Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi: Difference between revisions

Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi
	Painting of al-'Allama al-Majlisi by one of his contemporary painters
Personal Information
Well-Known As	Al-'Allama al-Majlisi, the Second Majlisi
Well-Known Relatives	Muhammad Taqi al-Majlisi (father), Mulla Salih Mazandarani
Birth	1037/1628-29
Residence	Isfahan
Death	1110/1699
Burial Place	Grand Mosque of Isfahan
Scholarly Information
Professors	Muhammad Taqi al-Majlisi, Mulla Salih Mazandarani, Mulla Muhsin Fayd Kashani
Works	Bihar al-anwar, Mir'at al-'uqul, Haqq al-yaqin, 'Ayn al-hayat, Hayat al-qulub, ...
Socio-Political Activities
Socio-Political; Activities	Working as shaykh al-islam in the Safavid era

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Revision as of 16:00, 26 July 2020

Muḥammad Bāqir b. Muḥammad Taqī b. Maqṣūd ʿAlī al-Majlisī (Arabic: محمد باقر بن محمد تقي بن مقصود علي المجلسي) (b. 1037/1628-29 – d. 1110/1699) known as al-ʿAllāma al-Majlisī (Arabic: العلامة المجلسي) or the Second Majlisī (Arabic: المجلسي الثاني) was among the most famous Shi'a scholars in fiqh and hadith.

Al-'Allama al-Majlisi was interested in hadith studies more than other Islamic sciences and was close to Akhbaris. His most famous book was the comprehensive hadith collection of Bihar al-anwar which played a great role in the revival of the significance of hadith in religious study. By educating students and writing many works, some of which were in Persian and for general readers, he influenced the Shi'a culture and scientific methods of later scholars.

He was very famous due to his cooperation with Safavids and his influential social and political roles at that time. During the rule of Shah Sulayman Safavi, al-'Allama al-Majlisi reached the position of Shaykh al-Islam and was very influential during the rule of Sultan Husayn Safavi.

Birth and Lineage

He was born in Isfahan in 1037/1628.^[1] He was born in the rule of Safavids and the last year of the rule of Shah 'Abbas I. His father, Muhammad Taqi al-Majlisi was among the noblemen and famous Islamic authorities of his time and one of the students of Baha' al-Din al-'Amili, 'Abd Allah al-Shushtari, and Mirdamad. Muhammad Baqir's mother was a daughter of Sadr al-Din Muhammad al-'Ashuri al-Qummi who was in a family of knowledge and virtue.^[2]

It is quoted from Muhammad Baqir's father, "One night after the midnight prayer, I had a great feeling and just heard my kid's crying. I said to God, 'O God! By the rights of Muhammad (s) and his family (a) make this kid a preacher of Your religion and the rulings of the Master of Prophets (s) and bless him with limitless opportunities.'"^[3] It is also quoted from him that he ordered his wife not to milk Muhammad Baqir when she was not tahir.

It is said that Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi had three wives, four sons, and five daughters.

Majlisi Family

Family of al-'Allama al-Majlisi is among the most honorable Shi'a families in recent centuries. There have been about a hundred pious scholars in this family.

Muhammad Baqir's progenitor of his father was Abu Nu'aym al-Isfahani. He was among the hadith scholars and memorizers of the Qur'an.^[4] Muhammad Baqir's grandfather was Mulla Maqsud who is described as a pious poet and a knowledgeable scholar.^[5] His father's mother was the daughter of Kamal al-Din al-Hasan al-'Amili al-Natanzi al-Isfahani. Muhammad Baqir's brothers were Mirza 'Aziz Allah and Mulla 'Abd Allah who have been praised by Muhaddith Nuri. Amina Biygum was the most famous sister of al-Majlisi who was among the scholars of her time and the wife of Mulla Salih Mazandarani.^[6]

Reason for Naming

It is said that since his grandfather held great majlis (religious gathering) or since he used the pen-name "Majlisi", his family became famous as Majlisi.^[7] Another report is that they became famous as Majlisi because Muahammad Taqi was living in the village Majlis of Isfahan.^[8]

Education

There is not much information about different stages of the education of Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi. Apparently, he was educated by his father, Muhammad Taqi al-Majlisi (d. 1070/1660) more than any other teacher and because his father was among the students of al-Shaykh al-Baha'i, he and his father were influenced by al-Shaykh al-Baha'i's thoughts.^[9] Moreover, Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi heard hadiths from many of the scholars of his time and received permission for narrating hadiths from those scholars such as Mulla Salih Mazandarani (d. 1081/1670-1671), Mulla Muhsin Fayd Kashani (d. 1091/1680-1681) and al-Shaykh al-Hurr al-'Amili (d. 1104/1693). Sources have mentioned 18 of his teachers.^[10]

Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi had many students and several classes. Some sources mentioned the number of his students more than 1000 people.^[11] Some of his students became famous Shi'a scholars such as Mirza 'Abd Allah Afandi Isfahani (d. 1130/1718), al-Sayyid Ni'mat Allah al-Jaza'iri (d. 1112/1701), al-Shaykh 'Abd Allah al-Bahrani (d. 1127/1715), Muhammad b. Ali Ardabili (d. 1101/1689-90), Mir Muhammad Husayn Khatunabadi (d. 1151/1738-39) and Sayyid Abu l-Qasim Khwansari (d. 1157/1744-45).^[12]

Scholarly Position

Al-'Allama al-Majlisi was knowledgeable in different Islamic sciences such as tafsir, hadith, fiqh, usul, history, rijal and diraya and wrote different works about them. He was a prolific writer and according to some calculations, he wrote about 67 lines of on average 50 words everyday during his scientific life (after the age of maturity).^[13]

Bihar al-anwar and other Hadith Works

Al-'Allama al-Majlisi loved to compile hadith collections more than anything and his most famous work is Bihar al-anwar which is a great collection of hadiths from Imams (a). Returning to hadiths, compiling hadith collections and writing commentaries on hadith references was a movement promoted during Safavids which had roots in the efforts of Shi'a scholars and their answers to ideological needs of their time. Writing Bihar al-anwar was following the general attention of the scholars to hadiths and preserving them.^[14]

Bihar al-anwar covered all human sciences reflected in the hadiths of Imams (a) and played the role of Shi'a encyclopedia at its time. Scholars at that time, including al-'Allama al-Majlisi, wrote such works with this idea that all sciences have divine roots and can be found in the sayings of Imams (a).^[15]

Revival of Shi'a hadiths was an effort to provide the access of the public to authentic religious thoughts (which were reflected the most in hadiths of Imams (a)) and compiling texts to answer the questions of Shi'a and to prevent them from going astray.^[16] Therefore, al-'Allama al-Majlisi's work in compiling hadith collections is usually evaluated as a measure to strengthen Shi'a and thus, he has been considered as a reviver of Shi'a.^[17]

