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Draft:Munāshada to Ghadir

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Munāshada to Ghadir refers to obtaining the confession of the Companions about the Event of Ghadir by making them swear an oath. From the Shi'a perspective, munāshadas are considered among the proofs of Imamate and the rightfulness of the immediate caliphate of Imam ʿAlī (a).

Based on reports, Imam 'Ali (a) made munāshada to the Event of Ghadir in events such as the Six-Member Council, the caliphate period of ʿUthmān, the Event of Ruhba, the Battle of Jamal, and the Battle of Siffin. Other individuals such as Lady Fatima al-Zahra (a), Imam al-Hasan (a), Imam al-Husayn (a), ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz al-Umawī, and al-Maʾmūn al-ʿAbbāsī also cited the Hadith of Ghadir or performed munāshada.

These reports are cited in the sources of the Shi'a and Ahl al-Sunna, and an independent section is dedicated to them in the book al-Ghadir. On the contrary, Ahl al-Sunna accept the actual Event of Ghadir but do not accept its implication for Imamate, and they have considered one of the reasons for this view to be the lack of citation of Imam ʿAlī (a) to Ghadir.

Position and Importance

Munāshada to Ghadir is making people swear to God in public gatherings to confess to the Event of Ghadir and confirm the Hadith of Ghadir.[1] In this method, unlike ihtijaj, instead of presenting a direct argument, an oath is used to confirm the authenticity of an event or hadith.[2] From the Shi'a perspective, in addition to proving the occurrence of Ghadir, munāshadas are considered a documentation for the rightfulness and immediate caliphate of Imam ʿAlī (a).[3]

Some researchers believe that the Shi'a cited the munāshadas related to Ghadir in their debates.[4] According to ʿAllāma Amīnī, citing and making munāshada to the Hadith of Ghadir was common among the Companions and Tābiʿūn.[5] He considered the reason for this prevalence to be the acceptance of the Event of Ghadir by supporters and opponents.[6] He also dedicated a section to munāshadas and ihtijajs in the book al-Ghadir[7] and used them to prove the tawātur of the Hadith of Ghadir.[8] Munāshadas are also cited scattered in hadith sources.[9]

Munashadas of Imam 'Ali (a)

According to ʿAllāma Amīnī, Imam ʿAlī (a) cited the Hadith of Ghadir in numerous instances and made the Companions present at the Ḥajjat al-Wadāʿ swear in public gatherings to testify to the Event of Ghadir.[10] Some of them are:

In the Six-Member Council

Main article: Munashada of Imam 'Ali (a) in the Six-Member Council
Imam 'Ali (a) in the Six-Member Council:

"I swear you to God, is there anyone among you about whom the Messenger of God (s) said on the day of Ghadir Khumm: Whoever I am his master, ʿAlī is his master, O God, help whoever helps him and be an enemy to whoever is an enemy to him? The attendees replied: By God, no." After that, the Imam referred to the Verse of Ikmāl which was revealed after his introduction to Imamate, and he was met with the confirmation of the attendees.[11]

Imam 'Ali (a) in the Six-Member Council, while expressing his privileges,[12] pointed to the Event of Ghadir and his selection by the Prophet (s) by making them swear to it, and all members of the council testified to the truthfulness of the Imam's speech.[13]

During the Caliphate of 'Uthman

During the caliphate of ʿUthmān, a debate was held between the Ansar and the Muhajirun regarding their virtues.[14] After the discussions ended, they asked Imam ʿAlī (a) to speak. While stating that all virtues are from God, he reminded them of some of his virtues and, by making the attendees swear, asked them to confirm the occasion of revelation of some verses about him. After the attendees' confirmation, the Imam pointed to his appointment to Imamate by God on the day of Ghadir.[15] Sulaym b. Qays, the narrator of this event, has mentioned the names of thirty people present in this gathering.[16]

In the Event of Ruhba

Main article: Event of Ruhba

After the arrival of Imam 'Ali (a) in Kufa in 35/655-6 and following the creation of doubts about his caliphate, he appeared in the gathering of people in the square of Ruḥba and made people swear to God to testify to the authenticity of the Hadith of Ghadir. Many of the attendees confirmed the Imam's speech.[17] This event is also known as Istishhād bi-l-Ruḥba[18] or Munāshada al-Ruḥba[19] and has also been narrated in the sources of Ahl al-Sunna.[20]

In the Battles of Jamal and Siffin

In the Battle of Jamal, Imam ʿAlī (a) made Ṭalḥa b. ʿUbayd Allāh swear if he had not heard the hadith "For whoever I am his master, this ʿAlī is his master" from the Prophet. Ṭalḥa confirmed the words of Imam ʿAlī (a) and returned without making a comment[21] and it is said that he also gave up fighting with the Imam.[22]

