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== Works ==
== Works ==
{{main|List of Works by al-Shaykh al-Tusi}}
Al-Shaykh al-Tusi composed over fifty books in the fields of [[fiqh]], [[hadith]], theology, and [[tafsir]]. Some of his important works are as follows:
Al-Shaykh al-Tusi composed over fifty books in the fields of [[fiqh]], [[hadith]], theology, and [[tafsir]]. Some of his important works are as follows:
* ''[[Ikhtiyar al-rijal]]'': This book is an edition of ''[[Rijal al-Kashshi]]''. The original work of [[al-Kashshi]] no longer exists, and what is today known as ''Rijal al-Kashshi'' is this edition of al-Shaykh al-Tusi.
 
* ''[[Al-Istibsar fi ma ikhtalafa min al-akhbar]]'': This compilation of hadith is one of [[the Four Books]] and one of the main sources of Shi'a [[fiqh]].
* ''[[Al-Istibsar fi ma ikhtalafa min al-akhbar]]'': This compilation of hadith is one of [[the Four Books]] and one of the main sources of Shi'a [[fiqh]].
* ''[[Al-Mabsut fi fiqh al-imamiyya]]'': This is one of the most important books in Shi'a [[fiqh]] and encompasses all divisions of fiqh.
* ''Usul al-aqa'id'' (Principles of Beliefs).
* ''Al-Amali'' (Dictations): Since al-Shaykh al-Tusi dictated this book in several sessions, it is also called ''Al-Majalis'' (Sessions).
* ''[[Al-Tibyan fi tafsir al-Qur'an]] '': This book is the first commentary of the [[Qur'an]] which compiles all aspects of [[Ulum al-Qur'an]].
* ''[[Al-Tibyan fi tafsir al-Qur'an]] '': This book is the first commentary of the [[Qur'an]] which compiles all aspects of [[Ulum al-Qur'an]].
* ''[[Talkhis al-shafi]]'': This book is a summary of [[al-Sharif al-Radi]]'s '' [[al-Shafi fi l-imamah]]'' which speaks about [[imamate]].
* ''[[Tahdhib al-ahkam]]'': This hadith compilation is one of the [[Four books]].
* ''[[Tahdhib al-ahkam]]'': This hadith compilation is one of the [[Four books]].
* ''[[Al-Khilaf fi l-ahkam (book)|Al-Khilaf fi l-ahkam]]'', or ''Masa'l al-khilaf'': In this book, the laws and instructions of different Islamic denominations are discussed and evaluated.
* ''[[Misbah al-mutahajjid (book)|Misbah al-mutuhajjid]]'': This is one of the most important and reliable Shi'a resources for rituals, practices and prayers.
* ''[[Misbah al-mutahajjid (book)|Misbah al-mutuhajjid]]'': This is one of the most important and reliable Shi'a resources for rituals, practices and prayers.
* ''[[Al-'Uddat fi l-usul]]'': The first part of this book is about [[usul al-din]] (the principles of faith), and the second is about [[usul al-fiqh]] (the principles of fiqh).
* ''[[Al-'Uddat fi l-usul]]'': The first part of this book is about [[usul al-din]] (the principles of faith), and the second is about [[usul al-fiqh]] (the principles of fiqh).
* ''[[Al-Nihaya fi mujarrad al-fiqh wa l-fatawa]]'': This is one of his greatest works in Shi'a fiqh and includes his [[fatwa|fatwas]]
 
* ''[[Kitab al-Ghayba (al-Shaykh al-Tusi)|Kitab al-Ghayba]]'': This is about the occultation of [[Imam al-Mahdi]] (a)
* ''[[Al-Fihrist (by al-Shaykh al-Tusi)|Al-Fihrist]]'': The authors of books and [[Asl|Usul]] and chain of references to those books are mentioned.
* ''Ma yu'allal wa ma la yu'allal'' (What can be Proved and What Cannot be Proved): This is about theology.
* ''[[Al-Abwab]]'' (Doors), or ''Rijal al-Shaykh al-Ta'ifa''.
* ''[[Al-Jumal wa l-uqud]]'': This is about [['ibadat]] (acts of worship), and was written at the request of Qadi 'Abd al-Aziz b. Nahrir b. 'Abd al-Aziz b. al-Barraj, the judge of Trablus (d.481/1088)
* ''[[Mukhtasar akhbar al-Mukhtar ibn abi 'Ubayd al-Thaqafi]]'' (Concise history of [[Mukhtar al-Thaqafi]]).
* ''Al-Farq bayn al-nabi wa l-imam'' (The Difference between Nabi and Imam).
* ''Al-Masa'il al-rajabiyya'': This is about the exegesis of [[verse]]s of the [[Qur'an]].<ref>Al-Tusi, ''al-Nihaya'', pp. 17-31</ref>


[[File:Al-Shaykh al-Tusi Mosque.jpg|thumbnail|Al-Shaykh al-Tusi Mosque in [[Najaf]]]]
[[File:Al-Shaykh al-Tusi Mosque.jpg|thumbnail|Al-Shaykh al-Tusi Mosque in [[Najaf]]]]

