Statistics of the Battle of Ashura'

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The Battle of Karbala between Imam al-Husayn (a) and Yazid's army led by 'Umar b. Sa'd in Muharram 10, 61/ October 10, 680 in Karbala ended by martyrdom of Imam al-Husayn (a), his family, and companions. Survivors, including women and children were captured and taken to Kufa and then to Damascus. This event is significant for Shi'a. They mark it every year in different cities around the world. They mourn Imam al-Husayn (a) and his companions and speak about their virtues.

Number of Letters Imam al-Husayn (a) Received from Kufa

Main article: Letters of the Kufians to Imam al-Husayn (a)

Historians reported the number of letters differently.

  • Some said there were 150 letters, each written by one, two, or four people.[1]
  • Al-Tabari said there were about fifty-three letters.[2]
  • Al-Baladhuri reported there were 50 letters.[3]
  • According to Al-Luhuf and A'yan al-Shi'a, there were 12,000 individuals who wrote letters, with each letter having multiple signatures.[4]

The report of 150 letters seems more authentic because it was mentioned in earlier sources and was more frequently reported.

In Kufa

Number of Who Pledged Allegiance to Muslim b. 'Aqil

The number of those who pledged allegiance to Muslim b. 'Aqil varies in historical sources.

It has also been reported that Zayd b. Ali said in his answer to Salama b. Kuhayl that eighty thousand people swore allegiance to Imam al-Husayn (a).[12] However, it is near to the number of people who said they were ready to fight Yazid's Army.

Al-Tabari's quotation from Abu Mikhnaf, which says they were eighteen thousand, is more authentic and mentioned in earlier sources.

People of Kufa Who prepared for the Battle

It has been mentioned in some reports that one hundred thousand people from Kufa were ready to fight Yazid's army.[13]

People Participated in Muslim b. 'Aqil's Uprising

Abu l-Faraj al-Isfahani writes: "When Muslim rose, people of Kufa gathered around him so that the Mosque of Kufa and its Bazaar filled up with people."[14]

Al-Tabari's quotation from Abu Mikhnaf and al-Shaykh al-Mufid -four thousand people- is the more authentic report.

People Surrounded Muslim b. 'Aqil

When security forces of Kufa wanted to arrest Muslim, there were sixty or seventy[20] and in another report one hundred[21] or three hundred[22] people surrounded Muslim.

Duration of Imam al-Husayn's (a) Journey to Karbala

Imam al-Husayn (a) lived for 175 days after he refused to pledge allegiance to Yazid. He spent twelve days in Medina, four months and ten days in Mecca, twenty three days on his way from Mecca to Karbala and eight days (from 2nd to 10th of Muharram) in Karbala.

Number of Stops on His Way to Karbala

Imam al-Husayn (a) passed eighteen stops (manzil) on his way toward Kufa. The distance between each stop was three Farsakh.

Statistics for Imam al-Husayn's (a) Companions

Unfortunately, there is no way to find out the exact number of Imam al-Husayn's (a) companions. Even the eyewitnesses of the Battle of Karbala have reported different numbers. Also, there was no specific way for reporting the companions' names in earlier sources. For example, one person could have been addressed as his name or his kunya or his title or his father's or his mother's or even his tribe and clan. On the other hand, the number of Imam al-Husayn's (a) companions varied in each stage has aggravated the problem.

Thus, to have a clear view of their number, statistics are given for four stages:

Leaving Medina

Many sources did not mention the number of Imam's companions in this stage.[23] The only report is a hadith from Imam al-Sadiq (a) narrated by al-Shaykh al-Saduq which says twenty one people, including his progeny and companions accompanied him.[24]

Leaving Mecca

There are different reports about the number of Imam al-Husayn's (a) companions when he left Mecca:

In Karbala (Before 'Ashura)

  • 'Ammar al-Duhni narrated from Imam al-Baqir (a) that Imam al-Husayn (a) entered Karbala along with 145 of his companions (fourty-five cavalries and one hundred infantry).[29]
  • Some historians reported that there were eighty nine people consisted of fifty companions, twenty people from the enemy army who later joined the Imam and nineteen people from his family.[30]According to some historians, there were thirty-two cavalries accompanying the Imam on his way to Karbala.[31]
  • Al-Ya'qubi reported that Imam's family and companions were sixty-two or seventy-two people.[32]
  • Al-Mas'udi is the only historian who reported Imam's companions, on his way to Karbala, five hundred cavalries, and one hundred infantry.[33]
  • Ibn Shahr Ashub said that the number of Imam's companions was eighty-two people (before 'Ashura).[34]
  • Ibn Abbar al-Balansi (d. 658/1260) has reported more than seventy cavalries and infantry.[35]

According to the aforementioned and other reports, one can conclude that Imam al-Husayn's (a) companions were between seventy to ninety people at this stage.

The Day of 'Ashura

The followings are different reports about the number of Imam al-Husayn's (a) companion on the day of 'Ashura:

However, the seventy-two-people report is more reliable because it is reported by many historians in early, reliable sources.

