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'Umar b. Abi Salama al-Makhzumi
Full Name'Umar b. 'Abd Allah al-Qurashi al-Makhzumi
Well-known AsStepson (rabib) of the Prophet (s)
Religious AffiliationShi'a
LineageBanu Makhzum
Well-known RelativesProphet Muhammad (s), Umm Salama, 'Abd Allah b. 'Abd al-Asad
BirthTwo years before or after the Hijra
Places of ResidenceMedina, Bahrain, Kufa
Death83 AH
Burial PlaceBaqi' Cemetery
Known forCompanion of Imam 'Ali (a) and Imam al-Hasan (a)
Notable rolesMilitary commander, Governor of Bahrain


ʿUmar b. Abī Salama al-Makhzūmī (d. 83/702) was the stepson (rabib) of the Prophet (s) and among the companions of Imam 'Ali (a) who was present in the battles of Jamal, Nahrawan, and Siffin and was appointed to the government of Fars and Bahrain. There is a letter addressed to 'Umar in Nahj al-balagha in which 'Ali (a), while praising his governance, invited him to the war with Mu'awiya and considered his presence a source of encouragement. Umm Salama, in a letter to 'Ali (a) during the Battle of Jamal, sent her son to aid 'Ali as one of the most beloved people to the Messenger of God.

ʿUmar b. ʿAbd Allāh became one of the companions of Imam al-Hasan (a) and an opponent of Muʿāwiya after the martyrdom of Imam ʿAlī (a) and was among the witnesses of the peace with Muʿāwiya. Shi'a and Sunni historical sources have introduced him as virtuous, devout, and wise. In the final years of his life, he was the chief of the Banu Makhzum tribe.

Introduction and Status

ʿUmar b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Qurashī al-Makhzūmī was the rabīb (stepson) of the Prophet (s).[1] His father was Abū Salama ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAbd al-Asad, the foster brother of the Prophet (s), and his mother was Umm Salama,[2] who married the Prophet (s) in 4 AH after the martyrdom of ʿAbd Allāh in the Battle of Uhud.[3] Ibn Aʿtham has introduced him as having virtue, being a person of worship, and wise.[4] According to al-Dhahabī, he lived a long life and was the chief of the Banū Makhzūm tribe.[5]

Status with the Imams (a)

In historical sources, ʿUmar b. ʿAbd Allāh is counted among the Shi'as and companions of Imam 'Ali (a).[6] According to the report of History of al-Tabari (written: 303 AH), during the Battle of Jamal, Umm Salama wrote a letter to Imam 'Ali (a) in which she introduced Ṭalḥa, al-Zubayr, and ʿĀʾisha as misguided and, addressing ʿAlī (a), said: "If it were not for the command of God and the Prophet's will for me not to leave my house, I would certainly have been with you in this battle myself; but now I am sending my son ʿUmar, who by God is dearer to me than my life and is the most beloved of people to the Prophet and to you, to support you."[7]

ʿUmar was present in the battles of Jamal, Nahrawan, and Siffin.[8] After the Battle of Nahrawan, Imam ʿAlī appointed him to the emirate of Fars and Bahrain.[9] After the Battle of Siffin, he returned to Kufa with ʿAlī (a) and stayed by his side for about a year.[10] According to historians, after the martyrdom of Imam 'Ali (a), ʿUmar became among the Shi'as of Imam al-Hasan (a) and an opponent of Muʿāwiya.[11]Template:Better source He was trusted by Imam al-Hasan and was present at the treaty of peace with Mu'awiya, being among the eyewitnesses of that event.[12]

According to rijal scholars and biographers of the companions, he was a memorizer of the Qur'an and narrated narrations from the Prophet (s).[13] He is in the chain of narrators of the Hadith of Kisa', Ghadir Khumm, and the Twelve Imams.[citation needed]

Imam Ali's (a) Letter to 'Umar b. Abi Salama

Imam Ali's (a) Praise for the Governance of 'Umar b. Abi Salama and Invitation to War with Mu'awiya

Now then, I have appointed Nu'man b. 'Ajlan al-Zuraqi over Bahrain and have removed your hand, without any blame or reproach upon you. For indeed, you have governed well and fulfilled the trust. So come forward without suspicion, blame, accusation, or sin. For I have intended to campaign toward the oppressors of the people of Syria and I would like you to witness it with me, as you are among those I count on in the jihad against the enemy and in upholding the pillar of religion, if God wills.