Also, according to a report from Sulaym b. Qays, Imam ʿAlī (a) in the Battle of Siffin made his troops swear to his wilayah by citing the Hadith of Ghadir.[23] Following that, 12 of the Companions, such as Abū l-Haytham b. al-Tayyihān, Abū Ayyūb al-Anṣārī, ʿAmmār b. Yāsir, and Khuzayma b. Thābit, confirmed his words and considered them the same as the words of the Prophet (s). Then, seventy other people also confirmed his words.[24] A similar report has come in the book al-Ghayba by al-Nuʿmānī in which Imam ʿAlī (a) in meeting the representatives of Muʿāwiya, cited the Event of Ghadir without making a munāshada.[25]

Munashadas of Others to the Hadith of Ghadir

ʿAllāma Amīnī in the book al-Ghadir refers to 22 examples in which, in addition to Imam ʿAlī (a), individuals such as Lady Fatima al-Zahra (a), Imam al-Hasan (a), Imam al-Husayn (a), and some of the caliphs like ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz and al-Maʾmūn al-ʿAbbāsī cited or made munāshada to the Hadith of Ghadir.[26] For instance, in 58/677-8, Imam al-Ḥusayn (a) in Mina, in a gathering consisting of about 700 people from Banū Hāshim, Ansar, and also 200 people from the Companions of the Prophet (s), made the attendees swear to confirm the correctness of the Hadith of Ghadir, and they also testified to it.[27]

Also, a report of Imam ʿAlī's (a) munāshada regarding the Verse of Wilāya in a meeting with Abū Bakr after the Usurpation of the Caliphate has been narrated.[28]

Viewpoint of Ahl al-Sunna

Some Ahl al-Sunna believe that Imam ʿAlī (a) did not cite the Hadith of Ghadir to prove his Imamate, and a small group has also denied the actual Event of Ghadir.[29] Based on this, some munāshadas have been rejected[30] or parts of them have been deleted.[31] This view is usually related to their attitude towards the Companions and the First Three Caliphs.[32] In some munāshadas, the performance of the caliphs has also been criticized by Imam ʿAlī (a).[33]