Tribal Composition of Imam al-Husayn's (a) Army

A contemporary researcher have provided the list of Martyrs of Karbala categorized by their tribes, as following:

  • Banu Hashim (including Muslim b. 'Aqil) and who were related to them: twenty six people
  • Banu Asad: seven people
  • Hamdan: fourteen people
  • Madhhij: eight people
  • Ansar: seven people
  • Bajal and Khath'am: four people
  • Banu Kilab: three people
  • Azd: seven people
  • 'Abd: seven people
  • Tiym: seven people
  • Tayy: two people
  • Banu Taghlib: five people
  • Juhan: three people
  • Tamim: two people
  • Others: three people[45]

Statistics for 'Umar b. Sa'd's Army

Number of Soldiers

There are different reports about the number of soldiers in 'Umar b. Sa'd's army:

  • Some sources listed the commanders and their soldiers, which became twenty-two thousand people.[46]
  • According to two narrations from Imam al-Sajjad (a) and Imam al-Sadiq (a), al-Shaykh al-Saduq says they were thirty thousand people.[47]
  • Al-Mas'udi (the author of Ithbat al-wasiyya): twenty-eight thousand people.[48]
  • Al-Tabari: fourteen thousand people.[49]
  • Ibn Shahr Ashub: thirty-five thousand people (however, in his detailed lists of commanders and soldiers, he counted twenty-five thousand people).[50]
  • Sibt b. al-Jawzi: six thousand people. [51]
  • Ibn 'Inaba: thirty-one thousand people.[52]
  • Mulla Husayn al-Kashifi reported thirty-two thousand and also seventeen thousand people.[53]
  • Al-Khasibi: fifty-six thousand people. [54]
  • Anonymous report that counted the enemy's number twenty thousand by Muharram 6.[55]

It seems that al-Shaykh al-Saduq's narration from Imam al-Sajjad (a) and Imam al-Sadiq (a) (thirty thousand people) is the most reliable report.

Fatality Rate

Al-Shaykh al-Saduq (d. 381/991-2) followed by Muhammad b. Fattal al-Nisaburi (d. 508/1114-5) has listed the number of soldiers killed by Imam's companions as following:

According to this report, 225 or 226 people were killed by these companions.

Ibn Shahrashub , however, reported a higher rate of fatalities. He reported the following numbers:

Number of Martyrs

Main article: Martyrs of Karbala

Some historians tried hard to present a detailed list of martyrs of Karbala, but due to some lack of early sources, they could not.[60]

Total Number of Martyrs

  • The most famous report is seventy-two martyrs.[61]
  • Fudayl b. Zubayr -one of the companions of Imam al-Baqir (a) and Imam al-Sadiq (a)- has reported the number of martyrs from the beginning of Imam al-Husayn (a) movement to the end (including the injured who were martyred later) 106 people -consists of twenty people from Banu Hashim and eighty-six people as Imam's companions.[62]
  • A various narration from Zahr b. Qays reports the number of the martyrs including seventy-eight,[63] thirty-two,[64] seventy,[65] seventy-seven,[66] eighty-two,[67] and eighty-eight[68] people.
  • Al-Balkhi (d. 322/933-4) and al-Mas'udi reported eighty-seven people.[69]
  • Al-Sayyid Muhsin al-Amin counted the number of martyrs in the movement of Imam al-Husayn (a) (from the beginning to the end) 139 people.[70]
  • After an analytic discussion, Shaykh Muhammad Mahdi Shams al-Din believed that they were more than one hundred people.[71]
  • Dhabih Allah Mahallati raised the total count to 228 individuals (from the beginning to the end of the movement) , which includes the martyrdom of 'Abd Allah b. 'Afif al-Azdi while prisoners were held in Kufa.
  • In another source, the number of martyrs (from the beginning of the movement to the end) is counted 182 people.[72]
  • According to the Danishnamah-yi Imam Husayn (a) (Encyclopaedia of Imam Husayn (a)), there were 155 martyrs in Karbala. This source does not consider any number higher than 155 to be reliable.[73]

It seems that the seventy-two-people report is more acceptable as it was reported in earlier sources and also by many historians.

Banu Hashim

Reports about the number of martyrs from Banu Hashim varied between nine to thirty.[74] Some of these reports have been narrated from Imams (a). The most commonly accepted account is seventeen people,[75] which also has been written in many books.

In the earliest historical source, the number of martyrs from Banu Hashim has been counted as twenty, including Muslim b. 'Aqil and Imam al-Husayn (a).[76]

Aside from being commonly reported in many sources, the account of seventeen-people which has been narrated from Imams (a), is mentioned in earlier sources and is considered the most authentic report.

Number of Martyrs in the First Attack

It is said in some sources that in the first attack on Imam's army, more than 50 of his companions were martyred.[77]

Martyrs from the Prophet's (s) Companions

Some of the Prophet's (s) companions were martyred in Karbala.

Fadl b. Zubayr said they were six people,[78] and al-Mas'udi said they were four.[79] But some contemporary writers named these five people:

  1. Anas b. Harith al-Kahili.
  2. Habib b. Muzahir.
  3. Hani b. 'Urwa al-Muradi.
  4. Muslim b. 'Awsaja al-Asadi.
  5. Abd Allah b. Yaqtar.[80]

Companions Who were Martyred After Imam al-Husayn (a)

Four companions were martyred after Imam al-Husayn (a).