Arabic works of al-'Allama al-Majlisi are mentioned up to 10 titles, most voluminous of which is Bihar al-anwar which has about 700 thousand lines and one of its prints is in 110 volumes. Al-'Allama al-Majlisi also wrote commentaries on old Shi'a hadith collections. In those commentaries, he discussed different issues including issues in fiqh. He wrote a commentary on al-Kafi and called it Mir'at al-'uqul. He also wrote a commentary on al-Shaykh al-Tusi's Tahdhib al-ahkam and titled it Maladh al-akhyar fi fahm Tahdhib al-akhbar. Some other works of al-'Allama al-Majlisi are Sharh chihil hadith, al-Fawa'id al-tarifa fi sharh al-Sahifa (which is a commentary on al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya), Risala i'tiqadat, Risala awzan and al-Wajiza fi al-rijal.^[18]

Persian Works

Al-'Allama al-Majlisi wrote several books and treatises in Persian which have been counted up to 49 works. Previous to al-'Allama al-Majlisi, scholars wrote Persian treatises to promote religious sciences among common people, but al-'Allama's works became more famous and were better welcomed by Persians.^[19]

Some of his Persian works are:

'Ayn al-hayat which is a commentary on the Prophet's will to Abu Dhar and contains moral advice;
Mishkat al-anwar on the Qur'an, supplications and rewards for reciting them;
Hayat al-qulub on the lives of the Prophets (a), the life of the Prophet of Islam (s) and Imamate;
Jala' al-'uyun on history and hardships of 14 Infallible Ones (a);
Hilyat al-muttaqin on the manners of associating with people and recommendations of daily individual and collective life;
Haqq al-yaqin on religious beliefs.^[20]

Thoughts

Interest in Hadiths

Al-'Allama al-Majlisi was living when inclination toward hadiths and Akhbarism were common among Shi'a scholars. He was more than anything interested in hadith-related sciences and especially hadiths themselves and regarded hadiths from Imams (a) the most important source of receiving religious knowledge and religious orders and considered them superior to other Islamic sciences especially philosophical and rational sciences. In the views of al-'Allama al-Majlisi and many other hadith scholars of his time, hadiths of Imams (a) were not only a source of receiving the knowledge necessary for happiness in the hereafter and guidance of human being but were also an authentic and important source for all human sciences.^[21]

Akhbari or Usuli

Even with his interest in hadiths, many researchers of Islamic sciences have regarded him among moderate Akhbari scholars as he called his manner "the middle way" among the manners of Mujtahids and Akhbaris.^[22]

Researchers and writers who do not consider al-'Allama Akhbari, have studied the works of al-'Allama al-Majlisi and found some disagreements between his views and some Akhbari approaches. For example, al-'Allama al-Majlisi did not completely reject the validity of reason as Akhabris do and in some places in his works, he considered intellectual theoretical knowledge as the way of understanding the principles of religion. In some cases, he also used rational arguments and philosophical language and terminology in explaining and interpreting some hadiths.^[23] Also despite Akhbaris, al-'Allama al-Majlisi studied rijal and wrote a book about it. He believed in the authority of the literal meaning of the Qur'an and did not believe in prohibition of the usage of things about permissibility of which there is no clear text and followed the principle of permissibility.^[24]

Opposite to this view, some writers referred to some of the opinions of al-'Allama al-Majlisi which agreed with those of Akhbaris and considered him a follower of Akhbari school, saying that al-'Allama al-Majlisi did not regard reason valid and considered sayings of Imams (a), the main way and even the only way to reach religious teachings, even in the principles of religion. Like Akhbaris, he considered understanding the Qur'an possible only through hadiths of Imams (a). He believed that the primary reason in religion is tradition and that when rational and traditional reasons disagree, priority should be given to tradition.^[25]

Invalidity of Reason in Religious Knowledge

Al-'Allama al-Majlisi was against philosophical intellectualism and criticized some philosophical ideas in his works. He criticized some views of Muslim philosophers because of following Greeks and leaving the Qur'an and Islamic narrations. He considered the usage of intellect permissible only if its findings are in agreement with religious principles.^[26]

In his works, he has criticized the opinions of Muslim philosophers and has regarded some of these ideas opposite to essential principles of religion. Believing in creation of the world in time, materiality of angels and corporeal resurrection are among the opinions of al-'Allama al-Majlisi in which he opposed philosophers. In these opinions, al-'Allama al-Majlisi supported his opinions by hadiths and criticized the opposition of philosophers' ideas with hadiths.^[27] His opinions were later opposed by some Islamic philosophers; for example, 'Allama Tabataba'i criticized the opinions of al-'Allama al-Majlisi and considered them contradictory. He considered al-'Allama al-Majlisi's entering deep rational discussion a mistake of his.^[28]

Although in some of his works, al-'Allama al-Majlisi used rational and philosophical arguments, he rejects the usage of rational arguments, when he discusses the way of achieving religious knowledge regarding principles of religion. He believed that since the reason makes mistakes, referring to it in religious issues is not permissible; while in his works, he considers traditional arguments valid for learning the principles of religion. This is against the opinion of most Muslim scholars who consider intellect, the way of learning the principles of religion.^[29]

Opposition to Sufism

Like some other scholars of fiqh at that time, al-'Allama al-Majlisi criticized Sufism in his works and regarded their thoughts, habits and manners against the teachings of Imams (a).^[30] Some Sufi manners and thoughts al-'Allama al-Majlisi criticized, included their neglect of religious rulings, prevalence of non-religious manners and rituals among them such as Dhikr circles, Sama' and esoteric interpretation of religion and religious texts.^[31]

As it can be learned from some works of al-'Allama al-Majlisi which some contemporary writers have confirmed, al-'Allama was not against asceticism and self-purification if they are in accordance with religious manners and the appearance and the heart of religion and the important issue for him was following religious rulings. Thus, he considered some Shi'a scholars as Twelver Shi'a Sufis such as al-Shaykh Safi al-Din al-Ardabili, Sayyid Ali b. Tawus, Ibn Fahd al-Hilli, al-Shahid al-Thani, al-Shaykh al-Baha'i and his father, Muhammad Taqi al-Majlisi as Imami Sufis. He praised them (and distinguished Twelver Shia Sufi from those Sufis who followed Sunnis). In some instances in his works, he has provided some mystical interpretations for Imams' (a) hadiths.^[32]

Position of "Shaykh al-Islam"

In 1098/1686-87, during the rule of Shah Sulayman Safavi, al-'Allama al-Majlisi reached the position of "Shaykh al-Islam" when he was 61 years old. After the death of Shah Sulayman Safavi, when Sultan Husayn sat on the throne, al-Majlisi was retained in the position of Shaykh al-Islam.^[33] During Safavids, this position received religious taxes, supervised the implementation of religious rulings and judiciary system, managed schools, mosques and shrines, appointed the leaders of congregational prayers and managed religious issues in the country.^[34]

Criticisms against 'Allama

Actions of al-'Allama al-Majlisi in the position of Shaykh al-Islam during the kingdom of Sultan Husayn Safavi were followed by different and contradictory reactions among researchers and historians. Some historians pointed to the great power of al-'Allama al-Majlisi during the rule of Sultan Husayn and illustrated a picture of him as a prejudiced person who harassed religious minorities. In that period, Safavid kings were closer to Shia faqihs more than any other time and supported their power against other religious groups such as Sufis and philosophers.^[35]