Text of Imam Ali's (a) Letter, Nahj al-balagha, Letter 42

According to al-Sayyid al-Radi in Nahj al-balagha,[14] he was the governor of Imam 'Ali (a) in Bahrain in 38 AH[15] and ʿAlī (a), before the Battle of Siffin, invited him in a letter to participate in the war with the Syrians and appointed Nu'man b. 'Ajlan al-Zuraqi as the governor of Bahrain in his place.[16] The content of the letter is as follows:

O ʿUmar, you performed your duty in the emirate of Bahrain well and fulfilled the trust I had given you. Now I intend to campaign toward Syria and I would like you to be with me, as you are among those I count on in the jihad against the enemy and in upholding the pillar of religion.[17]

Biography

According to historical sources, ʿUmar was born in Abyssinia,[18] but some sources have considered his birthplace to be Medina.[19] There is also a disagreement about his birth year; the book al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb has recorded his birth in 2 AH.[20] However, in the book Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ, the report of al-Istīʿāb is considered incorrect, and the birth year of ʿUmar b. ʿAbd Allāh is written as two years or more before the Hijra.[21]

In Rijāl al-Barqī and al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī, his name is recorded as ʿAmr,[22] and in the printed version of the book al-Futūḥ, his name is initially given as ʿUmar and in the following line as ʿAmr.[23]

According to al-Istīʿāb, he was nine years old at the time of the Prophet's demise.[24] The author of Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ considered ʿUmar as the oldest child of Abū Salama and introduced a brother named Salama and two sisters named Zaynab and Durra for him.[25] On the following page, in the explanation of Salama, he has considered him older than ʿUmar.[26] In Shi'a rijal sources, a brother named Muhammad is also mentioned for ʿUmar.[27]

ʿUmar b. Abī Salama passed away in 83 AH during the reign of ʿAbd al-Malik b. Marwān[28] and was buried in al-Baqīʿ.[29]