Martyrs Who Had not Reached Puberty

Although Islamic laws, including fighting, are not applied to adolescents, some companions of Imam al-Husayn (a) had not reached puberty when they were martyred.

Martyrs' Mothers

Mothers of eight martyrs were present in Karbala and witnessed their son's martyrdom:

According to some hadiths Layla, the mother of Ali al-Akbar (a) was present in Karbala. However, these hadiths have not been proven.

Captives from Imam's Companions

Two companions of Imam al-Husayn (a) were first captured then martyred:

Companions Who were Martyred in the presence of Their Fathers

Their fathers witnessed the martyrdom of six martyrs of Karbala.

Number of Who Rode Horses on Imam's Body

In some sources, it has just been mentioned that the holy body of Imam al-Husayn (a) was overridden by horses after his martyrdom, but there are no reports about the number. However, in many sources, it has been reported that they were 10 people.

Number of Injuries on Imam al-Husayn's Body

Different accounts have been reported about the number of injuries on Imam al-Husayn's (a) pure body.

  • It has been quoted from Imam al-Sadiq (a) that Imam (a) received thirty-three injuries by spears, thirty-four injuries by swords.[81] In another hadith thirty-three injuries by spears, fourty-four injuries by swords and arrows,[82] and in the third hadith, more than seventy injuries.[83]
  • In a hadith from Imam al-Baqir (a), he says that there were more than 320 injuries[84] and in another hadith from him sixty-three injuries by sword or spear or arrows on Imam al-Husayn's (a) body.[85]
  • It has been narrated from Imam al-Sajjad (a) that there were fourty wound and sword stroke injuries on Imam's body.[86]
  • Some sources reported more than 110 tears on Imam's clothes and body caused by arrows, spears, and swords.[87]
  • Also, some sources reported 120 sword, arrow, and stone strokes.[88]
  • Ibn Sa'd wrote thirty-three injuries.[89]
  • 'Ali b. Muhammad al-'Amri and Ibn 'Inaba (d. 828/1424-5) reported seventy injuries.[90]
  • Al-Sayyid b. Tawus reported seventy-two injuries.[91]

It seems that the total number of injuries exceeded one hundred, which is supported by reports that say arrows covered the Imam al-Husayn's (a) body.[92]

Families

Some contemporary researchers said that three families were present in Karbala.

However, there is no authentic evidence proving that Muslim b. 'Awsaja's family were in Karbala; although it has been reported in some sources that his female servant was present in Karbala.[94]

Decapitated Heads of Martyrs

There are different reports about the number of martyrs' heads decapitated by 'Umar b. Sa'd's army.

The first report is more authentic because it was mentioned in earlier sources.

The heads were distributed among tribes as war spoils to receive rewards from Ibn Ziyad for each head. Here is the number of heads given to each tribe:

Servants Who Were Martyred

The Injured

  • According to historians, the only survived injured was Hasan b. Hasan b. 'Ali (a) (Hasan al-Muthanna)[101]
  • The injured who were martyred later are:
  • Suwar b. Himyar al-Jabiri[102]
  • 'Amr b. 'Abd Allah al-Hamdani al-Jundu'i[103]
  • Muraqqa' b. Thumama al-Asadi[104]

Captives

Male

A study of earlier sources give us this list of male captives of the Battle of Karbala:

Female

Ibn Sa'd said counted 6,[119] Qadi Nu'man al-Maghribi 4[120] and Abu l-Faraj al-Isfahani 3[121] women of Ahl al-Bayt (a) who were captured. They are listed as following:

Imam Ali's (a) daughters

Imam al-Husayn's (a) daughters

Women Who Were Involved in Imam al-Husayn's Movement

  1. Mariya[131] (daughter of Sa'd or Munqidh al-'Abdiyya) whose house was a gathering place for a group of Shi'a from Basra.
  2. Taw'a[132] (Ash'ath b. Qays's servent) She gave refuge to Muslim b. 'Aqil, when he was left alone in Kufa.
  3. Diylam[133] or Dulham[134] (Zuhayr b. Qayn's wife) she encouraged her husband to join Imam al-Husayn (a).
  4. A woman from Kufa who provided clothes and veils (headscarf) for women of Ahl al-Bayt (a), when they were brought to Kufa as captives.[135]

Objector Women

5 women objected to the actions against Imam al-Husayn and his companions.

  1. Umm 'Abd Allah (bint Hurrbadi al-Kindi, Malik b. Nusayr's wife)[136] objected to her husband when he took Imam al-Husayn's burnus (hooded cloak) as a spoil.
  2. Safiyya bt. 'Abd Allah b. 'Afif al-Azdi.[137] She supported her father when he was surrounded by Ibn Ziyad's agents.
  3. A woman from the tribe of Bakr b. Wa'il. She objected to the soldiers of 'Umar b. Sa'd's army when they started to loot the tents of Ahl al-Bayt (a).[138]
  4. Nawar (wife or daughter of Ka'b b. Jabir b. 'Amr al-Azdi).[139] She and her husband objected to the 'Umar b. Sa'd's army on fighting Imam al-Husayn (a) and killing Burayr b. Khudayr.
  5. Nawar (bint Malik b. 'Aqrab al-Hadrami, wife of Khawli).[140] When her husband brought the head of Imam al-Husayn (a) to her house and said that he had brought something that makes them rich, she objected to him and his happiness.

