Jaʿfar b. Abī Ṭālib (Arabic: جَعفَر بن اَبي طالِب , b. circa 590 C.E. - d. 8/629) also known as Jaʿfar al-Ṭayyār (جَعفَر الطَيّار) (the flying Ja'far) and Dhu l-Janāḥayn (ذو الجَناحَین) (the one with two wings) was a cousin and a companion to the Prophet Muhammad (s) and the older brother to Imam 'Ali (a).
 | |
| Personal Information | |
|---|---|
| Full Name | Ja'far b. Abi Talib b. 'Abd al-Muttalib |
| Teknonym | Abu 'Abd Allah, Abu l-Masakin |
| Epithet | Ja'far al-Tayyar, Dhu l-janahayn |
| Lineage | Quraysh |
| Well-Known Relatives | Holy Prophet (s), Imam Ali (a) (brother), Abu Talib (father) |
| Birth | circa 590 C.E. |
| Place of Birth | Mecca |
| Muhajir/Ansar | Muhajir |
| Place(s) of Residence | Mecca, Abyssinia, Medina |
| Martyrdom | Jumada I, 8/September, 629 |
| Cause of Martyrdom | Martyred in the Battle of Muta |
| Burial Place | Jordan |
| Converting to Islam | Converted after Imam Ali (a) |
| Religious Information | |
| Presence at ghazwas | Battle of Muta |
| Migration to | Abyssinia and Medina |
He led a group of Muslims to take refuge in Abyssinia. After his return, the Prophet (s) taught him a prayer, which is known as the Prayer of Ja'far al-Tayyar.
He was appointed as the commander of the Muslim Army in the Battle of Muta, in which he was later martyred. His tomb is in Jordan.
Biography
Birth and lineage
It is said that Ja'far was born twenty years before the Prophet (s) started his mission. He belonged to the Banu Hashim clan in the Quraysh tribe. His father, Abu Talib, was a notable Qurayshi figure and his mother was Fatima bt. Asad. His older brothers were Talib and 'Aqil and his younger brother was 'Ali (a). It is said that these four brothers were 10 years apart.[1]
Teknonyms
Ja'far's teknonym was Abu 'Abd Allah because he had a son called Abd Allah.[2] His other teknonym was Abu l-Masakin (the father of the poor), because he supported and helped the poor.[3] After his death by the loss of his two hands, he was called Tayyar (the flying one) and Dhu l-Janahayn (the one with two wings).
It is reported that the Prophet (s) said, "One night I entered the heavens and saw that Ja'far was flying with the angels."[4] There is a hadith from Imam al-Baqir (a) to the effect that God honors Ja'far for four things he avoided during Jahiliyya (the age of ignorance before Islam). It was aked, "What are they?" He answered, "Ja'far avoided drinking wine, lying, fornication, and idolatory." The Prophet (s) prayed for him and said, "May God give you two wings, with which to fly in the company of the angels."[5]
He is also called "Dhu l-Hijratayan" (the one who migrated twice), as he migrated once to Abyssinia and then to Medina.[6]
Wives and Children
Ja'far was married to Asma' bt. 'Umays. Ibn 'Inaba enumerates eight children for them,[7] including Abd Allah, Awn, Muhammad, and Ahmad.[8]
Guardianship by His Uncle
When Abu Talib became very destitute, Ja'far was given to the care of his uncle Abbas b. Abd al-Muttalib.[9] Ja'far lived with his uncle until he accepted Islam and became independent.
Conversion to Islam
He was the second man who accepted Islam, his brother 'Ali (a) being the first. Seeing that his son, 'Ali (a), was praying with the Prophet Muhammad (s), Abu Talib told Ja'far to pray on the left side of the Prophet.[10] Some have also said that he was the 26th or the 32nd man to believe in Islam.[11] Ibn Sa'd reports that he accepted Islam before the Prophet (s) entered Bayt Arqam.[12]
Rank
According to the Islamic sources, Ja'far had a high rank.