Notes

  1. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, 1412 AH, vol. 3, p. 1159.
  2. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, 1412 AH, vol. 3, p. 1159.
  3. ↑ Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ, 1405 AH, vol. 2, p. 203.
  4. ↑ Ibn Aʿtham al-Kūfī, al-Futūḥ, 1411 AH, vol. 2, p. 456.
  5. ↑ Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ, 1414 AH, vol. 3, p. 407.
  6. ↑ Ṭabarī, Taʾrīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, 1387 AH, vol. 4, p. 451; Ibn Aʿtham al-Kūfī, al-Futūḥ, 1411 AH, vol. 2, p. 456; Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ, 1414 AH, vol. 3, p. 407; Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, 1412 AH, vol. 3, p. 1159.
  7. ↑ Ṭabarī, Taʾrīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, 1387 AH, vol. 4, p. 451.
  8. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, 1412 AH, vol. 3, p. 1160.
  9. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, 1412 AH, vol. 3, p. 1160; Ṭabarī, Taʾrīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, 1387 AH, vol. 4, p. 451.
  10. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, 1412 AH, vol. 3, p. 1162.
  11. ↑ Ṣadūq, al-Khiṣāl, 1362 SH, chap. 12, p. 41; Ibn Shahrāshūb, al-Manāqib, 1379 AH, vol. 4, p. 34.
  12. ↑ Ṣadūq, al-Khiṣāl, 1362 SH, chap. 12, p. 41; Ibn Shahrāshūb, al-Manāqib, 1379 AH, vol. 4, p. 34.
  13. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, 1412 AH, vol. 3, p. 1160.
  14. ↑ al-Sharīf al-Raḍī, Nahj al-balāgha, 1414 AH, letter 42, p. 414.
  15. ↑ Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, Sharḥ Nahj al-balāgha, 1404 AH, vol. 6, p. 219; Ṭabarī, Taʾrīkh al-Ṭabarī, 1387 AH, vol. 4, p. 451.
  16. ↑ al-Sayyid al-Raḍī, Nahj al-balāgha, 1414 AH, letter 42, p. 414.
  17. ↑ al-Sharīf al-Raḍī, Nahj al-balāgha, 1378 SH, letter 42, p. 315.
  18. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, 1412 AH, vol. 3, p. 1159; Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ, 1414 AH, vol. 3, p. 406.
  19. ↑ Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, al-Iṣāba, 1415 AH, vol. 8, p. 222.
  20. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, 1412 AH, vol. 3, p. 1159.
  21. ↑ Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ, 1414 AH, vol. 3, p. 407.
  22. ↑ Barqī, Rijāl al-Barqī, 1433 AH, vol. 1, p. 286; al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī, Rijāl al-Ṭūsī, 1415 AH, vol. 1, p. 43.
  23. ↑ Ibn Aʿtham al-Kūfī, al-Futūḥ, 1411 AH, vol. 2, p. 456.
  24. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, 1412 AH, vol. 3, p. 1160.
  25. ↑ Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ, 1414 AH, vol. 3, p. 407.
  26. ↑ Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ, 1414 AH, vol. 3, p. 408.
  27. ↑ al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī, Rijāl al-Ṭūsī, 1373 SH, p. 300.
  28. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, 1412 AH, vol. 3, p. 1160.
  29. ↑ Ibn Aʿtham al-Kūfī, al-Futūḥ, 1411 AH, vol. 2, p. 456.

References

  • Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd b. Hibat Allāh. Sharḥ Nahj al-balāgha. Qom: Maktabat Āyat Allāh al-Marʿashī al-Najafī, 1404 AH.
  • Ibn Aʿtham al-Kūfī, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī. al-Futūḥ. Edited by ʿAlī Shīrī. Beirut: Dār al-Aḍwāʾ, 1st ed., 1411 AH.
  • Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. al-Iṣāba fī tamyīz al-ṣaḥāba. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, Manshūrāt Muḥammad ʿAlī Bayḍūn, 1415 AH.
  • Ibn Shahrāshūb, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī. al-Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib. Qom: Nashr ʿAllāma, 1379 AH.
  • Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, Yūsuf b. ʿAbd Allāh. al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb. Edited by ʿAlī Muḥammad al-Bijāwī. Beirut: Dār al-Jīl, 1st ed., 1412 AH / 1992 CE.
  • Barqī, Aḥmad b. ʿAbd Allāh. Rijāl al-Barqī. Supervised by Jaʿfar Subḥānī. Edited by Ḥaydar Muḥammad ʿAlī Baghdādī. Qom: Muʾassasat al-Imām al-Ṣādiq, 1433 AH.
  • Dhahabī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risāla, 10th ed., 1414 AH.
  • al-Sharīf al-Raḍī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥusayn. Nahj al-balāgha. Translated by Shahīdī. Tehran: Shirkat-i Intishārāt-i ʿIlmī wa Farhangī, 1378 SH.
  • al-Sharīf al-Raḍī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥusayn. Nahj al-balāgha (li-l-Ṣubḥī Ṣāliḥ). Qom: Nashr Hijrat, 1st ed., 1414 AH.
  • al-Shaykh al-Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī. al-Khiṣāl. Edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī. Qom: Jamāʿat al-Mudarrisīn, 1st ed., 1362 SH.
  • al-Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr. Taʾrīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk (Taʾrīkh al-Ṭabarī). Edited by Muḥammad Abū l-Faḍl Ibrāhīm. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 2nd ed., 1387 AH.
  • al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan. Rijāl al-Ṭūsī. Edited by Shaykh Jawād al-Qayyūmī. Qom: Muʾassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1415 AH.
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