Accusation of Harshness and Prejudice

At the beginning of the kingdom of Sultan Husayn Safavi, al-'Allama al-Majlisi asked him to give orders about breaking the idols of Indians living in Isfahan, prohibition of drinking alcoholic drinks, prohibition of playing with doves, and stopping tribal fights.^[36] These actions were evaluated by Shi'a writers as measures for religious reformations and fighting with social corruptions,^[37] but some western researchers criticized some of these actions such as prohibition of drinking alcoholic drinks, prohibition of playing with doves and restriction of Indians and considered them examples of useless harshness which led to wide social objections.^[38]

Accusation of Harassment of Religious Minorities

Some western writers accused al-'Allama al-Majlisi of harassment of religious minorities. They accused him of forcing Sunnis to become Shi'a and being harsh on religious minorities such as Zoroastrians, Jews and Christians;^[39] while, according to some researchers, there are no clear historical evidences to support such accusations and some of them are the result of evident mistakes mentioned in the works of orientalists.^[40]

Accusation of Harassment of Sufis

Perhaps the most important reason for illustrating a biased and harsh picture of al-'Allama al-Majlisi was the reports mentioned in some historical sources about his fights with Sufism and closing the places of their gatherings and exiling them from Isfahan.^[41] Accuracy and authenticity of these reports have been doubted by other researchers.^[42] Although there is no doubt about the fight of Safavid government and faqihs with Sufism at that time, the fight of al-'Allama al-Majlisi with Sufis was limited to writing some works in criticism of their manner.^[43] Some said that introducing al-'Allama al-Majlisi as a prejudiced and harsh faqih has roots in the works of orientalists and is due to their affinity toward Sufi movement.^[44]

Cooperation with the Government and Praising Kings

Total cooperation of al-'Allama al-Majlisi with Safavi kings and also praising Safavid kings which is mentioned at the beginning of some of his works led to some criticisms. It should be noted that at the time of Safavids, many Shi'a scholars cooperated with Safavis government. These scholars regarded the establishment of a Shi'a government positive. In their view, although this government did not have the same legitimacy of the government of infallible Imams (a), but they could make the grounds for the freedom of Shi'a and the establishment of religious rulings. Thus, Shi'a scholars considered it necessary to benefit from the opportunity of establishment of Safavid government and mentioned some opinions in political Shi'a fiqh to rebuild theoretical principles of cooperation with governments.^[45]

On the other hand, supporting Safavid government was somehow an effort for strengthening this government against Ottoman government which had begun to rebuild Sunni caliphate in their neighborhood and there was always the danger of their victory over Safavids and thus renewal of their harshness toward Shi'a.^[46] In any case, many people and scholars such as al-'Allama al-Majlisi so much trusted Safavid government that sometimes, believed that it was the government which would prepare the grounds for the coming of Imam al-Mahdi (a).^[47]

However, a group of scholars referred to the theory of impermissibility of cooperation with oppressor government which was the prevalent theory of political Shi'a fiqh and withdrew from politics.^[48] During the life of al-'Allama, some Shi'a scholars criticized his manner and objected to some of his actions such as his leadership of Friday prayer, which they regarded it specific to the time of infallible Imams (a).^[49]

Demise

Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi passed away in the eve of Ramadan 27, 1110/March 29, 1699 in Isfahan at the age of 70. He was buried beside the Grand Mosque of Isfahan beside the grave of his father according to his will.^[50]

Notes

↑ Amīn, Aʿyān al-Shīʿa, Dar al-Taʿāruf, vol. 9, p. 182. Mudarris Tabrīzī, Rayḥānat al-adab, 1369 Sh, vol. 5, p. 196.
↑ Tihrānī, al-Dharīʿa, 1403 AH, vol. 1, p. 151. Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, 1403 AH, vol. 102, p. 105.
↑ Al-Majlisi, Bihar al-anwar, vol. 102, p. 11
↑ Amīn, Aʿyān al-Shīʿa, Dar al-Taʿāruf, vol. 9, p. 192. Khwānsārī, Rawḍāt al-jannāt, Ismāʿīlīyān, vol. 2, p. 119.
↑ Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, 1403 AH, vol. 102, p. 105.
↑ Afandī, Rīyāḍ al-ʿulamāʾ, Intishārāt-i Khayyām, vol. 5, p. 407. Ṭārumī, ʿAllāma Majlisī, 1389 Sh, p. 13.
↑ Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, 1403 AH, vol. 102, p. 105.
↑ Qurayshī Karīn, "Khadamāt-i ʿAllāma Majlisī", p. 50.
↑ Ṭārumī, ʿAllāma Majlisī, 1389 Sh, p. 14.
↑ Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, 1403 AH, vol. 102, p. 76-83.
↑ Qumī, al-Kunā wa l-alqāb, 1368 Sh, vol. 3, p. 147. Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, 1403 AH, vol. 102, p. 13.
↑ Balāghī, "Sharḥ-i aḥwāl-i ʿAllāma Majlisī", p. 24-28.
↑ Ṭārumī, ʿAllāma Majlisī, 1389 Sh, p. 119-120.
↑ Ṭārumī, ʿAllāma Majlisī, 1389 Sh, p. 70-71.
↑ Jaʿfarīyān, "Biḥār al-anwār az zāwīya-yi nigāh-i dāʾirat al-maʿārifī", p. 28-30.
↑ Jaʿfarīyān, "Biḥār al-anwār az zāwīya-yi nigāh-i dāʾirat al-maʿārifī", p. 36-37.
↑ Amīn, Aʿyān al-Shīʿa, Dar al-Taʿāruf, vol. 9, p. 183.
↑ Ṭārumī, ʿAllāma Majlisī, 1389 Sh, p. 122-129. Balāghī, "Sharḥ-i aḥwāl-i ʿAllāma Majlisī", p. 35.
↑ Ṭārumī, ʿAllāma Majlisī, 1389 Sh, p. 89-95.
↑ Amīn, Aʿyān al-Shīʿa, Dar al-Taʿāruf, vol. 9, p. 183. Balāghī, "Sharḥ-i aḥwāl-i ʿAllāma Majlisī", p. 35-40.
↑ Ṭārumī, ʿAllāma Majlisī, 1389 Sh, p. 180-185.
↑ Bihishtī, Akhbārīgarī, 1391 Sh, p. 148.
↑ Naṣīrī, "ʿAllāma Majlisī wa naqd-i dīdgāhhā-yi falsafī", p. 72-73.
↑ Naṣīrī, "ʿAllāma Majlisī wa naqd-i dīdgāhhā-yi falsafī", p. 72-73. Fiqhīzāda, ʿAllāma Majlisī wa fahm-i ḥadīth, 1393 Sh, p. 245-249.
↑ Kadīwar, "ʿAql wa dīn az nigāh-i muḥaddith wa ḥakīm", p. 18-23.
↑ Ṭārumī, ʿAllāma Majlisī, 1389 Sh, p. 204. Naṣīrī, "ʿAllāma Majlisī wa naqd-i dīdgāhhā-yi falsafī", p. 74-77.
↑ Naṣīrī, "ʿAllāma Majlisī wa naqd-i dīdgāhhā-yi falsafī", p. 86-95.
↑ Naṣīrī, "ʿAllāma Majlisī wa naqd-i dīdgāhhā-yi falsafī", p. 79.
↑ Kadīwar, "ʿAql wa dīn az nigāh-i muḥaddith wa ḥakīm", p. 44. Naṣīrī, "ʿAllāma Majlisī wa naqd-i dīdgāhhā-yi falsafī", p. 82-86.
↑ Jaʿfarīyān, Ṣafawīyya dar ʿarṣa-yi dīn, 1379 Sh, vol. 2, p. 589-590.
↑ Ṭārumī, ʿAllāma Majlisī, 1389 Sh, p. 218-219.
↑ Jaʿfarīyān, Ṣafawīyya dar ʿarṣa-yi dīn, 1379 Sh, vol. 2, p. 595-596. Ṭārumī, ʿAllāma Majlisī, 1389 Sh, p. 238-242.
↑ Ṭārumī, ʿAllāma Majlisī, 1389 Sh, p. 17.
↑ Fiqhīzāda, ʿAllāma Majlisī wa fahm-i ḥadīth, 1393 Sh, p. 252.
↑ Matthee, Zawāl-i Ṣafawīyya wa suqūṭ-i Iṣfahān, 1394 Sh, p. 311.
↑ Lockhart, Inqirāḍ-i silsiala-yi Ṣafawīyya, 1383 Sh, p. 30-31.
↑ Jaʿfarīyān, Ṣafawīyya dar ʿarṣa-yi dīn, 1379 Sh, vol. 2, p. 586. Fiqhīzāda, ʿAllāma Majlisī wa fahm-i ḥadīth, 1393 Sh, p. 269-270.
↑ Lockhart, Inqirāḍ-i silsiala-yi Ṣafawīyya, 1383 Sh, p. 62-64.
↑ Lockhart, Inqirāḍ-i silsiala-yi Ṣafawīyya, 1383 Sh, p. 62-64.
↑ Ṭārumī, ʿAllāma Majlisī, 1389 Sh, p. 95, 111-114.
↑ Qazwīnī, Fawāʾid al-Ṣafawīyya, 1367 Sh, p. 78.
↑ Jaʿfarīyān, Ṣafawīyya dar ʿarṣa-yi dīn, 1379 Sh, vol. 2, p. 577-588.
↑ Ṭārumī, ʿAllāma Majlisī, 1389 Sh, p. 109.
↑ Algar, ʿAllāma Majlisī az dīdgāh-i khāwarshināsān, p. 70.
↑ Rajabī, "Ārāʾ-i faqīhān-i ʿaṣr-i Ṣafawī darbāra-yi taʿāmul bā ḥukūmatha", p. 54-55. Sulṭān Muḥammadī, "Hamkārī bā ḥākim-i jāʾir dar nigāh-i ʿAllāma Majlisī", p. 221-222.
↑ Ṭārumī, ʿAllāma Majlisī, 1389 Sh, p. 55.
↑ Ṭārumī, ʿAllāma Majlisī, 1389 Sh, p. 30-41.
↑ Rajabī, "Ārāʾ-i faqīhān-i ʿaṣr-i Ṣafawī darbāra-yi taʿāmul bā ḥukūmatha", p. 59.
↑ Ḥāʾirī, "ʿAllāma Muḥammad Bāqir-i Majlisī", p. 58. Ṭārumī, ʿAllāma Majlisī, 1389 Sh, p. 65, 58-69.
↑ Qumī, al-Kunā wa l-alqāb, 1368 Sh, vol. 3, p. 149.