It is reported that the Prophet (s) said, "People are created from different trees. Ja'far and I are created from the same tree, and we have the same substance."[13] In another hadith, he said, "Ja'far, you are like me in appearance and behavior."[14] This similarity was so much that sometimes people greeted Ja'far by saying, "Assalamu Alaykum, O the messenger of God!" Ja'far replied,"I am not the messenger of God, but Ja'far."[15]
The Prophet (s) liked him very much. He donated a portion of booty from the Battle of Badr to Ja'far, although Ja'far had not attended it.[16] Returning from the Battle of Khaybar, the Prophet (s) met Ja'far, who had just come from Abyssinia, hugged him, and kissed the point between his eyes, saying,"I don't know what to celebrate: meeting Ja'far or our triumph in Khaybar?"[17] Then, he taught him a prayer, which is known as the Prayer of Ja'far al-Tayyar.[18]
Imam Ali (a) liked him so much that Abd Allah b. Ja'far said, "Whenever I wanted something from my uncle, I abjured him by the name of my father, Ja'far, and he accepted."[19]
Characteristics
Abu Nu'aym al-Isfahani says, "Ja'far b. Abi Talib was a powerful orator, who was also generous, brave, and mystical."[20] Ibn Qudama says that he was tolerant and humble.[21] Al-Dhahabi says that Ja'far b. Abi Talib was high-ranking, the master of the martyrs and soldiers.[22]
Qur'anic Verses on Ja'far
One of Ja'far's honors is that some of the Qur'anic verses refer to him. In his interpretation of Qur'an 33:23 ("Of the believers are men who are true to that which they covenanted with Allah. Some of them have paid their vow by death (in battle), and some of them are still are waiting"), Ali b. Ibrahim al-Qummi reports a hadith from Imam al-Baqir (a) to the effect that the former group includes Hamza and Ja'far.[23] Al-Qummi also believes that the Qur'an 22:39 ("Permission is given unto those who fight because they have been wronged") refers to Imam Ali (a), Hamza, and Ja'far.[24]
Immigration to Abyssinia
Five years after the Prophet (s) started his mission (615 C.E.), as a consequence of being annoyed by pagans of Mecca, and upon a commandment from the Prophet (s), a group of Muslims migrated from Mecca to Abyssinia to take refuge from persecution.[25] Ja'far led the group, which was composed of 82 men and some women and children.[26] The Prophet (s) said to these people, "Take refuge in Abyssinia. Their king is a righteous man, who does not wrong anyone. Travel there until God makes an opening for Muslims."[27]
Upon learning about the entrance of the Muslim group, Negus called them to the court. Ja'far b. Abi Talib said to Negus, "I will tell you what I have heard from my leader, the Prophet (s)." Then as a spokesperson of Islam, he said, "A prophet has emerged among us to call us to avoid idolatory, usury, wronging others, unjust bloodshed, adultery, and fornication. He has invited us to prayer, zakat (charity), justice and kindness to neighbors." Then, Negus asked him, "Do you have anything from what the Prophet (s) has brought you from God?" Ja'far read verses from the Sura 19 (Maryam) which was about the story of Mary and Jesus (a). Negus wept after he heard these verses.[28] Meccan unbelievers had tried to persuade Negus with gifts to reject the Muslim group; but he refused their request. Muslims could live safely in that land.[29]
Muslims stayed in Abyssinia until the year 6/627-8. Just before the Battle of Khaybar, the Prophet (s) asked Negus to return the Muslims. He accepted, embraced Islam, and sent Ja'far and others, including 'Amr b. Umayya al-Damri, in two ships to Medina.[30]
Commander of the Islamic Army
After the Battle of Khaybar and Ja'far's return from Abyssinia, the Prophet (s) appointed him as the commander of the Islamic Army in Jumada I of the year 8/629. He went to war against the Byzantine Army in Muta. He said, "If Ja'far is killed, Zayd b. Haritha will take over the commandment; and if he is killed, Abd Allah b. Rawaha will replace him."[31] Some believe that Zayd b. Haritha was the first commander and Ja'far was the second.[32]
Martyrdom
Ja'far was killed in the Battle of Muta in Jumada I of the year 8/629.[33] Abu l-Faraj al-Isfahani, believes that Ja'far was the first child of Abu Talib to be martyred for Islam.[34] Al-Tabari says, "After Zayd martyred, Ja'far took over the commandment of war. When he saw that he was surrounded by the enemy, he got off from his horse and cut off its legs [so that it would not fall into the hands of the enemy]. Then he fought until his hands were cut off and he died."[35] It is mostly believed that he was then 41 years old and was the tenth person to die in this battle.[36]
Al-Shaykh al-Saduq reports that after Ja'far's martyrdom, the Prophet (s) visited his family and wept[37] and hugged Ja'far's children and condoled them.[38] It is reported that Asma' bt. 'Umays and Ka'b b. Malik composed dirges for Ja'far.[39]
Tomb
Ja'far and other Muslims who were martyred in that battle were buried in Mazar, near Muta, Jordan. Muslims honor his grave. Ja'far, 'Abd Allah b. Rawaha and Zayd b. Haritha were buried in one tomb, which was then hidden.[40]
Notes
- ↑ Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, Maqātil al-ṭālibīyyīn, p. 3.
- ↑ Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, Maqātil al-ṭālibīyyīn, p. 3.
- ↑ Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, al-Iṣāba, vol. 7, p. 309; Ibn Athīr, Usd al-ghāba, vol. 1, p. 288; Ibn ʿInaba, ʿUmdat al-ṭālib, p. 35.
- ↑ Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 22, p. 277.