Notes

  1. ↑ Diyārī Bīgdilī, "Taḥlīl-i rūykardhā-yi ḥadīthī-yi ʿAllāma Amīnī pīrāmūn-i aḥādīth-i munāshada dar kitāb-i al-Ghadīr", p. 163.
  2. ↑ Diyārī Bīgdilī, "Taḥlīl-i rūykardhā-yi ḥadīthī-yi ʿAllāma Amīnī pīrāmūn-i aḥādīth-i munāshada dar kitāb-i al-Ghadīr", p. 136.
  3. ↑ Diyārī Bīgdilī, "Taḥlīl-i rūykardhā-yi ḥadīthī-yi ʿAllāma Amīnī pīrāmūn-i aḥādīth-i munāshada dar kitāb-i al-Ghadīr", p. 133.
  4. ↑ Zaynalī, Bar karānahā-yi kitāb-i al-Ghadīr, p. 6; Diyārī Bīgdilī, "Taḥlīl-i rūykardhā-yi ḥadīthī-yi ʿAllāma Amīnī pīrāmūn-i aḥādīth-i munāshada dar kitāb-i al-Ghadīr", p. 135.
  5. ↑ Amīnī, ʿAbd al-Ḥusayn, al-Ghadīr, vol. 1, p. 327.
  6. ↑ Amīnī, ʿAbd al-Ḥusayn, al-Ghadīr, vol. 1, p. 327.
  7. ↑ Amīnī, ʿAbd al-Ḥusayn, al-Ghadīr, vol. 1, pp. 328-422.
  8. ↑ Diyārī Bīgdilī, "Taḥlīl-i rūykardhā-yi ḥadīthī-yi ʿAllāma Amīnī pīrāmūn-i aḥādīth-i munāshada dar kitāb-i al-Ghadīr", p. 138.
  9. ↑ For example, see: Ḥamawī al-Shāfiʿī, Ibrāhīm b. Saʿd al-Dīn, Farāʾid al-simṭayn, vol. 1, p. 31; Shūshtarī, Qāḍī Nūr Allāh, Iḥqāq al-ḥaqq, vol. 6, pp. 233-258; Ṭabrisī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī al-, al-Iḥtijāj, vol. 1, pp. 115-130.
  10. ↑ Diyārī Bīgdilī, "Taḥlīl-i rūykardhā-yi ḥadīthī-yi ʿAllāma Amīnī pīrāmūn-i aḥādīth-i munāshada dar kitāb-i al-Ghadīr", p. 163.
  11. ↑ Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad b. Ḥasan al-, Ithbāt al-hudāt, vol. 3, p. 91; Ṭabrisī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī al-, al-Iḥtijāj, vol. 1, p. 147.
  12. ↑ Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-, al-Khiṣāl, vol. 2, pp. 554-564; Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. Ḥasan al-, al-Amālī, pp. 545-554; Shūshtarī, Qāḍī Nūr Allāh, Iḥqāq al-ḥaqq, vol. 5, pp. 27-30; Khwārazmī, Muwaffaq b. Aḥmad al-, al-Manāqib, pp. 313-315.
  13. ↑ Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān, Nuʿmān b. Muḥammad al-, Sharḥ al-akhbār, vol. 2, p. 191; Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. Ḥasan al-, al-Amālī, p. 546.
  14. ↑ Ḥamawī al-Shāfiʿī, Ibrāhīm b. Saʿd al-Dīn, Farāʾid al-simṭayn, vol. 1, pp. 314-315; Ṭabrisī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī al-, al-Iḥtijāj, vol. 1, p. 145.
  15. ↑ Ḥamawī al-Shāfiʿī, Ibrāhīm b. Saʿd al-Dīn, Farāʾid al-simṭayn, vol. 1, pp. 314-315; Qundūzī, Sulaymān b. Ibrāhīm al-, Yanābīʿ al-mawadda, vol. 1, p. 343; Ṭabrisī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī al-, al-Iḥtijāj, vol. 1, p. 145; Shūshtarī, Qāḍī Nūr Allāh, Iḥqāq al-ḥaqq, vol. 5, p. 33; Baḥrānī, ʿAbd Allāh al-, ʿAwālim al-ʿulūm, pp. 232-233.
  16. ↑ Ḥamawī al-Shāfiʿī, Ibrāhīm b. Saʿd al-Dīn, Farāʾid al-simṭayn, vol. 1, pp. 314-315; Qundūzī, Sulaymān b. Ibrāhīm al-, Yanābīʿ al-mawadda, vol. 1, p. 343; Ṭabrisī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī al-, al-Iḥtijāj, vol. 1, p. 145; Shūshtarī, Qāḍī Nūr Allāh, Iḥqāq al-ḥaqq, vol. 5, p. 33; Baḥrānī, ʿAbd Allāh al-, ʿAwālim al-ʿulūm, pp. 232-233.
  17. ↑ Shūshtarī, Qāḍī Nūr Allāh, Iḥqāq al-ḥaqq, vol. 6, p. 323; Ibn Athīr, ʿAlī b. Muḥammad, Usd al-ghāba, vol. 3, p. 366; Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī, al-Iṣāba, vol. 4, pp. 276-277; Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 5, p. 210; Ibn ʿAsākir, ʿAlī b. Ḥasan, Taʾrīkh madīnat Dimashq, vol. 42, p. 209.
  18. ↑ Muẓaffar, Muḥammad Ḥasan al-, Dalāʾil al-ṣidq, vol. 6, p. 390.
  19. ↑ Amīnī, ʿAbd al-Ḥusayn, al-Ghadīr, vol. 1, p. 106.
  20. ↑ See: Amīnī, ʿAbd al-Ḥusayn, al-Ghadīr, vol. 1, pp. 339-378.
  21. ↑ Shūshtarī, Qāḍī Nūr Allāh, Iḥqāq al-ḥaqq, vol. 21, p. 106; Khwārazmī, Muwaffaq b. Aḥmad al-, al-Manāqib, p. 182.
  22. ↑ Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-, Murūj al-dhahab, vol. 2, p. 364.
  23. ↑ Sulaym b. Qays al-Hilālī, Kitāb Sulaym b. Qays al-Hilālī, pp. 757-758; Baḥrānī, ʿAbd Allāh al-, ʿAwālim al-ʿulūm, p. 261.
  24. ↑ Sulaym b. Qays al-Hilālī, Kitāb Sulaym b. Qays al-Hilālī, pp. 757-758.
  25. ↑ Nuʿmānī, Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm al-, al-Ghayba, pp. 69-73.
  26. ↑ Amīnī, ʿAbd al-Ḥusayn, al-Ghadīr, vol. 1, pp. 327-422.
  27. ↑ Amīnī, ʿAbd al-Ḥusayn, al-Ghadīr, vol. 1, p. 399; Qurashī, Bāqir Sharīf al-, Ḥayāt al-Imām al-Ḥusayn (a), vol. 1, pp. 201-202.
  28. ↑ Ṭabrisī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī al-, al-Iḥtijāj, vol. 1, p. 161.
  29. ↑ Jamālī, Ḥusayn and Muḥammad Ḥusayn Naṣīrī, "Istishhād-i Amīr al-Muʾminīn bi ḥadīth-i Ghadīr dar Musnad-i Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal", p. 206.
  30. ↑ For example, see: Dhahabī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-, Mīzān al-iʿtidāl, vol. 1, p. 422.
  31. ↑ Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī, Lisān al-mīzān, vol. 2, p. 157; Ibn ʿAsākir, ʿAlī b. Ḥasan, Taʾrīkh madīnat Dimashq, vol. 42, p. 431.
  32. ↑ "Ḥadīth-i munāshada yawm al-shūrā". The World Assembly of Shiite Studies. Date posted: 22 Mihr 1400 Sh. Date accessed: 20 Urdībihisht 1404 Sh.
  33. ↑ For example, see: Khwārazmī, Muwaffaq b. Aḥmad al-, al-Manāqib, p. 313; Dhahabī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-, Mīzān al-iʿtidāl, vol. 1, p. 422; Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī, Lisān al-mīzān, vol. 2, p. 157; Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-, al-Khiṣāl, vol. 2, p. 554.

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