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Jaʿfarīyān, Rasūl. "Biḥār al-anwār az zāwīya-yi nigāh-i dāʾirat al-maʿārifī". Journal of Mishkāt, no. 80, Autumn 1382 Sh.
Kadīwar, Muḥsin. "ʿAql wa dīn az nigāh-i muḥaddith wa ḥakīm". Journal of Kayhān-i Andīsha, no. 44, Mehr & Aban 1371 Sh.
Khwānsārī, Muḥammad Bāqir. Rawḍāt al-jannāt fī aḥwāl al-ʿulamāʾ wa l-sādāt. Qom, Ismāʿīlīyān, nd.
Lockhart, Lawrence. Inqirāḍ-i silsiala-yi Ṣafawīyya. Translated by Ismāʿīl Dulatshāhī. Tehran, Intishārāt-i ʿIlmī wa Farhangī, 1383 Sh.
Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. Biḥār al-anwār. Beirut, Muʾassisat al-Wafāʾ, 1403 AH.
Matthee, Rudolph. Zawāl-i Ṣafawīyya wa suqūṭ-i Iṣfahān. Translated by Mānī Ṣaliḥī ʿAllāma. Tehran, Nāmak, 1394 Sh.
Mudarris Tabrīzī, Muḥammad ʿAlī. Rayḥānat al-adab. Tehran, Khayyām, 1369 Sh.
Naṣīrī, ʿAlī. "ʿAllāma Majlisī wa naqd-i dīdgāhhā-yi falsafī". Journal of ʿUlūm-i Ḥadīth, no. 26, Winter 1381 Sh.
Qazwīnī, Abū l-Ḥasan. Fawāʾid al-Ṣafawīyya. Ed. Maryam Mīrḥaydarī. Tehran, Muʾassisa-yi Muṭāliʿāt wa Taḥqīqāt-i Farhangī, 1367 Sh.
Qumī, ʿAbbās. Al-Kunā wa l-alqāb. Tehran, Maktabat al-Ṣadr, 1368 Sh.
Qurayshī Karīn, Sayyid Ḥasan. "Khadamāt-i ʿAllāma Majlisī". Journal of Darshāyī az maktab-i Islām, year 47, no. 7, Mehr 1386 Sh.
Rajabī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn. "Ārāʾ-i faqīhān-i ʿaṣr-i Ṣafawī darbāra-yi taʿāmul bā ḥukūmatha". Journal of Tārīkh wa Tamaddun-i Islāmī. Tehran, Dānishgāh-i Āzād-i Islāmī, no. 9, Spring & Summer 1388 Sh.
Sulṭān Muḥammadī, Abū l-Faḍl. "Hamkārī bā ḥākim-i jāʾir dar nigāh-i ʿAllāma Majlisī". Journal of Ḥukūmat-i Islāmī. Qom, Dabīrkhāna-yi Majlis-i Khubrigān-i Rahbarī, no. 20, Summer 1380 Sh.
Ṭārumī, Ḥasan. ʿAllāma Majlisī. Tehran, Ṭarḥ-i Nu, 1389 Sh.
Tihrānī, Aghā Buzurg. Al-Dharīʿa. Beirut, Dār al-Aḍwāʾ, 1403 AH.

[1] Amīn, Aʿyān al-Shīʿa, Dar al-Taʿāruf, vol. 9, p. 182. Mudarris Tabrīzī, Rayḥānat al-adab, 1369 Sh, vol. 5, p. 196.

[2] Tihrānī, al-Dharīʿa, 1403 AH, vol. 1, p. 151. Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, 1403 AH, vol. 102, p. 105.

