Al-Zubayr b. al-Awwam

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Al-Zubayr b. al-Awwam
Tomb attributed to al-Zubayr in Basra, Iraq
Tomb attributed to al-Zubayr in Basra, Iraq
Personal Information
TeknonymAbu 'Abd Allah
LineageQuraysh
Well-Known RelativesLady Khadija (a) (aunt), the Prophet (s) (cousin)
Muhajir/AnsarMuhajir
Place(s) of ResidenceMecca, Abyssinia, Medina
Death/Martyrdom36/656
Cause of Death/MartyrdomHe was killed in the Battle of Jamal
Burial PlaceBasra, Iraq
Converting to IslamAfter Abu Bakr
Presence at ghazwasBadr, Uhud, Conquest of Mecca
Religious Information
Migration toAbyssinia, Medina
Known forParticipating in the Battle of Jamal against Imam 'Ali (a)


Al-Zubayr b. al-ʿAwwām b. Khuwaylid (Arabic: الزُبَیر بن العَوّام بن خُوَیلِد), (d. 36/656), was one of the companions of the Prophet (s) and Khadija's nephew. He embraced Islam when he was 8 and accompanied the Prophet (s) ever since. After the Prophet's demise, al-Zubayr did not accept the verdict issued by Saqifa council about the succession of the Prophet (s); instead, he defended the caliphate of Ali (a) and had various discussions with 'Umar. He was one of the six people appointed by the second caliph for choosing the next caliph and voted in favor of Ali (a). He played a vital role in the uprising against Uthman which led to his murder. However, at the beginning of Imam Ali's caliphate period; he, Talha, and Aisha -known as Nakithun- launched the Battle of Jamal against Imam 'Ali (a), in which he was killed.

Lineage

Al-Zubayr b. al-Awwam b. Khuwaylid b. Asad b. Abd al-Uzza b. Qusay b. Kilab b. Murra b. Ka'b b. Lu'ayy al-Qurashi al-Asadi. His kunya was Abu 'Abd Allah. His father (Khadija's brother) was killed in the Battle of Fijar.[1] His mother, Safiyya, was 'Abd al-Muttalib's daughter -i.e. aunt of the Prophet (s) and Imam Ali (a).[2]

Considering the fact that affiliation with a tribe in Arab society is by father, some have said that his parental relation to the noble tribe of Quraysh is dubious. According to the narration that they cite, Khuwaylid b. Asad brought al-'Awwam from Egypt, and he was his adopted son.[3]

Al-Zubayr married Asma' -the daughter of Abu Bakr.[4] The marriage is considered to be the first mut'a in Islam.[5]

Conversion to Islam

It has been reported in historical sources that he embraced Islam after Abu Bakr.

It is said that he was 8 when he converted to Islam.[6] Some said he was 15.[7] However, according to a report that says Ali (a) and he were of the same age,[8] he could not have become a Muslim when he was 8.

His grandson -Hisham b. 'Urwa b. al-Zubayr- reported that he was the 5th or 6th person who converted to Islam;[9] though this report is not reliable due to the relation between its narrator and al-Zubayr.[10]

In the Time of the Prophet (s)

Before Hijra

There are not many reports about him before Hijra except for that he was among those who emigrated to Abyssinia.[11] During his stay in Abyssinia, a rumor was spread that Quraysh had converted to Islam. Thus, some of the emigrants, including al-Zubayr returned to Mecca.[12]

Brotherhood Bond

Establishment of Pact of Brotherhood between Muslims was one of the Prophet's (s) actions in Medina. The Prophet (s) made the bond of Brotherhood between al-Zubayr and 'Abd Allah b. Mas'ud[13] (or in another narration Salama b. Salama b. Waqsh)[14]

Participation in Battles

It has been reported that he participated in the Battles of Badr[15] and Uhud and, also in the Conquest of Mecca.[16]

With the Three Caliphs

Objection to Abu Bakr's Caliphate

After the Prophet's demise, al-Zubayr was among those who opposed Saqifa and when Imam Ali's house was invaded, he drew his sword out and said: "O, sons of 'Abd al-Muttalib! do you see what is being done to Ali and you are alive?!" then he attacked them. Khalid b. al-Walid threw a stone towards him, which hit him on the back and caused him to drop his sword. Umar picked up the sword and broke it.[17]

Al-Zubayr was Abu Bakr's son in law - Asma', the daughter of Abu Bakr was his wife.[18] However, he divorced her at his son's insistence.[19]

Al-Zubayr's relationship with 'Umar during his caliphate period was never good. One night, as 'Umar and Ibn 'Abbas were patrolling Medina and talking, al-Zubayr's name was brought up. 'Umar said, "He (al-Zubayr) is an impatient, temperamental person. When he is pleased, he is a believer, but he is like a pagan when he is angry. He is human one day and evil the other. If he becomes the caliph, he may spend a whole day bargaining for a mudd (= 3/4 kg) of barley."[20]

