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Jundab b. Ka'b al-Azdi
Personal Information
Full NameJundab b. Ka'b b. 'Abd Allah al-Azdi
EpithetJundab al-Khayr, al-Ghamidi, al-Azdi
LineageAzd tribe
Well-Known RelativesJundab b. Zuhayr
DeathAround 50/670
Religious Information
Known forKilling the sorcerer


Not to be confused with Jundab b. 'Abd Allah al-Bajali.

Jundab b. Ka'b b. 'Abd Allah al-Azdi (Arabic: جُندَب بن کَعب بن عبدالله اَزدی) was a companion of the Prophet (s) and Imam 'Ali (a). He was known by various epithets, including Jundab al-Khayr, al-Ghamidi, al-'Abdi, and al-Azdi. Historical reports place him at events following the Day of Ashura and extending beyond Mukhtar's Uprising. However, the prevalence of the name "Jundab" within the Azd tribe—collectively referred to as "Janadibat al-Azd"—renders his precise identification in certain historical accounts difficult.

While sources describe his accompaniment of Imam 'Ali (a) in battle, his transmission of hadith, his involvement in events following the Peace of Imam al-Hasan (a), and his association with Imam al-Husayn (a), the definitive attribution of some of these reports to Jundab b. Ka'b remains a subject of scholarly debate.

Historians record that Jundab traveled to Medina and embraced Islam following the invitation of the Azd tribe. He narrated a Hadith from Prophet Muhammad (s) concerning the punishment of a sorcerer. During the caliphate of 'Uthman b. 'Affan, he killed a sorcerer in Kufa, earning the moniker "Qatil al-Sahir" (the Slayer of the Sorcerer). Walid b. 'Uqba imprisoned him for this act, though his incarceration was brief. Accounts of his release vary; some suggest he escaped with the aid of the jailer or relatives, while others state he was released via a letter from 'Uthman following the mediation of Imam 'Ali (a). Some reports indicate that upon his release, he relocated to Sham and fought against the Romans until his death.

Introduction

Jundab b. Ka'b b. 'Abd Allah al-Azdi is counted among the companions of the Prophet (s)[1] and Imam 'Ali (a).[2] He is mentioned in sources with epithets such as "Jundab al-Khayr",[3] [4] "al-Ghamidi",[5] "al-'Abdi",[6] and "al-Azdi".[7] Little information exists regarding his birth, but it is recorded that he died around 50/670[8] or ten years after the ascension of Mu'awiya to the Caliphate in Sham.[9] However, accounts of his life persist beyond this date; his name appears in records of conflicts in Kufa following the Event of Karbala,[10] and he is listed among those who joined Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya in Mecca after Mukhtar's Uprising.[11]

Biographers trace his lineage to the Azd tribe.[12] However, several other individuals named Jundab are recorded within the same tribe,[13] leading to the collective designation "Janadibat al-Azd".[14] This homonymy has caused confusion[15] and makes it challenging, or sometimes impossible, to determine the specific referent in certain historical reports.[16]

Reports narrating Jundab's participation in battles alongside Imam 'Ali (a) exist,[17] though some scholars argue these cannot be definitively ascribed to Jundab b. Ka'b b. 'Abd Allah.[18] For instance, Jundab b. Zuhayr al-Azdi was a prominent figure in Imam 'Ali's army during the Battle of Jamal,[19] serving as the commander of the Azdi infantry[20] or cavalry.[21]

Historical accounts concerning Jundab b. 'Abd Allah al-Azdi also exist, which some researchers contend do not refer to Jundab b. Ka'b.[22] These include reports of his hesitation regarding Imam 'Ali's rectitude at the Battle of Nahrawan;[23] his transmission of the Imam's words;[24] his mobilization of Kufans against the people of Sham following the battle with the Khawarij;[25] his role as an envoy of Imam al-Hasan (a) to Sham during the conflict with Mu'awiya;[26] and his accompaniment of Sulayman b. Surad al-Khuza'i, Musayyib b. Najaba, and Sa'id b. 'Abd Allah al-Hanafi in petitioning Imam al-Husayn (a) to lead an uprising following the Peace of Imam al-Hasan (a).[27]

Companion of the Prophet (s)

According to certain reports, following Prophet Muhammad (s)'s written invitation to the Azd tribe to accept Islam, Jundab, accompanied by several tribesmen, met the Prophet (s) in Medina and embraced the faith.[28] He transmitted a Hadith from the Messenger of God (s) regarding the penalty for a sorcerer.[29] Some sources claim this is the sole Hadith he narrated from the Prophet.[30] Additionally, a hadith honoring him is recorded from the Messenger of God (s), stating that Jundab would distinguish between truth and falsehood.[31] Some orientalists have noted that Imam 'Ali (a) regarded him as a worthy Muslim.[32]