[3] Al-Majlisi, Bihar al-anwar, vol. 102, p. 11

[4] Amīn, Aʿyān al-Shīʿa, Dar al-Taʿāruf, vol. 9, p. 192. Khwānsārī, Rawḍāt al-jannāt, Ismāʿīlīyān, vol. 2, p. 119.

[5] Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, 1403 AH, vol. 102, p. 105.

[6] Afandī, Rīyāḍ al-ʿulamāʾ, Intishārāt-i Khayyām, vol. 5, p. 407. Ṭārumī, ʿAllāma Majlisī, 1389 Sh, p. 13.

[7] Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, 1403 AH, vol. 102, p. 105.

[8] Qurayshī Karīn, "Khadamāt-i ʿAllāma Majlisī", p. 50.

[9] Ṭārumī, ʿAllāma Majlisī, 1389 Sh, p. 14.

[10] Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, 1403 AH, vol. 102, p. 76-83.

[11] Qumī, al-Kunā wa l-alqāb, 1368 Sh, vol. 3, p. 147. Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, 1403 AH, vol. 102, p. 13.

[12] Balāghī, "Sharḥ-i aḥwāl-i ʿAllāma Majlisī", p. 24-28.

[13] Ṭārumī, ʿAllāma Majlisī, 1389 Sh, p. 119-120.

[14] Ṭārumī, ʿAllāma Majlisī, 1389 Sh, p. 70-71.

[15] Jaʿfarīyān, "Biḥār al-anwār az zāwīya-yi nigāh-i dāʾirat al-maʿārifī", p. 28-30.

[16] Jaʿfarīyān, "Biḥār al-anwār az zāwīya-yi nigāh-i dāʾirat al-maʿārifī", p. 36-37.

[17] Amīn, Aʿyān al-Shīʿa, Dar al-Taʿāruf, vol. 9, p. 183.

[18] Ṭārumī, ʿAllāma Majlisī, 1389 Sh, p. 122-129. Balāghī, "Sharḥ-i aḥwāl-i ʿAllāma Majlisī", p. 35.

[19] Ṭārumī, ʿAllāma Majlisī, 1389 Sh, p. 89-95.

[20] Amīn, Aʿyān al-Shīʿa, Dar al-Taʿāruf, vol. 9, p. 183. Balāghī, "Sharḥ-i aḥwāl-i ʿAllāma Majlisī", p. 35-40.

[21] Ṭārumī, ʿAllāma Majlisī, 1389 Sh, p. 180-185.

[22] Bihishtī, Akhbārīgarī, 1391 Sh, p. 148.

[23] Naṣīrī, "ʿAllāma Majlisī wa naqd-i dīdgāhhā-yi falsafī", p. 72-73.

[24] Naṣīrī, "ʿAllāma Majlisī wa naqd-i dīdgāhhā-yi falsafī", p. 72-73. Fiqhīzāda, ʿAllāma Majlisī wa fahm-i ḥadīth, 1393 Sh, p. 245-249.

[25] Kadīwar, "ʿAql wa dīn az nigāh-i muḥaddith wa ḥakīm", p. 18-23.

[26] Ṭārumī, ʿAllāma Majlisī, 1389 Sh, p. 204. Naṣīrī, "ʿAllāma Majlisī wa naqd-i dīdgāhhā-yi falsafī", p. 74-77.

[27] Naṣīrī, "ʿAllāma Majlisī wa naqd-i dīdgāhhā-yi falsafī", p. 86-95.

[28] Naṣīrī, "ʿAllāma Majlisī wa naqd-i dīdgāhhā-yi falsafī", p. 79.

[29] Kadīwar, "ʿAql wa dīn az nigāh-i muḥaddith wa ḥakīm", p. 44. Naṣīrī, "ʿAllāma Majlisī wa naqd-i dīdgāhhā-yi falsafī", p. 82-86.

[30] Jaʿfarīyān, Ṣafawīyya dar ʿarṣa-yi dīn, 1379 Sh, vol. 2, p. 589-590.

[31] Ṭārumī, ʿAllāma Majlisī, 1389 Sh, p. 218-219.

[32] Jaʿfarīyān, Ṣafawīyya dar ʿarṣa-yi dīn, 1379 Sh, vol. 2, p. 595-596. Ṭārumī, ʿAllāma Majlisī, 1389 Sh, p. 238-242.

[33] Ṭārumī, ʿAllāma Majlisī, 1389 Sh, p. 17.

[34] Fiqhīzāda, ʿAllāma Majlisī wa fahm-i ḥadīth, 1393 Sh, p. 252.

[35] Matthee, Zawāl-i Ṣafawīyya wa suqūṭ-i Iṣfahān, 1394 Sh, p. 311.

[36] Lockhart, Inqirāḍ-i silsiala-yi Ṣafawīyya, 1383 Sh, p. 30-31.

[37] Jaʿfarīyān, Ṣafawīyya dar ʿarṣa-yi dīn, 1379 Sh, vol. 2, p. 586. Fiqhīzāda, ʿAllāma Majlisī wa fahm-i ḥadīth, 1393 Sh, p. 269-270.

[38] Lockhart, Inqirāḍ-i silsiala-yi Ṣafawīyya, 1383 Sh, p. 62-64.

[39] Lockhart, Inqirāḍ-i silsiala-yi Ṣafawīyya, 1383 Sh, p. 62-64.

[40] Ṭārumī, ʿAllāma Majlisī, 1389 Sh, p. 95, 111-114.

[41] Qazwīnī, Fawāʾid al-Ṣafawīyya, 1367 Sh, p. 78.

[42] Jaʿfarīyān, Ṣafawīyya dar ʿarṣa-yi dīn, 1379 Sh, vol. 2, p. 577-588.

[43] Ṭārumī, ʿAllāma Majlisī, 1389 Sh, p. 109.

[44] Algar, ʿAllāma Majlisī az dīdgāh-i khāwarshināsān, p. 70.

[45] Rajabī, "Ārāʾ-i faqīhān-i ʿaṣr-i Ṣafawī darbāra-yi taʿāmul bā ḥukūmatha", p. 54-55. Sulṭān Muḥammadī, "Hamkārī bā ḥākim-i jāʾir dar nigāh-i ʿAllāma Majlisī", p. 221-222.

[46] Ṭārumī, ʿAllāma Majlisī, 1389 Sh, p. 55.

[47] Ṭārumī, ʿAllāma Majlisī, 1389 Sh, p. 30-41.

[48] Rajabī, "Ārāʾ-i faqīhān-i ʿaṣr-i Ṣafawī darbāra-yi taʿāmul bā ḥukūmatha", p. 59.

[49] Ḥāʾirī, "ʿAllāma Muḥammad Bāqir-i Majlisī", p. 58. Ṭārumī, ʿAllāma Majlisī, 1389 Sh, p. 65, 58-69.

[50] Qumī, al-Kunā wa l-alqāb, 1368 Sh, vol. 3, p. 149.