Role in the Murder of 'Uthman

As one of the members of the Six-Member Council, al-Zubayr did not vote for 'Uthman. 'Uthman, as the caliph, gave him 600,000 dirhams as a gift to be reconciled with him.[21] However, before long, he provoked people to kill 'Uthman.[22]

Imam Ali's Caliphate

The relationship between al-Zubayr and Imam Ali (a) had many ups and downs. He was among the supporters of Imam Ali (a) after the Event of Saqifa. He was one of the witnesses of Lady Fatima al-Zahra's will[23] and was present at her funeral.[24] he vote for Ali (a) in the Six-Member Council.

After the murder of Uthman, a big crowd including al-Zubayr and Talha gathered in front of Imam Ali's house and said that we came to pledge allegiance to you as the caliph. After lots of insistence, Imam 'Ali (a) accepted.[25] In this incident, al-Zubayr and Talha guaranteed the allegiance of Muhajirun (the emigrants).[26]

Soon, they changed their mind and opposed 'Ali (a).[27] When they heard that 'Aisha was discontented with Ali's caliphate, they left Kufa to Medina giving the excuse of making 'Umra. On their departure, Imam Ali (a) said, "They do not go for 'Umra, but for plotting, deception, and betrayal."[28]

Al-Zubayr convinced 'Aisha to associate them. Having formed a large army, they headed to Basra to fight Imam Ali (a). By confiscation Yemenis' properties which Ya'la b. Munbih had sent to Imam Ali (a), they openly and publicly manifested their opposition to Imam Ali's caliphate.[29]

In the Battle of Jamal

Main article: Battle of Jamal

Al-Zubayr is one of the three most important people who launched the Battle of Jamal. He and Talha convinced Aisha to associate them and brought her to Basra. After they entered Basra, they beat up 'Uthman b. Hunayf -the governor of Basra appointed by Imam Ali (a)- and then mutilated him.[30] Imam 'Ali (a) moved his army toward the outskirts of Basra, where the battle took place. After days of fighting, Imam 'Ali (a) won the battle.

Meeting with Imam Ali (a)

After that two armies faced each other, Imam Ali (a) called al-Zubayr. They met each other between the two front lines of the armies. Imam Ali (a) reminded him of the incident that they had with the Prophet (s): one day the Prophet (s) asked al-Zubayr -in the presence of Ali (a) -: "Do you like Ali?" al-Zubayr said: "Why do not I?" the Prophet (s) said: "How are you when you fight him and you are the oppressor?"[31] Having remembered this, al-Zubayr left the army camp.[32]

Murder

After that al-Zubayr left the army camp, 'Amr b. Jurmuz and some of his companions chased him and killed him in a place called Wadi l-Siba'.[33] 'Amr went back to Imam 'Ali (a) and said to his doorkeeper, "Go and ask permission for the murderer of al-Zubayr." Imam (a) said: "Let him enter and inform him of the fire of the Hell."[34] (Earlier the Prophet (s) had said that the Fire is the position of the murderer of al-Zubayr).[35] Imam (a) expressed his disapproval of al-Zubayr's murder, and when he saw al-Zubayr's sword, he mentioned his acts of bravery in early battles in Islam and said: "This sword dispelled the anguish of the Prophet's face many times."[36]

Repentance

The hadiths from the Prophet (s) and Imam Ali (a) about the murderer of al-Zubayr may imply that al-Zubayr has repented. Yusufi Gharawi does not accept that al-Zubayr had repented and says, "His repentance would have been true if he had followed and served the Imam of his time. He surely did not do that after he met with Imam Ali (a). It can not be said that the hadiths from the Prophet (s) and Imam Ali (a) informing the murderer of al-Zubayr, of the Fire is a sign indicating that his repentance was accepted; because perhaps he was informed of the Fire on the account that he killed him without Imam's permission; especially, that the murderer, later, became one of the Khawarij who participated in the Battle of Nahrawan against Imam Ali (a)."[37]

Tomb

Ibn Jawzi al-Hanbali has written in his history book: "in 386/996-7, the residents of Basra discovered a grave in which a man and his sword were buried, they thought he was al-Zubayr and built a mosque with a dome on his tomb and endowed lots of properties for that mosque."[38] However, considering that the sword of al-Zubayr was taken and his killer beheaded him, the attribution of the grave to al-Zubayr is not acceptable.[39]

Children

Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr

Main article: Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr

'Abd Allah is the most famous child of al-Zubayr. he was the first child of Muhajirun (the emigrants to Medina) who was born after Hijra. Muslims called takbir when he was born not because of his or his father's status, but for that, a rumor was spread that the Muslims had become infertile as a result of Jews' sorcery.[40] He is known as the first child born from mut'a.[41]

Other Children

Genealogists reported 11 sons and 9 daughters for him. His other children are:

  • Sons: Urwa, Mundhir, 'Asim, Muhajir, Khalid, 'Umar, Mus'ab, Hamza, and Ja'far.
  • Daughters: Khadija, Umm al-Hasan, Aisha, Habiba, Sura, Hind, Ramla, 'Ubayda, and Zaynab.