Revision as of 10:11, 8 March 2017

Al-Shaykh al-Tusi
The Tomb of al-Shaykh al-Tusi in the al-Shaykh al-Tusi Mosque in Najaf
The Tomb of al-Shaykh al-Tusi in the al-Shaykh al-Tusi Mosque in Najaf
Personal Information
Full NameMuhammad b. al-Hasan b. 'Ali b. al-Hasan
Well-Known AsShaykh al-Ta'ifa, al-Shaykh al-Tusi
Well-Known RelativesAl-Hasan b. Muhammad al-Tusi (son)
Birth385/995
ResidenceKhurasan, Baghdad, Najaf
Studied inBaghdad
Death460/1067
Burial PlaceNajaf
Scholarly Information
Professorsal-Shaykh al-Mufid, al-Sharif al-Murtada, Ibn Hashir, Ibn Salt al-Ahwazi, al-Husayn b. 'Ubayd Allah b. al-Ghada'iri
StudentsAbu l-Salah al-Halabi, Abu l-Fath al-Karajaki, Mansur b. al-Husayn al-Abi
WorksTahdhib al-ahkam, Al-Istibsar fi ma ikhtalaf min al-akhbar, Ikhtiyar al-rijal, Al-Tibyan fi tafsir al-Qur'an, Al-Khilaf fi l-ahkam


Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan b. ʿAli b. al-Ḥasan (Arabic: محمد بن الحسن بن علي بن الحسن) (b. 385/995 in Tus, d. 460/1067 in Najaf), better known as al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī (Arabic: الشيخ الطوسي), was one of the greatest Shi'a jurists and compilers of hadith. He has written many works in the fields of theology and tafsir. For his great contributions and tremendous influence, he received the honorable title of al-Shaykh al-Ṭāʾifa (Arabic: الشيخ الطائفة) (the chief or head of the Shi'a).

Life

Muhammad b. al-Hasan was born in Khorasan in Ramadan 385/995, four years after the demise of al-Shaykh al-Saduq and the same year of the demise of Harun b. Musa Talla'ukbari. His kunya was Abu Ja'far and since the kunya of both al-Shaykh al-Kulayni and al-Shaykh al-Saduq also was Abu Ja'far, he is sometimes called the third Abu Ja'far.

Al-Shaykh al-Tusi spent the first part of his life in Khorasan, and moved to Baghdad at the age of 23. In Baghdad, he studied under leading Shi'a scholars such as al-Shaykh al-Mufid, al-Sharif al-Murtada, and Ibn al-Ghada'iri. The Abbasid caliph of the time eventually appointed him to the principal chair of theology in Baghdad, where nearly three-hundred students would attend his classes.

Following the demise of al-Sharif al-Murtada, al-Shaykh al-Tusi took over the leadership of the Shi'a.

After his house and library were burnt down in the sectarian conflicts of 449/1057, and the decline of the Buyid dynasty, al-Shaykh al-Tusi moved to Najaf. There, he established a Shi'i scholarly circle which led to the formation of the Islamic Seminary of Najaf.[1]

Scholarly Position

Al-Shaykh al-Tusi was the leader of of Shi'a faqihs. He attained the station of ijtihad in both fiqh and usul al-fiqh. From the Four Books, al-Shaykh al-Tusi is the author of both al-Istibsar and Tahdhib al-ahkam.

The ideas and works of al-Shaykh al-Tusi had overshadowed Shi'a scholarship and no one opposed his opinions until the time of Ibn Idris (d. 597/1201). His book, al-Nihaya, was the main source of teaching in Shi'a scholarly circles until al-Muhaqiq al-Hilli (d. 676/1277-78) wrote Shara'i' al-Islam.

Al-Shaykh al-Tusi wrote in nearly all fields of Islamic sciences. His works are a unique resource for later generations because many of the sources he used were destroyed when Shapur library was burned.[2]

Teachers

Al-Tusi studied with many teachers, but the following five figures are the ones he refers to most:

Students

Main article: List of Students of al-Shaykh al-Tusi

It is reported that al-Tusi had over 300 Shi'i students, and many other Sunni ones. The most well-known of them are Abu l-Salah al-Halabi a prominent faqih and theologian and the author of al-Kafi fi l-fiqh; Muhammad b. 'Ali al-Karajuki, the author of Kanz al-fawa'id; and his son Al-Hasan b. Muhammad al-Tusi, know as "al-Mufid al-Thani".

Al-Istibsar fi ma khtalafa min al-akhbar is one of the four books
Tahdhib al-ahkam is also one of the Four Books
Kitab al-khilaf

Works

Main article: List of Works by al-Shaykh al-Tusi

Al-Shaykh al-Tusi composed over fifty books in the fields of fiqh, hadith, theology, and tafsir. Some of his important works are as follows:


Al-Shaykh al-Tusi Mosque in Najaf

His Thoughts and Intellectual and Religious Position

Al-Shaykh al-Tusi was among the leaders of intellectualism in Baghdad and followed the method of his teachers, al-Sayyid al-Murtada and al-Shaykh al-Mufid and perfected it. Al-Shaykh al-Tusi wrote books in different branches of religious studies and since he was influential in Shi'a society and had many students, could make a lasting influence over Shi'a scholars. Ijtihad and intellectualism in Shi'a fiqh and beliefs prevailed among Shi'a due to the efforts of al-Shaykh al-Tusi who ended the dominance of several centuries of Akhbarism.