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v t e Prominent Scholars
4/10 Century	Ibn Abi 'Aqil al-'Ummani • Ibn al-Walid al-Qummi • Ahmad b. Muhammad al-Zurari • Ibn Qulawayh • Ibn Dawud al-Qummi • al-Shaykh al-Saduq • Ibn al-Junayd al-Iskafi
5/11 Century	al-Shaykh al-Mufid • al-Sharif al-Murtada • Abu l-Salah al-Halabi • al-Shaykh al-Tusi • Sallar al-Daylami • Abu Ya'la al-Ja'fari • Ibn al-Barraj al-Tarabulusi
6/12 Century	al-Mufid al-Thani • 'Abd al-Jalil al-Qazwini al-Razi • al-Sayyid Fadl Allah al-Rawandi • Qutb al-Din Rawandi • Ibn Zuhra • 'Imad al-Din al-Tusi • Ibn Idris al-Hilli
7/13 Century	Ibn Ma'd • Ja'far b. Nama al-Hilli • al-Sayyid b. Tawus • Ahmad b. Tawus • al-Muhaqqiq al-Hilli • Al-Sayyid 'Abd al-Karim b. Ahmad al-Hilli
8/14 Century	Al-'Allama al-Hilli • Qutb al-Din al-Razi • Muhammad b. al-Hasan al-Hilli • al-Shahid al-Awwal
9/15 Century	Fadil Miqdad • Ibn Fahd al-Hilli
10/16 Century	Ibn Hilal al-Jaza'iri • 'Amili al-Maysi • Al-Muhaqqiq al-Karaki • Al-Shahid al-Thani • Ibn Hilal al-'Amili • Muqaddas al-Ardabili
11/17 Century	Sahib Ma'alim • Baha' al-Din al-'Amili • Mirza Muhammad al-Astarabadi • Sultan al-'Ulama • al-Majlisi al-Awwal • Qadi Sa'id Qummi • Mulla Salih Mazandarani • Muhaqqiq Sabzawari • Mulla Muhsin Fayd Kashani • Aqa Husayn al-Khwansari
12/18 Century	Al-Majlisi al-Thani • Jamal al-Din Khwansari • Ja'far b. 'Abd Allah al-Huwayzi • Muhammad b. al-Hasan al-Isfahani • Khajawi Mazandarani • Sahib al-Hada'iq • Aqa Muhammad Bidabadi • Al-Mir al-Saghir
13/19 Century	Wahid al-Bihbahani • Muhammad Mahdi Naraqi • Bahr al-'Ulum • Ja'far Kashif al-Ghita' • al-Mirza al-Qummi • Mulla Ahmad Naraqi • Sharif al-'Ulama' • Muhammad Hasan al-Najafi • al-Shaykh al-Ansari • Hasan 'Ali Nukhudaki Isfahani • Al-Sayyid 'Ali b. Muhammad 'Ali al-Tabataba'i • Sayyid Hamid Husayn Musavi
14/20 Century	Sayyid Abu l-Hasan Isfahani • 'Abd al-Karim Ha'iri Yazdi • Sayyid Muhammad Hujjat Kuhkamara'i • Al-Sayyid Muhsin al-Hakim • Sayyid Mahmud Husayni Shahrudi • Akhund Khurasani • Sayyid Muhammad Taqi Khwansari • Sayyid Muhammad Hasan Shirazi • Muhammad Taqi al-Shirazi • Shaykh al-Shari'a Isfahani • Al-Sayyid Abd al-Hadi al-Shirazi • Sayyid Husayn Tabatabayi Burujirdi • Sayyid Muhammad Muhaqqiq Damad • Muhammad Husayn Na'ini • Sultan al-Wa'izin Shirazi
15/21 Century	Muhammad 'Ali Araki • Muhammad Taqi Bahjat • Jawad Tabrizi • Sayyid 'Izz al-Din Husayni Zanjani • Sayyid Muhammad Husayni Shirazi • Sayyid Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini • Sayyid Ahmad Khwansari • Al-Sayyid Abu l-Qasim al-Khoei • Sayyid 'Abd al-A'la Sabziwari • Sayyid Muhammad Kazim Shari'atmadari • Sayyid 'Abd Allah Musawi Shirazi • Mujtaba Tihrani • Muhammad Sadiqi Tihrani • 'Ali Safi Gulpaygani • Al-Sayyid Muhammad al-Sadr • Sayyid Hasan Tabatabayi Qummi • Al-Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Fadl Allah • 'Ali Falsafi • Sayyid Muhammad Ridha Gulpaygani • Muhammad Fadil Lankarani • Sayyid Shihab al-Din Mar'ashi Najafi • Sayyid Yusuf Madani Tabrizi • Husayn'ali Muntaziri • Sayyid Muhammad 'Ali Muwahhid Abtahi • Muslim Malakuti • Sayyid Muhammad Hadi Milani • 'Ali Naqi Naqawi • Sayyid 'Abd al-Karim Musawi Ardabili• Hashimi Shahrudi • Al-Sayyid Ja'far Murtada al-'Amili • Lutf Allah Safi Gulpayigani • 'Alawi Gurgani
Living	Bayat Zanjani • Muhammad Ibrahim Jannati • Jawadi Amuli • Sayyid Kazim Ha'iri • Sayyid 'Ali Husayni Khamenei • Sayyid Muhammad Sa'id al-Hakim • Sayyid 'Ali Muhammad Dastgheyb • Muhammad Sadiq Ruhani • Ja'far Subhani • Al-Sayyid 'Ali al-Husayni al-Sistani • Sayyid Muhammad Shahrudi • Sayyid Musa Zanjani • Sayyid Sadiq Shirazi • Yusuf Sani'i • Gharawi 'Aliari • Muhammad Ishaq Fayyad • Muhammad 'Ali Girami • Muhammad Asif Muhsini • Muhaqqiq Kabuli • Muhammad Taqi Mudarrisi • Husayn Mazahiri • Nasir Makarim Shirazi • Bashir al-Najafi • Muhammad Hussain Najafi • Nuri Hamadani • Wahid Khurasani

v t e Hadith Scholars
1st/7th century	Sulaym b. Qays al-Hilali
2nd/8th century	Mufaddal b. 'Umar
3rd/9th century	Ali b. Ibrahim al-Qummi • Muhammad b. al-Hasan al-Saffar • Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Khalid al-Barqi • Abd Allah b. ja'far al-Himyari • Abd Allah b. ja'far al-Himyari
4th/10th century	Al-Sharif al-Radi • Al-Shaykh al-Saduq • Furat b. Ibrahim al-Kufi • Muhammad b. Mas'ud al-'Ayyashi • Ibn Qulawayh al-Qummi • Muhammad b. Ahmad b. Ali b. al-Hasan al-Qummi • Ibn Hammam al-Iskafi • Ibn Shu'ba al-Harrani • Al-Shaykh al-Mufid • Muhammad b. Ibrahim al-Nu'mani
5th/11th century	Al-Shaykh al-Tusi
6th/12th century	Qutb al-Din al-Rawandi
7th/13th century	Muhammad b. Ja'far al-Mashhadi
8th/14th century	Hasan b. Muhammad al-Daylami
9th/15th century	Ibn Abi Jumhur al-Ahsa'i • Ibn Fahd al-Hilli • Ibrahim b. Ali al-Kaf'ami
10th/16th century	Mulla Muhsin Fayd Kashani • Muhammad Taqi al-Majlisi
11th/17th century	Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi
12th/18th century	Mirza Muhammad Qummi al-Mashhadi
13th/19th century	Sayyid Husayn Burujirdi
14th/19th century	'Aziz Allah 'Utaridi
Hadith Sources