Martyred Woman

Umm Wahb (wife of 'Abd Allah b. 'Umayr al-Kalbi) is the only woman who was martyred in Karbala.

Number of Stops between Kufa and Damascus

Captives of Ahl al-Bayt (a) passed 14 Stops (manzil) from Kufa to Damascus.

Duration of Staying and Mourning in Damascus

  1. Ibn A'tham, al-Shaykh al-Mufid followed by al-Shaykh al-Tusi said that captives of Ahl al-Bayt (a) stayed in Damascus for "some days."[141]
  2. Ibn Sa'd, al-Tabari, al-Khwarazmi (quoting Ibn Mikhnaf), Ibn 'Asakir, Sibt b. al-Jawzi, Ibn Kathir and al-Majlisi reported that Ahl al-Bayt (a) and some Umayyad women mourned Imam al-Husayn (a) for three days.[142]
  3. Qadi Nu'man al-Maghribi (d. 363/973-4) said that Ahl al-Bayt (a) stayed in Damascus for 45 days.[143]
  4. Sayyid b. Tawus (d. 664/1266) accepted the report, which says that Ahl al-Bayt (a) were imprisoned for 1 month in Damascus.[144]
  5. 'Imad al-Din al-Tabari (alive in 701/1301-2) and al-Majlisi (in another place) wrote: "Ahl al-Bayt (a) mourned for 7 days." Al-Majlisi added that in the 8th day, Yazid arranged their return to Medina.[145]

The reports of 1 month and 45 days are not very reliable, especially single-narrated reports. Based on the point that women from Umayyad Dynasty joined Ahl al-Bayt (a) in mourning on the 5th day, when they realized that they (Ahl al-Bayt(a)) were oppressed, one can conclude that Ahl al-Bayt (a) did not stay in Damascus more than 10 days.