Killing the Sorcerer and Exile to Sham

During the caliphate of 'Uthman b. 'Affan, a sorcerer—identified by some as a Jew from the region of Babel—arrived in Kufa.[33] He performed magical feats for the public, such as killing a man and subsequently resurrecting him. To quell the resulting Sedition (Fitna)[34] and citing the practice of Prophet Muhammad (s) regarding sorcerers, Jundab killed the man, challenging him to resurrect himself if he were able.[35] This incident earned him the title "Qatil al-Sahir" in numerous sources,[36] and his action was interpreted as the fulfillment of a prophecy by the Prophet (s).[37]

Walid b. 'Uqba, 'Uthman's governor, imprisoned him for the killing,[38] though his confinement was brief.[39] Accounts of his release vary: some suggest the jailer, witnessing Jundab's worship and conduct, facilitated his escape;[40] [41] others claim his nephew[42] or relatives stormed the prison to free him;[43] while a third group maintains he was released via a letter from 'Uthman.[44] Records also indicate that after Jundab spent time as a fugitive, 'Uthman pardoned him following a letter of mediation from Imam 'Ali (a) to Walid.[45]

Some accounts state that following his release from the Kufa prison during the reign of the third caliph, Jundab traveled to Sham, where he participated in wars against the Romans until the end of his life.[46]