v t e Faqihs
2nd/8th century	Burayd b. Mu'awiya al-'Ijli • Zurara b. A'yan • 'Ali b. Yaqtin • 'Ubayd Allah b. 'Ali al-Halabi • Sufyan b. 'Uyayna • Hariz b. 'Abd Allah al-Sijistani • Jabir b. Yazid al-Ju'fi
3rd/9th century	Al-Husayn b. Sa'id al-Ahwazi • Muhammad b. al-Hasan al-Saffar • Abu Ghalib al-Zurari • Ibrahim b. Hashim al-Qummi • 'Ali b. Ibrahim al-Qummi • Muhammad b. Yahya al-'Attar • Ahmad b. Ishaq al-Ash'ari al-Qummi • Ibrahim b. Muhammad al-Thaqafi al-Kufi
4th/10th century	Ibn Qulawayh • Al-Shaykh al-Saduq • Ibn al-Junayd • Al-Hasan b. 'Ali al-Hadha' al-'Ummani • Al-Shaykh al-Mufid • Ibn Dawud al-Qummi • Harun b. Musa b. Ahmad al-Talla'ukbari • Ibn Hamza al-Tabari• Ibn al-Walid al-Qummi
5th/11th century	Ibn al-Barraj • Sallar al-Daylami • Al-Sharif al-Murtada • Al-Shaykh al-Tusi • Abu l-Salah al-Halabi • Abu Ya'la al-Ja'fari • al-Busrawi • Muhammad b. Ahmad b. 'Ali b. al-Hasan al-Qummi • As'ad b. Ahmad al-Tarabulusi • Muhammad b. 'Ali al-Karajuki
6th/12th century	Ibn Zuhra • Ibn Idris al-Hilli • Ibn Hamza al-Tusi • Qutb al-Din al-Rawandi • Al-Fadl b. al-Hasan al-Tabrisi • Warram b. Abi Firas al-Hilli • 'Abd al-Jalil al-Qazwini al-Razi
7th/13th century	Muhammad b. Ja'far b. Nama • Ibn Tawus • Al-Muhaqqiq al-Hilli
8th/14th century	Al-'Allama al-Hilli • Al-Shahid al-Awwal • Fakhr al-Muhaqqiqin
9th/15th century	Al-Muqaddas al-Ardabili • Ibn Abi Jumhur al-Ahsa'i • Ibn Fahd al-Hilli • Fadil Miqdad
10th/16th century	Al-Shahid al-Thani • Al-Muhaqqiq al-Karaki • Al-Husayn b. 'Abd al-Samad al-Harithi • Sahib al-Madarik
11th/17th century	Sahib al-Ma'alim • Baha' al-Din al-'Amili • Al-Muhaqqiq al-Khwansari • Al-Sayyid Nur Allah al-Husayni al-Shushtari • Fayd al-Kashani • Muhammad Taqi al-Majlisi • Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi • al-Shaykh Hurr al-'Amili • Muhaqqiq Sabziwari • 'Abd Allah al-Fadil al-Tuni • Fakhr al-Din al-Turayhi • Muhammad b. al-Hasan b. Zayn al-Din al-Amili
12th/18th century	Yusuf al-Bahrani • Jamal al-Din Khwansari • Al-Muhaqqiq al-Naraqi • Fadil Hindi • Al-Sayyid Ni'mat Allah al-Jaza'iri • Muhammad Baqir al-Bihbahani • Sayyid Muhammad Ali Bihbahani
13th/19th century	Al-Mirza al-Qummi • Abu l-Qasim al-Khwansari • Mulla Ahmad Naraqi • Bahr al-'Ulum • Al-Shaykh al-Ansari • Muhammad Hasan al-Najafi • Ja'far Kashif al-Ghita' • Rida Hamadani Najafi • 'Ali b. Ja'far Kashif al-Ghita' • Al-Sayyid Ibrahim Musawi Qazwini • Mirza Husayn Khalili Tihrani • Sharif al-'Ulama' • Mirza Habib Allah Rashti • Al-Sayyid Muhammad al-Mujahid • Al-Sayyid 'Ali b. Muhammad 'Ali al-Tabataba'i • Al-Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Shafti • Sayyid Abu l-Qasim Dihkurdi • Mulla Ali Tihrani • Asad Allah Shushtari • Al-Sayyid Muhammad Jawad al-'Amili • Muhammad b. 'Ali al-Asadi • Muhammad Baqir Aqa Najafi Isfahani
14th/20th century	Sayyid Abu l-Hasan Isfahani • Muhammad Kazim Khurasani • Sayyid Muhammad Kazim Yazdi • Sayyid Husayn Burujirdi • Sayyid Muhammad Hasan Shirazi • Muhammad Taqi al-Shirazi • Sayyid Muhammad Taqi Khwansari • Al-Sayyid Muhsin al-Hakim • Muhammad Husayn Na'ini • Sayyid Jamal al-Din Gulpayigani • Muhammad Hasan Ashtiyani • Sayyid Muhammad Hujjat Kuhkamara'i • Muhammad Hirz al-Din • 'Abd al-Karim Ha'iri Yazdi • Shaykh al-Shari'a Isfahani • Sayyid Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi • Sayyid Muhammad Hadi Milani • Muhammad Husayn Gharawi Isfahani • Muhammad Husayn Kashif al-Ghita' • Al-Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr • Akhund Kashi • Muhammad Taqi Amuli • Taj al-'Ulama' • Husayn al-Hilli • Diya' al-Din al-'Iraqi • Sayyid 'Abd al-Husayn Sharaf al-Din • Sayyid Mustafa Khomeini • Mirza Ahmad Ashtiyani • Sayyid Ahmad Shubayri Zanjani • Sayyid Muhammad Muhaqqiq Damad • Murtada Ha'iri Yazdi • Al-Sayyid Muhammad Sa'id al-Habbubi • Al-Sayyid 'Abd al-Hadi al-Shirazi • Sayyid 'Abd Allah Shirazi • Al-Sayyid Muhammad Taqi al-Hakim • Al-Sayyid Isma'il al-Sadr • Mirza Mahdi Isfahani • Sayyid Abu l-Qasim Kashani • Zayn al-'Abidin Mazandarani • Sayyid Hasan Sadr
15th/21st century	Sayyid Shihab al-Din Mar'ashi Najafi • Sayyid Muhammad Rida Gulpaygani • Sayyid Rida Baha' al-Dini • Muhammad 'Ali Araki • Al-Sayyid Abu l-Qasim al-Khoei • Sayyid Ahmad Khwansari • Imam Khomeini • Jawad Tabrizi • Muhammad Taqi Bahjat • Sayyid 'Iz al-Din Husyni Zanjani • Sayyid Muhammad Husayni Shirazi • Sayyid 'Abd al-A'la Sabziwari • Sayyid Muhammad Kazim Shari'atmadari • Mujtaba Tihrani • Muhammad Sadiqi Tihrani • 'Ali Safi Gulpaygani • Al-Sayyid Muhammad al-Sadr • Sayyid Hasan Tabataba'i Qummi • Al-Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Fadl Allah • 'Ali Falsafi • Muhammad Fadil Lankarani • Sayyid Yusuf Madani Tabrizi • Husayn 'Ali Muntaziri • Sayyid Muhammad 'Ali Muwahhid Abtahi • Muslim Malakuti • Sayyid Muhammad Hadi Milani • 'Ali Naqi Naqawi • Asad Allah Bayat Zanjani • Muhammad Ibrahim Jannati • 'Abd Allah Jawadi Amuli • Sayyid Kazim Ha'iri • Sayyid 'Ali Khamenei • Al-Sayyid Muhammad Sa'id al-Hakim • Sayyid 'Ali Muhammad Dastghayb • Muhammad Sadiq Rawhani • Ja'far Subhani • Al-Sayyid 'Ali al-Husayni al-Sistani • Sayyid Muhammad Shahrudi • Sayyid Musa Zanjani • Sayyid Sadiq Shirazi • Lutf Allah Safi Gulpayigani • Yusuf Sani'i • Muhammad Mu'min • Sayyid Muhammad Ali Alawi Gurgani • Jawad Gharawi 'Aliyari • Muhammad Ishaq Fayyad • Muhammad 'Ali Girami • Muhammad Asif Muhsini • Qurban 'Ali Muhaqqiq Kabuli • Muhammad Taqi Mudarrisi • Husayn Mazahiri • Nasir Makarim Shirazi • Sayyid 'Abd al-Karim Musawi Ardabili • Bashir al-Najafi • Muhammad Husayn al-Najafi • Husayn Nuri Hamadani • Husayn Wahid Khurasani • Sayyid Mahmud Hashimi Shahrudi