Properties

Al-Zubayr built up fortunes in the time of the first three caliphs (Abu Bakr, Umar, and Uthman). It is said that he left eleven houses in Medina, two in Basra, one in Kufa, and one in Egypt[42] plus one thousand Dinnars, one thousand horses, and one thousand male and female slaves.[43]

Notes

  1. ↑ Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, al-Maʿārif, p. 219.
  2. ↑ Maqdisī, al-Badʾ wa l-tārīkh, vol. 5, p. 83.
  3. ↑ Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, Sharḥ Nahj al-balāgha, vol. 11, p. 67.
  4. ↑ Samʿānī, al-Ansāb, vol. 1, p. 217.
  5. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih, al-ʿIqd al-farīd, vol. 4, p. 14
  6. ↑ Maqdisī, al-Badʾ wa l-tārīkh, vol. 5, p. 83.
  7. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, vol. 2, p. 510; Ibn Athīr, Usd al-ghāba, vol. 2, p. 98.
  8. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, vol. 2, p. 511.
  9. ↑ Ibn Abī Shayba, al-Muṣannaf, vol. 8, p. 450; Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 3, p. 75.
  10. ↑ Fallāḥzāda, "Jāyigāh wa naqsh-i Āl Zubayr dar tārīkh-i Islām", p. 123.
  11. ↑ Ibn Khaldūn, Tārīkh Ibn Khaldūn, vol. 2, p. 415.
  12. ↑ Ibn Khaldūn, Tārīkh Ibn Khaldūn, vol. 2, p. 415.
  13. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 3, p. 75.
  14. ↑ Ibn Khaldūn, Tārīkh Ibn Khaldūn, vol. 2, p. 423.
  15. ↑ Samʿānī, al-Ansāb, vol. 1, p. 216; Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 3, p. 77.
  16. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 3, p. 77.
  17. ↑ Mufīd, al-Ikhtiṣāṣ, p. 186; Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, al-Imāma wa l-sīyāsa, vol. 1, p. 28.
  18. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, vol. 4, p. 1781.
  19. ↑ Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, al-Iṣāba, vol. 8, p. 13.
  20. ↑ Yaʿqūbī, Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī, vol. 2, p. 158.
  21. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 3, p. 79.
  22. ↑ Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, al-Imāma wa l-sīyāsa, vol. 1, p. 47; Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 3, p. 56.
  23. ↑ Ṣadūq, Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh, vol. 4, p. 244.
  24. ↑ Fattāl al-Niyshābūrī, Rawḍat al-wāʿiẓīn, vol. 1, p. 349.
  25. ↑ Mufīd, al-Jamal, p. 130.
  26. ↑ Yaʿqūbī, Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī, vol. 2, p. 167.
  27. ↑ Yaʿqūbī, Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī, vol. 2, p. 169.
  28. ↑ Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, Sharḥ Nahj al-balāgha, vol. 1, p. 232.
  29. ↑ Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, al-Imāma wa l-sīyāsa, vol. 1, p. 63.
  30. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, vol. 1, p. 366-369; Ibn Athīr, Usd al-ghāba, vol. 1, p. 251.
  31. ↑ Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh madīnat Damascus, vol. 18, p. 409; Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 18, p. 123.
  32. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 9, p. 430.
  33. ↑ Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 4, p. 511.
  34. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 3, p. 254.
  35. ↑ Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh madīnat Damascus, vol. 18, p. 421.
  36. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 3, p. 78.
  37. ↑ ʿAskarī Wādaqānī, Ṣaḥāba-yi Payāmbar (s), vol. 5, p. 137.
  38. ↑ Ibn al-Jawzī, al-Muntaẓam, vol. 14, p. 383.
  39. ↑ Al-Mufid, al-Jamal, Maktabat al-Dawari, p. 206
  40. ↑ ʿAskarī, al-Awāʾil, p. 220.
  41. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih, al-ʿIqd al-farīd, vol. 4, p. 14
  42. ↑ Ibn Abī Shayba, al-Muṣannaf, vol. 8, p. 717.
  43. ↑ Masʿūdī, Murūj al-dhahab, vol. 2, p. 333.

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