] Imam Ali (a) also went to his house after returning from the Battle of Siffin.[17]

Muhammad Hadi Amini Najafi believes that after Imam Ali (a) was struck [with the sword], Ja'da led the Fajr Prayer in congregation.[18] To keep his grave hidden, Imam Ali (a) willed his son Imam al-Hasan al-Mujtaba (a) to dig a grave for him in Ja'da's house as well.[19] Ja'da was a brave horseman[20] and participated in all the battles of Imam Ali (a),[21] considering the Imam's lofty status as the reason for his great efforts.[22] During the Battle of Siffin, Ja'da engaged in discussion and debate with 'Utba b. Abi Sufyan from Mu'awiya's army regarding the legitimacy of Imam Ali (a), but 'Utba began insulting him.[23] Following that, Qais b. 'Amr b. Malik (al-Najashi), a poet and one of the companions of Imam Ali (a),[24] and al-A'war al-Shanni (d. 50 AH)[25] composed poems in praise of Ja'da.

Historical reports indicate that after the Battle of Siffin, Imam Ali (a) appointed Ja'da as the governor of Greater Khorasan, but the people did not accept him, and Ja'da returned to Imam Ali (a).[26] However, some believe that Ja'da stayed in Khorasan for one year[27] and due to his appropriate conduct, the people of the region became Muslims and developed love for Imam Ali (a).[28]

Ja'da's Children Inviting Imam al-Husayn to Revolt

According to Baladhuri in Ansāb al-ashrāf, after the martyrdom of Imam al-Hasan (a), Ja'da's children gathered the Shi'as at the house of Sulayman b. Surad al-Khuza'i and drafted a letter of condolence to Imam al-Husayn (a) on behalf of the inhabitants of Kufa. In this letter, they invited Imam al-Husayn (a) to take the leadership of the Shi'as, which the Imam did not accept according to the terms of the peace treaty with Mu'awiya.[29] According to a report that al-Shaykh al-Mufid narrated from historians, the Shi'as in this letter spoke of removing Mu'awiya and pledging allegiance to the Imam.[30]

Notes

  1. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb, 1412 AH, vol. 1, p. 240.
  2. ↑ Al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī, Rijāl, 1427 AH, p. 33.
  3. ↑ Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, Sharḥ Nahj al-balāgha, 1404 AH, vol. 10, p. 78.
  4. ↑ Al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī, Rijāl, 1427 AH, pp. 59-60.
  5. ↑ Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, al-Iṣāba fī tamyīz al-ṣaḥāba, 1415 AH, vol. 1, p. 628.
  6. ↑ Al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī, Rijāl, 1427 AH, p. 33.
  7. ↑ Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, Sharḥ Nahj al-balāgha, 1404 AH, vol. 10, p. 77.
  8. ↑ Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, al-Iṣāba fī tamyīz al-ṣaḥāba, 1415 AH, vol. 1, p. 629; Kassī, al-Muntakhab min musnad ʿAbd b. Ḥumayd, 1423 AH, vol. 1, p. 311.
  9. ↑ ʿAṭārdī, Musnad al-Imām al-Shahīd Abī ʿAbd Allāh al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī (a), 1376 SH, vol. 3, p. 339.
  10. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, 1418 AH, vol. 11, p. 177.
  11. ↑ Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, al-Iṣāba fī tamyīz al-ṣaḥāba, 1415 AH, vol. 1, p. 629.
  12. ↑ ʿAṭārdī, Musnad al-Imām al-Shahīd Abī ʿAbd Allāh al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī (a), 1376 SH, vol. 3, p. 339.
  13. ↑ ʿAṭārdī, Musnad al-Imām al-Shahīd Abī ʿAbd Allāh al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī (a), 1376 SH, vol. 3, p. 339; Amīnī, Aṣḥāb amīr al-muʾminīn (a) wa l-ruwāt ʿanh, 1412 AH, vol. 1, p. 111.
  14. ↑ Wāʾilī, Huwwiyyat al-Tashayyuʿ, 1380 SH, vol. 31, p. 249.
  15. ↑ Kashshī, Ikhtiyār maʿrifat al-rijāl, 1409 AH, p. 63.
  16. ↑ Amīnī, Aṣḥāb amīr al-muʾminīn (a) wa l-ruwāt ʿanh, 1412 AH, vol. 1, p. 111.
  17. ↑ Naṣr b. Muzāḥim, Waqʿat Ṣiffīn, 1404 AH, p. 5.
  18. ↑ Amīnī, Aṣḥāb amīr al-muʾminīn (a) wa l-ruwāt ʿanh, 1412 AH, vol. 1, p. 111.
  19. ↑ Ibn Ṭāwūs, Farḥat al-Gharī, p. 32.
  20. ↑ Amīnī, Aṣḥāb amīr al-muʾminīn (a) wa l-ruwāt ʿanh, 1412 AH, vol. 1, p. 111.
  21. ↑ Sharīf al-Qarashī, Mawsūʿat al-Imām amīr al-muʾminīn ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib (a), 1423 AH, vol. 11, p. 78.
  22. ↑ Kashshī, Ikhtiyār maʿrifat al-rijāl, 1409 AH, p. 63; Maghribī, Sharḥ al-akhbār fī faḍāʾil al-aʾimmat al-aṭhār (a), 1409 AH, vol. 3, p. 244.
  23. ↑ Naṣr b. Muzāḥim, Waqʿat Ṣiffīn, 1404 AH, pp. 463-464.
  24. ↑ Naṣr b. Muzāḥim, Waqʿat Ṣiffīn, 1404 AH, p. 465.
  25. ↑ Naṣr b. Muzāḥim, Waqʿat Ṣiffīn, 1404 AH, pp. 465-466.
  26. ↑ Ibn al-Athīr al-Jazarī, al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh, 1385 AH, vol. 3, p. 326; Ibn al-Jawzī, al-Muntaẓam, 1412 AH, vol. 5, p. 129.
  27. ↑ Shahīdī, Zandagānī-yi ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn (a), 1380 SH, p. 21.
  28. ↑ Nāṣirī Dāwūdī, Tashayyuʿ dar Khurāsān, 1378 SH, vol. 46, p. 280.
  29. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, 1394 AH, vol. 3, p. 151.
  30. ↑ Mufīd, al-Irshād, 1413 AH, vol. 2, p. 32.

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