v t e Akhbari Faqihs
11th/17th century	Muhammad Amin al-Istarabadi (1036/1626-7) • Muhammad Taqi al-Majlisi (1070/1660) • 'Abd Allah al-Fadil al-Tuni (1071/1660) • Khalil b. Ghazi al-Qazwini (1089/1678-9) • Mulla Muhsin Fayd Kashani (1091/1680-81) • Al-Sayyid Mirza al-Jaza'ir (1098/1686-7)
12th/18th century	Al-Hurr al-'Amili (1104/1693) • Al-Sayyid Hashim al-Bahrani (1107/1696) • Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi (1110/1699) • Al-Sayyid Ni'mat Allah al-Jaza'iri (1112/1701) • 'Abd Allah b. Salih al-Samahiji al-Bahrani (1135/1722-3) • Al-Sayyid Sadr al-Din al-Qummi al-Hamadani (alive in 1155/1742-43) • Yusuf al-Bahrani (1186/1772)
13th/19th century	Mirza Muhammad al-Astarabadi (1232/1816) • Sayyid Husayn 'Arabbaghi Urmawi (1369/1950)
Faqihs

v t e Rijal and Biography Scholars
3/9 century	Abd Allah b. Jibilla al-Kanani (d. 219/834) • Al-Hasan b. 'Ali b. Faddal (d. 224/839) • Hasan b. Mahbub (d. 224/839) • Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Khalid al-Barqi (d. 280/894) • Ahmad b. Ali al-Alawi al-Aqiqi (d. 280/894)
4/10 century	Muhammad b. Mas'ud al-'Ayyashi (d. 320/932) • Al-Kulayni (d. 329/941) • Ibn 'Uqda (d. 333/945) • Al-Kashshi (d. 340/952) • Ibn al-Walid al-Qummi (d. 343/945) • Ibn al-Ji'abi (d. 355/966) • Abu Ghalib al-Zurari (d. 368/979) • Al-Shaykh al-Saduq (d. 381/991)
5/11 century	Husayn b. 'Ubayd Allah al-Ghada'iri (d. 411/1021) • Ibn al-Ghada'iri (d. 450/1059) • Ibn Nuh al-Sirafi • al-Shaykh al-Tusi (d. 460/1067) • Ahmad b. 'Ali al-Najashi (d. 463/1071)
from 6/12 to 10/16 centuries	Ibn Shahrashub (d. 588/1192) • Muntajab al-Din al-Razi (d. 585/1190) • Ibn Tawus (d. 673/1239) • al-Hasan b. Dawud al-Hilli (d. 707/1308) • Al-'Allama al-Hilli (d. 726/1325) • Al-Husayn b. 'Abd al-Samad al-Harithi (984/1576)
11/17 century	Hasan b. Zayn al-Din al-Amili (d. 1011/1603) • 'Abd al-Nabi al-Jaza'iri (d. 1021/1613) • Muhammad al-Istarabadi (d. 1028/1619) • Baha' al-Din al-'Amili (d. 1031/1621) • Fakhr al-Din al-Turayhi (d. 1087/1676) • Sulayman b. Abd Allah al-Mahuzi (d. 1099/1688) • Al-Hurr al-'Amili (d. 1104/1693) • Muhammad b. Ali al-Ardabili • Mulla Abd Allah Shushtari • Mustafa b. Husayn al-Tafrishi • 'Inayat Allah Qahba'i
12/18 century	Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi (d. 1110/1699) • Al-Sayyid 'Ali Khan al-Madani (d. 1120/1709) • Yusuf al-Bahrani (1186/1772) • Muhammad Baqir al-Bihbahani (1205/1791)
13/19 century	Bahr al-'Ulum (d. 1212/1797) • Abu Ali al-Ha'iri (d. 1216/1801) • Sayyid Muhammad Ali Bihbahani (d. 1216/1801) • Al-Sayyid Muhammad al-Mujahid (d. 1242/1827) • Sayyid Mahdi Musawi Khwansari (d. 1246/1831) • Sayyid Muhammad Shafi' CHapluqi (d. 1280/1864) • Mulla Ali Kani (d. 1306/1888)
14/20 century	Sayyid Ali Asghar Chapluqi (d. 1313/1896) • Abu l-Ma'ali (d. 1315/1898) • Muhammad Taha (d. 1323/1906) • Ali 'Ulyari Tabrizi (d. 1327/1909) • Muhammad Baqir Bahari Hamadani (d. 1333/1915) • Ali Khaqani (d. 1334/1916) • Muhammad Baqir Zanjani (d. 1341/1923) • Abd 'Ali b. Ja'far Khwansari (d. 1346/1928) • Abd Allah Mamaqani (1351/1933) • Muhammad Baqir Qa'ini Birjandi (d. 1352/1934) • Abu l-Huda Kalbasi (1356/1937) • Muhammad Hirz al-Din (d. 1365/1946) • Sayyid Husayn Burujirdi (d. 1380/1961)
15/21 century	Al-Sayyid Abu l-Qasim al-Khoei (d. 1413/1992) • Muhammad Taqi Shushtari (d. 1416/1996) • Sayyid Muhammad 'Ali Muwahhid Abtahi (d. 1422/2002) • Hasan Musawi Isfahani (d. 1428/2007) • Ja'far Subhani • Sayyid Musa Shubayri Zanjani • Sayyid Ahmad Husayni Ishkawari
Rijal and Biographical Works