See Also

Notes

  1. ↑ Ibn Aʿtham al-Kūfī, Kitāb al-Futūḥ, vol. 5, p. 29; Mufīd, al-Irshād, vol. 2, p. 38; Ibn Shahrāshūb, Manāqib, vol. 4, p. 98; Ibn al-Jawzī, al-Muntaẓam, vol. 5, p. 327; Khwārizmī, Maqtal al-Ḥusayn, vol. 1, p. 283; Irbilī, Kashf al-ghumma, vol. 2, p. 253; Shāfiʿī, Maṭālib al-saʿūl fī manāqib Āl al-Rasūl, vol. 2, p. 71; Sibṭ b. al-Jawzī, Yūsuf b. Qazāwughlī. Tadhkirat al-khawāṣ, vol. 2, p. 146; Ibn Ṭāwūs, al-Luhūf ʿalā qatlay al-ṭufūf, p. 24; Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 8, p. 162; Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Tahdhīb al-tahdhīb, vol. 2, p. 302.
  2. ↑ Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 4, p. 262.
  3. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 3, p. 370.
  4. ↑ Ibn Ṭāwūs, al-Luhūf, p. 35; Amīn, Aʿyān al-Shīʿa, vol. 1, p. 581.
  5. ↑ Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 4, p. 275; Dīnawarī, al-Akhbār al-ṭiwāl, p. 235; Mufīd, al-Irshād, vol. 2, p. 41; Sibṭ b. al-Jawzī, Tadhkirat al-khawāṣ, vol. 2, p. 141; Ibn Nimā al-Ḥillī, Muthīr al-aḥzān, p. 21; Ibn Ṭāwūs, al-Luhūf , p. 25; Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ, vol. 3, p. 299; Ibn ʿAnba, ʿUmdat al-ṭālib, p. 191-192.
  6. ↑ Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 4, p. 259; Ibn ʿAsākir, Tarjumat al-Imām al-Ḥusayn, p. 302; Ibn Shahrāshūb, Manāqib, vol. 4, p. 99; Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ, vol. 3, p. 306; Haytamī, al-Ṣawāʿiq al-muḥriqa, p. 196; Masʿūdī, Murūj al-dhahab, vol. 3, p. 65; Sibṭ b. al-Jawzī, Tadhkirat al-khawāṣ, vol. 2, p. 141.
  7. ↑ Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, Sharḥ Nahj al-balāgha, vol. 11, p. 43; Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 44, p. 68.
  8. ↑ Ibn Aʿtham al-Kūfī, Kitāb al-Futūḥ, vol. 5, p. 40; Khwārizmī, Maqtal al-Ḥusayn, vol. 1, p. 290.
  9. ↑ Ibn Shahrāshūb, Manāqib, vol. 4, p. 99.
  10. ↑ Ibn Qutaybaal-Imāma wa l-sīyāsa, vol. 2, p. 8; Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih, al-ʿIqd al-farīd, vol. 4, p. 354.
  11. ↑ Ibn ʿAsākir, Tarjumat al-Imām al-Ḥusayn, p. 284; Ibn Nimā al-Ḥillī, Muthīr al-aḥzān, p. 16.
  12. ↑ Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 5, p. 489.
  13. ↑ Ibn Saʿd. Tarjamat al-Imām al-Ḥusayn wa maqtaluh, p. 174; Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 3, p. 422; Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 4, p. 294; Mufīd, al-Irshād, vol. 2, p. 71; Ibn Nimā al-Ḥillī, Muthīr al-aḥzān, p. 16; Sibṭ b. al-Jawzī, Tadhkirat al-khawāṣ, vol. 2, p. 141; Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ, vol. 3, p. 299.
  14. ↑ Abu l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, Maqātil al-ṭālibīyyīn, p. 70-71.
  15. ↑ Ibn Saʿd. Tarjamat al-Imām al-Ḥusayn wa maqtaluh, p. 175; Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ, vol. 3, p. 299.
  16. ↑ Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 4, p. 260 and 275; Mufīd, al-Irshād, vol. 2, p. 52.
  17. ↑ Ibn Aʿtham al-Kūfī, Kitāb al-Futūḥ, vol. 5, p. 29; Khwārizmī, Maqtal al-Ḥusayn, vol. 1, p. 297; Masʿūdī, Murūj al-dhahab, vol. 3, p. 68.
  18. ↑ Ibn Shahrāshūb, Manāqib, vol. 4, p. 101.
  19. ↑ Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Tahdhīb al-tahdhīb, vol. 2, p. 303.
  20. ↑ Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 4, p. 279; Abu l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, Maqātil al-ṭālibīyyīn, p. 69; Masʿūdī, Murūj al-dhahab, vol. 3, p. 69; Mufīd, al-Irshād, vol. 2, p. 57; Ṭabrisī, Iʿlām al-warā bi-aʿlām al-hudā, vol. 1, p. 443; Ibn Nimā al-Ḥillī, Muthīr al-aḥzān, p. 24.
  21. ↑ Dīnawarī, al-Akhbār al-ṭiwāl, p. 240.
  22. ↑ Ibn Aʿtham al-Kūfī, Kitāb al-Futūḥ, vol. 5, p. 53.
  23. ↑ Dīnawarī, al-Akhbār al-ṭiwāl, p. 228; Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 4, p. 253; Mufīd, al-Irshād, vol. 2, p. 34; Ibn Aʿtham al-Kūfī, Kitāb al-Futūḥ, vol. 5, p. 22; Fattāl, Rawḍat al-wāʿiẓīn, p. 171; Ṭabrisī, Iʿlām al-warā bi-aʿlām al-hudā, vol. 1, p. 435; Khwārizmī, Maqtal al-Ḥusayn, vol. 1, p. 273; Sibṭ b. al-Jawzī, Tadhkirat al-khawāṣ, vol. 2, p. 236.
  24. ↑ Ṣadūq, al-Amālī, p. 217; Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 44, p. 313.
  25. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 10, p. 451; Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh madīnat Dimashq, vol. 14, p. 211-212.
  26. ↑ Ibn Aʿtham al-Kūfī, Kitāb al-Futūḥ, vol. 5, p. 69; Khwārizmī, Maqtal al-Ḥusayn, vol. 1, p. 317; Shāfiʿī, Maṭālib al-saʿūl, vol. 2, p. 73; Irbilī, Kashf al-ghumma, vol. 2, p. 253; Ibn Ṣabbāgh Mālikī, al-Fuṣūl al-muhimma, vol. 2, p. 6.
  27. ↑ Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, al-Imāma wa l-sīyāsa, vol. 2, p. 10; Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih, al-ʿIqd al-farīd, vol. 4, p. 355.