Establishment of the Seminary of Najaf

Main article: Seminary of Najaf

After the invasion of Seljuk Turks to Baghdad and its following events like burning of the Shapur library and the fight between Shi'a and Sunnis in Baghdad, Shaykh moved to Baghdad and began his scientific activity in that city and the great seminary of Najaf was established due to his efforts. Shaykh could bring order to disordered educational situation in Najaf and hold study circles. Few people who had either accompanied Shaykh to Najaf or had heard his fame, joined him and soon Najaf became the intellectual and scientific center of Shi'a. However, some believe that study circles were formed before Shaykh went to Najaf and his role was to bring order and stability to the seminary of Najaf.

The Role of al-Shaykh al-Tusi in Perfection of Shi'a Fiqh

Introducing intellectual and discursive method for understanding the rulings of fiqh is usually considered as the most prominent achievement of al-Shaykh al-Tusi in the history of Shi'a fiqh. Before al-Shaykh al-Tusi, the prevalent method in fiqh was hadith-oriented. In al-Mabsut, al-Shaykh al-Tusi benefitted from ijtihad approach to understand rulings from hadiths based on the usuli principles. Al-Shaykh al-Tusi's method had a great influence over the historical course of Shi'a fiqh and it was unrivaled among Shi'a fuqaha for ages later. After al-Shaykh al-Tusi, even his rulings were accepted by scholars and no one dared to oppose his opinions until Ibn Idris (d. 597/1201) opened criticism against him.

Solving apparent contradictions between hadiths received from Imams (a) was among the major concerns of al-Shaykh al-Tusi. He wrote Tahdhib al-ahkam and al-Istibsar and collected contradictory hadiths and interpreted and explained these contradictions and proposed a method for solving them and understanding the rulings from hadiths. Al-Shaykh al-Tusi considered the usage of comparative fiqh. His major work in the regard is al-Khilaf fi l-ahkam.

His Innovation in Writing Commentary on the Qur'an

Al-Shaykh al-Tusi is the author of al-Tibyan fi tafsir al-Qur'an, which was a model for later Shi'a commentaries. It is the first complete commentary of the Qur'an written by a Shi'a and includes all the chapters of the Qur'an. It is distinguished from previous commentaries because in al-Tibyan, al-Shaykh al-Tusi considered the opinions of other Shi'a and Sunni scholars, discussed about the opinions of other exegetes, benefitted from pre-Islamic Arabic literature, gave information on difficult words of the Qur'an and mentioned the differences among recitations and issues in fiqh, kalam and rhetorics in verses of the Qur'an. Shi'a commentaries before al-Shaykh al-Tusi only mentioned hadiths about the verses of the Qur'an.

The most important feature of al-Shaykh al-Tusi's method in exegesis was his ijtihad and intellectualism in interpretations of the Qur'an which made it different from simple hadith-oriented approach of previous exegetes. Al-Shaykh al-Tusi brought proofs from the verses of the Qur'an that the Qur'an is an understandable text for human intellect and did not accept hadiths which considered referring to hadiths as the only way to understand the Qur'an.

Death

Al-Shaykh al-Tusi lived for 12 years in Najaf and passed away in Muharram 460/1067. According to al-Shaykh's will, he was buried in his house, and the house was converted into a mosque. The al-Shaykh al-Tusi mosque, which is also called Jami' al-Shaykh al-Tusi, is one of the most famous mosques of Najaf. It has been reconstructed and repaired several times, and is used by the professors and scholars of the Islamic Seminary of Najaf as a place for holding lectures.[4]

Notes

  1. ↑ Agha Buzurg, Tabaqat a'lam al-shi'a. p. 161-162
  2. ↑ Agha Buzurg, Tabaqat a'lam al-shi'a, p. 162
  3. ↑ Al-Tusi, al-Nihaya, p. 31
  4. ↑ 'Alawi. Rahnama-yi musawwar-i safar-i ziyyarati-yi Iraq, p.150.

References

  • The material for this article is mainly taken from شیخ طوسی in Farsi Wikishia.
  • Agha Buzurg Tihrani, Tabaqat a'lam al-shi'a, Qom, Isma'ilyan, n.d.
  • Tusi, Muhammad b. al-Hasan al-. Al-Nihaya fi mujarrad al-fiqh wa l-fatawa, Beirut: Dar al-Andulus.
  • 'Alawi, Sayyid Ahmad (compiler), Rahnama-iy mussawar-i safar-i ziyarati-yi Iraq. Qom: Ma'ruf, 1389Sh.
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