- ↑ Ṣadūq, ʿIlal al-sharāʾiʿ, vol. 2, p. 558.
- ↑ Ibn ʿInaba, ʿUmdat al-ṭālib, p. 35.
- ↑ Ibn ʿInaba, ʿUmdat al-ṭālib, p. 36.
- ↑ Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, al-Iṣāba, vol. 1, p. 325.
- ↑ Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 2, p. 58; Ibn Hishām, al-Sīra al-nabawīyya, vol. 1, p. 162.
- ↑ Ibn Athīr, Usd al-ghāba, vol. 1, p. 287.
- ↑ Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, al-Iṣāba, vol. 2, p. 592.
- ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 4, p. 34.
- ↑ Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, Maqātil al-ṭālibīyyīn, p. 10; Maghribī, Sharḥ al-akhbār, vol. 3, p. 205.
- ↑ Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 22, p. 276.
- ↑ Amīn, Aʿyān al-Shīʿa, vol. 4, p. 125.
- ↑ Wāqidī, al-Maghāzī, vol. 1, p. 156.
- ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 4, p. 35.
- ↑ Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa, vol. 8, p. 49.
- ↑ Amīn, Aʿyān al-Shīʿa, vol. 4, p. 126.
- ↑ Iṣfahānī, Ḥilyat al-awlīyāʾ, vol. 1, p. 114.
- ↑ Ibn Qudāma, al-Tabyīn, p. 115.
- ↑ Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ, vol. 1, p. 206.
- ↑ Qummī, Tafsīr al-Qummī, vol. 2, p. 188.
- ↑ Qummī, Tafsīr al-Qummī, vol. 2, p. 84.
- ↑ Ibn Hishām, al-Sīra al-nabawīyya, vol. 1, p. 323.
- ↑ Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 18, p. 412.
- ↑ Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 18, p. 412.
- ↑ Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 18, p. 415.
- ↑ Amīn, Aʿyān al-Shīʿa, vol. 4, p. 123.
- ↑ Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh madīnat Damascus, vol. 45, p. 430.
- ↑ Ṭūsī, al-Amālī, p. 141; Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, Maqātil al-ṭālibīyyīn, p. 6.
- ↑ Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 4, p. 275.
- ↑ Amīn, Aʿyān al-Shīʿa, vol. 4, p. 118.
- ↑ Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, Maqātil al-ṭālibīyyīn, p. 3.
- ↑ Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 2, p. 321.
- ↑ Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 22, p. 126.
- ↑ Ṣadūq, Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh, vol. 1, p. 177.
- ↑ Wāqidī, al-Maghāzī, vol. 2, p. 766.
- ↑ Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, Maqātil al-ṭālibīyyīn, p. 8-9.
- ↑ Ibn ʿInaba, ʿUmdat al-ṭālib, p. 36.
References
- Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn. Maqātil al-ṭālibīyyīn. Najaf: al-Maktaba al-Ḥaydarīyya, 1385 AH.
- Amīn al-ʿĀmilī, Sayyid Muḥsin al-. Aʿyān al-Shīʿa. Beirut: Dār al-Taʿāruf, [n.d].
- Dhahabī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-. Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ. Beirut: Muʾassisat al-Risāla, 1413 AH.
- Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa. Qom: Āl al-Bayt, [n.d].
- Ibn ʿAsākir, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥasan. Tārīkh madīnat Damascus. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1415 AH.
- Ibn Athīr, ʿAlī b. Muḥammad. Usd al-ghāba. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, [n.d].
- Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. Al-Iṣāba fī tamyīz al-ṣaḥāba. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, 1415 AH.
- Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya. Cairo: Madanī, 1383 AH.
- Ibn ʿInaba, Aḥmad. ʿUmdat al-ṭālib. Najaf: al-Maktaba al-Ḥaydarīyya, 1380 AH.
- Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1408 AH.
- Ibn Qudāma, ʿAbd Allāh. Al-Tabyīn fī ansāb al-qurashīyyīn. Beirut: [n.p], 1408 AH.
- Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad b. Manīʿ. Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā. Beirut: Dār al-Ṣādir, [n.d].
- Maghribī, Qāḍī Nuʿmān al-. Sharḥ al-akhbār. Qom: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 1414 AH.
- Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. Biḥār al-anwār. Beirut: Muʾassisat al-Wafāʾ, 1403 AH.
- Qummī, ʿAlī b. Ibrāhīm al-. Tafsīr al-Qummī. Qom: Dār al-Kitāb, 1404 AH.
- Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. ʿIlal al-sharāʾiʿ. Najaf: al-Maktaba al-Ḥaydarīyya, 1380 AH.
- Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh. Qom: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 1363 Sh.
- Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-. Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk. Beirut: Muʾassisat al-Aʿlamī, 1403 AH.
- Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. Al-Amālī. Qom: Dār al-Thiqāfa, 1414 AH.
- Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. Al-Maghāzī. Beirut: Aʿlamī, 1409 AH.