  28. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 6, p. 259.
  29. ↑ Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 4, p. 292; Jurjānī Shajarī, al-Amālī l-khamīsīyya, vol. 1, p. 191-192; Ibn Ṭāwūs, al-Luhūf ʿalā qatlay al-ṭufūf, p. 60; Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ, vol. 3, p. 308; Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 8, p. 214; Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, al-Iṣāba fī tamyīz al-ṣaḥāba, vol. 2, p. 71; Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Tahdhīb al-tahdhīb, vol. 2, p. 304; Ibn Nimā al-Ḥillī, Muthīr al-aḥzān, p. 39.
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  56. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 3, p. 405 and Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 4, p. 340, wrote the number of dead as five people.
  57. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 3, p. 404 and Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 4, p. 336, wrote the number of dead as twelve people.
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  66. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih, al-ʿIqd al-farīd, vol. 4, p. 328.
  67. ↑ Khwārizmī, Maqtal al-Ḥusayn, vol. 2, p. 62.
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  83. ↑ Ṭūsī, al-Amālī, p.677.
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  86. ↑ Tamīmī Maghribī, Daʿāim al-Islām, vol. 2, p. 154.
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  89. ↑ Ibn Nimā, Muthīr al-aḥzān, p. 57-58; Ibn Ḥayyūn, Sharḥ al-akhbār, vol. 3, p. 164.
  90. ↑ ʿAmrī, al-Majdī fī ansāb al-ṭālibīyīn, p. 13; Ibn ʿAnba, ʿUmdat al-ṭālib, p. 192.
  91. ↑ Ibn Ṭāwūs, al-Luhūf, p. 71.
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  100. ↑ Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 5, p. 468; Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 3, p. 207.
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  104. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 11, p. 183; Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 8, p. 205.
  105. ↑ Dīnawarī, al-Akhbār al-ṭiwāl, p. 259; Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 8, p. 212.
  106. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 3, p. 411; Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih, al-ʿIqd al-farīd, vol. 4, p. 360.
  107. ↑ Abu l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, Maqātil al-ṭālibīyyīn, p. 79; Ibn Ṭāwūs, al-Luhūf, p. 86.
  108. ↑ Ibn ʿAsākir, Tarjumat al-Imām al-Ḥusayn, p. 186; Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 4, p. 353, 359; Abu l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, Maqātil al-ṭālibīyyīn, p. 79; Khwārizmī, Maqtal al-Ḥusayn, vol. 2, p. 41; Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh madīnat Dimashq, vol. 45, p. 484; Sibṭ b. al-Jawzī, Tadhkirat al-khawāṣ, vol. 2, p. 178; Ibn Ṭāwūs, al-Luhūf, p. 86.
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  117. ↑ Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh madīnat Dimashq, vol. 14, p. 223.
  118. ↑ Ṣadūq, Kamāl al-dīn, p. 546.
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  • Balādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā al-. Ansāb al-ashrāf. Beirut: Dār al-Aḍwāʾ, 1405 AH.
  • Dāwūdī and Rustam nizhād, Saʿīd and Mahdī. Āshūrā; rīsha-hā, angīza-hā, rūydād-hā, payāmad-hā. Qom: Intishārāt-i al-Imām ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib (a), 1387 Sh.
  • Dhahabī, Muḥammad b. al-Aḥmad al-. Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ. Beirut: Muʾassisat al-Risāla, 1413 AH.
  • Dhahabī, Shams al-Dīn. Tārīkh al-Islām wa wafayāt al-mashāhīr wa l-aʿlām. Edited by ʿUmar ʿAbd al-Salām al-Tadmurī. Second edition. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1418 AH.
  • Dīnawarī, Aḥmad b. Dāwūd al-. Al-Akhbār al-ṭiwāl. Edited by ʿAbd al-Munʿim ʿĀmir. Cairo: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Kutub al-ʿArabīyya, 1960.
  • Fattāl al-Nayshābūrī, Muḥammad b. al-Aḥmad al-. Rawḍat al-wāʿiẓīn. Qom: Manshūrāt al-Sharīf al-Raḍī, [n.d].
  • Ḥanbalī al-Damishqī, Ibn ʿImād. Shadharāt al-dhahab fī akhbār man dhahab. Beirut: Dār Ibn Kathīr, 1408 AH.
  • Haytamī, Aḥmad b. Ḥajar al-. Al-Ṣawāʿiq al-muḥriqa. Cairo: Maktabat al-Qāhira, Markaz-i 1385 AH.
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  • Ḥusaynī Mūsawī, Muḥammad b. Abī Ṭālib. Taslīyat al-mujālis wa zīnat al-majālis. First edition. Qom: Muʾassisa al-Maʿārif al-Islāmīya, 1418 AH.
  • Ibn Abbār, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allah. Durar al-samṭ fī khabar al-sabṭ. Edited by ʿIzz al-Dīn ʿUmar Mūsā. First edition. Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1407 AH.
  • Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih, Aḥmad Muḥammad. Al-ʿIqd al-farīd. Edited by ʿAlī Shīrī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī 1409 AH.
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  • Ibn al-Jawzī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAlī. Al-Muntaẓam fī tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, 1412 AH.
  • Ibn ʿAnba, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī b. Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī. ʿUmdat al-ṭālib fi ansāb Āl Abī Ṭālib. Edited by Muḥammad Ḥasan Āl-i al-Ṭāliqānī. Najaf al-Ashraf: Manshurat Maṭbaʿat al-Ḥaydarīyya, 1380 AH.
  • Ibn ʿAsākir, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥasan. Tārīkh madīnat Dimashq. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1415 AH.
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  • Ibn Aʿtham al-Kūfī, Aḥmad b. Aʿtham. Kitāb al-Futūḥ. Edited by ʿAlī Shīrī. Beirut: Dār al-Aḍwaʾ, 1411AH-1991.
  • Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. Al-Iṣāba fī tamyīz al-ṣaḥāba. Edited by ʿĀdil Aḥmad ʿAbd al-Mawjūd and ʿAlī Muḥammad Muʿawwaḍ. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, 1415 AH.
  • Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. Tahdhīb al-tahdhīb. Edited by Ṣidqī Jamīl ʿAṭṭār. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1415 AH.
  • Ibn Ḥayyūn, Nuʿmān b. Muḥammad. Sharḥ al-akhbār fī faḍāʾil al-aʾimmat al-aṭhār (a). Qom: Muʾassisat al-Nashr al-Islāmī, [n.d].
  • Ibn Ḥibbān, Muḥammad. Kitab al-Thiqāt. [n.p]: Muʾassisat al-Kutub al-Thiqāfīyya, 1393 AH.
  • Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya. Edited by ʿAlī Shīrī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1408 AH.
  • Ibn Nimā al-Ḥillī, Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad. Muthīr al-aḥzān. Najaf: al-Maktaba al-Ḥaydarīyya, 1369 AH.
  • Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ʿAbd Allāh b. Muslim . Al-Imāma wa l-sīyāsa al-mʿrūf bi-tārīkh al-khulafāʾ. Edited by ʿAlī Shīrī. Beirut: Dār al-Awḍāʾ. 1410AH-1990.
  • Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā. Edited by Iḥsān ʿAbbās. Beirut: 1405 AH.
  • Ibn Saʿd. Tarjamat al-Imām al-Ḥusayn wa maqtaluh. Edited by Sayyid ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Ṭabāṭabāʾī. First edition. Qom: Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt li-Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth, 1415 AH.
  • Ibn Shahrāshūb, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī. Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib. Edited by Yusuf Baqāʾī. Beirut: Dār al-Aḍwaʾ, 1421 AH.
  • Ibn Shahrāshūb, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī. Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib. Maktabat al-Ḥaydarīyya, 1376 AH.
  • Ibn Ṣabbāgh Mālikī. Al-Fuṣūl al-muhimma. Beirut: Muʾassisat al-Aʿlamī, [n.d].
  • Ibn Ṭāwūs, ʿAlī b. Mūsā. Al-Luhūf ʿalā qatlay al-ṭufūf. Edited by Faris al-Hassun. Fourth edition. Tehran: Dār al-Uswa, 1383 Sh.
  • Ibn Ṭāwūs, ʿAlī b. Mūsā. Iqbāl al-aʿmāl. Edited by Jawād Qayyūmī. Qom: Markaz al-Nashr al-Tābiʿ li-Maktab al-Aʿlām al-Islāmī, 1416 AH.
  • Irbilī, ʿAlī b. ʿIsā al-. Kashf al-ghumma fī maʿrifat al-aʾimma. Beirut: Beirut: Dār al-Taʿāruf li-l-Maṭbūʿāt, 1406 AH.
  • Jurjānī Shajarī, Yaḥyā b. Ḥusayn b. Ismāʿīl. Al-Amālī l-khamīsīyya. Beirut: ʿĀlim al-Kutub, [n.d].
  • Khalīfa b. Khayyāṭ. Kitab al-ṭabaqāt. Edited by Suhayl Zukār. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1414 AH.
  • Khuṣaybī, Ḥusayn b. Ḥamdān al-. al-Hidāya al-kubrā. Beirut: al-Balāgh, 1419 AH.
  • Khwārizmī, Muwaffaq b. Aḥmad al-. Maqtal al-Ḥusayn. Edited by Shaykh Muḥammad al-Samāwī. Qom: Anwār al-Hudā, 1418 AH.
  • Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. Uṣūl al-Kāfī. Edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1363 Sh.
  • Kūfī Asadī, Fuḍayl. Tasmīya man qutila maʿa l-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī (a). Edited by Muḥammad Riḍā Ḥusaynī Jalālī. Qom: 1405 AH.
  • Maḥallātī, Ḍhabīḥ Allāh. Fursān al-hayjāʾ. Second edition. Tehran: Markaz-i Nashr-i Kitāb, 1390 Sh.
  • Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. Biḥār al-anwār. Beirut: Muʾassisat al-Wafāʾ, 1403 AH.
  • Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. Jalāʾ al-ʿuyūn. First edition. Tehran: Rashīdī, 1362 Sh.
  • Mamaqānī, ʿAbd Allāh b. Ḥasan. Tanqīḥ al-maqāl fī ʿilm al-rijāl. Tehran: Nashr-i Jahān, [n.d].
  • Maqdisī, Muṭahhar b. Ṭāhir al-. Al-Badʾ wa l-tārīkh. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1417 AH.
  • Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. Ithbāt al-waṣiyya. Qom: Muʾassisat Anṣārīyān, 1417 AH.
  • Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar. Edited by Saʿīd Muḥammad Laḥḥām. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1421 AH.
  • Mīrkhānd. Tārīkh Rawḍat al-ṣafā. First edition. Tehran: Asāṭīr, 1380 Sh.
  • Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-. Al-Irshād. Edited by Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt li-Taḥqīq al-Turāth. Beirut: Dār al-Mufīd li-ṭibaʿat wa al-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʿ, 1413 AH.
  • Muḥallī, Ḥamīd b. Aḥmad. Al-Ḥadāʾiq al-wardiyya fī manāqib al-aʾimma al-zaydiyya. Edited by Murtaḍā b. Zayd Maḥṭūrī. San'a: Maktabat Badr, 1423.
  • Muḥammadī Reyshahrī, Muḥammad. Dānishnāmah-yi Imām Ḥusayn (a) bar pāya-yi Qurʾān, ḥadīth wa tārīkh. Translated by ʿAbd al-Hādī Masʿūdī. Qom: Dār al-Ḥadīth, 1430 AH.
  • Muḥammadī Reyshahrī, Muḥammad. Shahādatnāmah-yi Imām Ḥusayn (a). Qom: Dār al-Ḥadīth, 1390 Sh.
  • Mūsawī Garmārūdī, Sayyid Murtaḍā. "Nigāhī bi rajaz-hāyi aṣḥāb-i ʿĀshūrā wa ahdāf-i ān". Safīna 56. (1396 Sh).
  • Ranjbar, Muḥsin. "Āshūrā dar āʾīna-yi āmār wa arqām". Tārīkh dar āʾīna-yi pazhūhish 10. (1385 Sh).
  • Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. Al-Amālī. Qom: Muʾassisat al-Biʿtha, 1417 AH.
  • Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. Kamāl al-dīn wa itmām al-niʿma. Edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī. Qom: Muʾassisat al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1405 AH.
  • Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. Al-Khiṣāl. Edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī. Qom: Jāmiʿat al-Mudarrisīn-i Ḥawza-yi ʿIlmiyya, 1362 Sh.
  • Ṣafdī. Al-Wāfī bi l-Wafīyāt. Beirut: al-Maʿhad al-manī, [n.d].
  • Samāwī, Muḥammad b. Ṭāhir al-. Ibṣār al-ʿayn fī anṣār al-Ḥusayn (a). Edited by Muḥammad Jaʿfar Ṭabasī. [n.p]. Markaz al-Dirāsāt al-Islāmiyya li Ḥars al-Thawra, 1377 Sh.
  • Shāfiʿī, Muḥammad b. Ṭalḥa al-. Maṭālib al-saʿūl fī manāqib Āl al-Rasūl. Edited by Mājid Aḥmad al-ʿAṭīyya. Beirut: Muʾassisat Umm al-qurā, 1420 AH.
  • Shams al-Dīn, Muḥammad Mahdī. Anṣār al-Ḥusayn (a). Second edition. [n.p]: al-Dār al-Islāmīyya, 1401 AH.
  • Shaʿrānī, Abu l-Ḥasan. Damʿ al-sujūm; tarjuma-yi kitāb-i Nafas al-mahmūm. Tehran: Intishārāt-i ʿIlmiyya al-Islāmiyya, 1374 AH.
  • Sibṭ b. al-Jawzī, Yūsuf b. Qazāwughlī. Tadhkirat al-khawāṣ. Edited by Sayyid Muḥammad Ṣādiq Baḥr al-ʿUlūm. Tehran: Maktabat Naynavā l-Ḥadītha, [n.d].
  • Sibṭ b. al-Jawzī, Yūsuf b. Qazāwughlī. Tadhkirat al-khawāṣ min al-umma bi dhikr khaṣāʾiṣ al-aʾimma. Edited by Ḥusayn Taqīzāda. First edition. [n.p]; Markaz al-Ṭibāʿa wa l-Nashr li l-Majmaʿ al-ʿĀlamī li Ahl al-Bayt,1426 AH.
  • Ṭabarānī, Sulaymān b. Aḥmad. Al-Muʿjam al-kabīr. Edited by Ḥamdī ʿAbd al-Majīd Salafī. Cairo: Maktabat Ibn Taymīyya , [n.d].
  • Ṭabarī, ʿImād al-Dīn Ḥasan b. ʿAlī. Kāmil Bahāʾīe. Tehran: Murtaḍawī, 1383 Sh.
  • Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. Bishārat al-Muṣṭafā li Shīʿat al-Murtaḍā. Edited by Jawād Qayyūmī al-Iṣfahānī. Qom: Muʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1420 AH.
  • Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-. Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk. Beirut: Muʾassisat al-Aʿlamī li-l-Maṭbūʿāt, 1409 AH.
  • Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-. Dalāʾil al-imāma. Qom: Nashr-i Biʿthat, 1413 AH.
  • Ṭabrisī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī al-. Al-Iḥtijāj ʿalā ahl al-lijāj. Edited by Muḥammad Bāqir Khirsān. Najaf: Dār al-Nuʿmān, 1386 AH.
  • Ṭabrisī, Faḍl b. al-Ḥasan al-. Iʿlām al-warā bi-aʿlām al-hudā. Qom: Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt li-Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth, 1417 AH.
  • Ṭabrisī, Faḍl b. al-Ḥasan al-. Tāj al-mawālīd. 1st edition. Qom: Kitābkhāna-yi Ayatullāh Marʿashī Najafī, 1406 AH.
  • Tamīmī Maghribī, Nuʿmān b. Muḥammad. Daʿāim al-Islām. Egypt: Dār al-Maʿārif, 1383 AH.
  • Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. Al-Amālī. Qom: Dār al-Thiqāfa, 1414 AH.
  • Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥaasn al-. Al-Rijāl al-Ṭūsī. Edited by Jawād Qayyūmī. Qom: Muʾassisat al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1415 AH.
  • Wāʿiẓ Kāshifī, Ḥusayn. Rawḍat al-Shuhadā. Qom: Nawīd-i Islām, 1381 Sh.
  • Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, n.p.
  • Yūsufī Gharawī, Muḥammad Hādī. Waqaʿt al-ṭaf. Third edition. Qom: Muʾassisat al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1417 AH.
  • Zargarī Nijād, Ghulām Ḥusayn. Nahḍat-i Imām Ḥusayn (a) wa qiyām-i Karbalā. Tehran: Samt, 1383 Sh.
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