Notes

  1. ↑ Ibn Ḥajar, al-Iṣāba, 1415 AH, vol. 1, p. 615; Dhahabī, Tārīkh al-Islām, 1413 AH, vol. 5, p. 86.
  2. ↑ Muḥammadī Ray-shahrī, Dānishnāma-yi Amīr al-Muʾminīn (a), 1386 Sh, vol. 13, p. 135; Aḥmadī Miyānjī, Makātīb al-Rasūl (s), 1419 AH, vol. 3, p. 248.
  3. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, 1417 AH, vol. 5, p. 519; Ibn Ḥajar, al-Iṣāba, 1415 AH, vol. 1, p. 615; Dhahabī, Tārīkh al-Islām, 1413 AH, vol. 5, p. 86.
  4. ↑ Ibn Ḥazm attributed naming Jundab with this epithet to the Shi'as. (Ibn Ḥazm, Jamharat ansāb al-ʿArab, 1403 AH, p. 379.)
  5. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, 1412 AH, vol. 1, p. 258; Amīnī, al-Ghadīr, 1416 AH, vol. 9, p. 497.
  6. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, 1412 AH, vol. 1, p. 258; Abī Firās, Majmūʿat Warrām, 1410 AH, vol. 2, p. 283.
  7. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, 1412 AH, vol. 1, p. 258.
  8. ↑ Dhahabī, Tārīkh al-Islām, 1413 AH, vol. 4, p. 29.
  9. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, 1412 AH, vol. 1, p. 260; Ibn al-Athīr, Usd al-ghāba, 1409 AH, vol. 1, p. 362.
  10. ↑ Ibn Aʿtham, al-Futūḥ, 1411 AH, vol. 5, pp. 125, 126.
  11. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, 1417 AH, vol. 3, p. 280.
  12. ↑ Ibn al-Athīr, Usd al-ghāba, 1409 AH, vol. 1, p. 361; Ibn Ḥajar, al-Iṣāba, 1415 AH, vol. 1, p. 615; Ibn Ḥazm, Jamharat ansāb al-ʿArab, 1403 AH, p. 379.
  13. ↑ Ibn Sallām, al-Nasab, 1410 AH, p. 296; Ṣaḥārī, al-Ansāb, 2006, vol. 2, p. 683; Ibn al-Athīr, Usd al-ghāba, 1409 AH, vol. 1, p. 359.
  14. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, 1417 AH, vol. 6, p. 414; Ibn Durayd, al-Ishtiqāq, 1958, p. 495.
  15. ↑ Ṣādiqī, "Dushvārī-yi nām-hā dar pazhūhesh-hā-yi tārīkhī", no. 1382, p. 116.
  16. ↑ Bahrāmiyān, "Jundab-i Azdī", 1389 Sh, vol. 13, p. 576.
  17. ↑ Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī, 1387 AH, vol. 4, pp. 520–521, 569, vol. 5, pp. 10–11, 14, 66, 89; Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, 1412 AH, vol. 1, p. 258.
  18. ↑ Bahrāmiyān, "Jundab-i Azdī", 1389 Sh, vol. 13, p. 576.
  19. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, 1414 AH, vol. 5-2, p. 38; Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, 1417 AH, vol. 2, p. 245, vol. 6, p. 414; Ibn Shahrāshūb, al-Manāqib, 1379 AH, vol. 3, p. 154.
  20. ↑ Dīnawarī, Akhbār al-ṭiwāl, 1368 Sh, p. 146; Ibn Aʿtham, al-Futūḥ, 1411 AH, vol. 2, p. 468.
  21. ↑ Mufīd, al-Jamal wa al-nuṣra, 1413 AH, p. 320.
  22. ↑ Bahrāmiyān, "Jundab-i Azdī", 1389 Sh, vol. 13, p. 576.
  23. ↑ Mufīd, al-Irshād fī maʿrifat ḥujaj Allāh ʿalā al-ʿibād, vol. 1, pp. 317–319; Ibn Shahrāshūb, al-Manāqib, 1379 AH, vol. 2, pp. 268-269.
  24. ↑ Ibn Hilāl al-Thaqafī, al-Ghārāt, 1410 AH, vol. 1, p. 199, vol. 2, p. 288; Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī, 1387 AH, vol. 5, pp. 10, 14, 48, 51, 56, 60, 66.
  25. ↑ Ibn Hilāl al-Thaqafī, al-Ghārāt, 1410 AH, vol. 2, p. 338; Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, 1417 AH, vol. 2, p. 380.
  26. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, 1417 AH, vol. 3, p. 32; Ibn Aʿtham, al-Futūḥ, 1411 AH, vol. 4, p. 285; Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, Maqātil al-ṭālibiyyīn, Beirut, pp. 64, 68
  27. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, 1417 AH, vol. 3, p. 149.
  28. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, 1410 AH, vol. 1, p. 214; Ibn al-Athīr, Usd al-ghāba, 1409 AH, vol. 3, p. 785; Ibn Ḥajar, al-Iṣāba, 1415 AH, vol. 1, pp. 612, 615.
  29. ↑ Dhahabī, Tārīkh al-Islām, 1413 AH, vol. 5, p. 86.
  30. ↑ Bahrāmiyān, "Jundab-i Azdī", 1389 Sh, vol. 13, p. 576.
  31. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, 1410 AH, vol. 6, p. 176; Maqrīzī, Imtāʿ al-asmāʿ, 1420 AH, vol. 12, p. 192; Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, al-Aghānī, 1415 AH, vol. 5, p. 98.
  32. ↑ Madelung, Jānishīnī-yi Muḥammad, 1377 Sh, p. 154.
  33. ↑ Masʿūdī, Murūj al-dhahab, 1409 AH, vol. 2, pp. 338 - 339.
  34. ↑ Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, al-Aghānī, 1415 AH, vol. 5, p. 97.
  35. ↑ Yaʿqūbī, Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī, Beirut, vol. 2, p. 165; Dhahabī, Tārīkh al-Islām, 1413 AH, vol. 3, p. 667, vol. 5, pp. 86–87; Ṣāliḥī Shāmī, Subul al-hudā, 1414 AH, vol. 10, p. 108.
  36. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, 1412 AH, vol. 1, pp. 258, 557; Ibn al-Athīr, Usd al-ghāba, 1409 AH, vol. 1, p. 359; Ibn Ḥajar, al-Iṣāba, 1415 AH, vol. 1, p. 613.
  37. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, 1410 AH, vol. 6, p. 176; Maqrīzī, Imtāʿ al-asmāʿ, 1420 AH, vol. 12, p. 192.
  38. ↑ Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī, 1387 AH, vol. 4, p. 275.
  39. ↑ Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, al-Aghānī, 1415 AH, vol. 5, p. 97.
  40. ↑ Yaʿqūbī, Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī, Beirut, vol. 2, p. 165; Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, al-Aghānī, 1415 AH, vol. 5, p. 98; Abū Hilāl ʿAskarī, al-Awāʾil, 1408 AH, p. 295.
  41. ↑ It is said that Jundab's jailer was a Christian who became so fascinated by his prisoner's behavior that he converted to Islam. (Jawharī Baṣrī, al-Saqīfa wa Fadak, Tehran, p. 127; Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, Sharḥ Nahj al-balāgha, 1404 AH, vol. 17, p. 242.)
  42. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb, 1412 AH, vol. 1, p. 260; Ibn al-Athīr, Usd al-ghāba, 1409 AH, vol. 1, p. 362.
  43. ↑ Dhahabī, Tārīkh al-Islām, 1413 AH, vol. 4, p. 29.
  44. ↑ Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī, 1387 AH, vol. 4, p. 275; Abī Firās, Majmūʿat Warrām, 1410 AH, vol. 2, p. 283.
  45. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, 1417 AH, vol. 5, p. 519.
  46. ↑ Dhahabī, Tārīkh al-Islām, 1413 AH, vol. 4, p. 29.

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  • Warrām b. Abī Firās, Masʿūd b. ʿĪsā, Tanbīh al-khawāṭir wa nuzhat al-nawāẓir al-maʿrūf bi-Majmūʿat Warrām, Qom, Maktabat Faqīh, 1410 AH.
  • Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb, Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī, Beirut, Dār Ṣādir, n.d.
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