Text:Forty-second Supplication of al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya

From wikishia

42) His Supplication upon Completing a Reading of the Qur'an (42) وَ كَانَ مِنْ دُعَائِهِ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ عِنْدَ خَتْمِ الْقُرْآنِ
In the Name of Allah, the All-beneficent, the All-merciful. بِسْمِ اللهِ الرَّحْمنِ الرَّحيمِ
1- O God, Thou hast helped me complete Thy Book, 1. اللَّهُمَّ إِنَّكَ أَعَنْتَنِي عَلَى خَتْمِ كِتَابِكَ
which Thou sent down as a light الَّذِي أَنْزَلْتَهُ نُوراً ،
and appointed as a guardian over every book Thou hast sent down, وَ جَعَلْتَهُ مُهَيْمِناً عَلَى كُلِّ كِتَابٍ أَنْزَلْتَهُ ،
preferring it over every narrative which Thou hast recounted, وَ فَضَّلْتَهُ عَلَى كُلِّ حَدِيثٍ قَصَصْتَهُ .
2- a separator, through which Thou hast separated 2. وَ فُرْقَاناً فَرَقْتَ بِهِ
Thy lawful from Thy unlawful, بَيْنَ حَلَالِكَ وَ حَرَامِكَ ،
a Qur'an, through which Thou hast made plain the approaches to Thy ordinances, وَ قُرْآناً أَعْرَبْتَ بِهِ عَنْ شَرَائِعِ أَحْكَامِكَ
a book, which Thou hast distinguished very distinctly for Thy servants, وَ كِتَاباً فَصَّلْتَهُ لِعِبَادِكَ تَفْصِيلًا ،
a revelation, which Thou hast sent down, وَ وَحْياً أَنْزَلْتَهُ
a sending down, upon Thy prophet Muhammad (Thy blessings be upon him and his Household). عَلَى نَبِيِّكَ مُحَمَّدٍ صَلَوَاتُكَ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ تَنْزِيلًا .
3- Thou appointed it 3. وَ جَعَلْتَهُ
a light through following which we may be guided from the shadows of error and ignorance, نُوراً نَهْتَدِي مِنْ ظُلَمِ الضَّلَالَةِ وَ الْجَهَالَةِ بِاتِّبَاعِهِ ،
a healing for him who turns ear toward hearing it with the understanding of attestation, وَ شِفَاءً لِمَنْ أَنْصَتَ بِفَهَمِ التَّصْدِيقِ إِلَى اسْتِمَاعِهِ ،
a just balance whose tongue does not incline away from truth, وَ مِيزَانَ قِسْطٍ لَا يَحِيفُ عَنِ الْحَقِّ لِسَانُهُ ،
a light of guidance whose proof is not extinguished before the witnesses, وَ نُورَ هُدًى لَا يَطْفَأُ عَنِ الشَّاهِدِينَ بُرْهَانُهُ ،
and a guidepost of deliverance, so that he who repairs straightway to its prescription will not go astray وَ عَلَمَ نَجَاةٍ لَا يَضِلُّ مَنْ أَمَّ قَصْدَ سُنَّتِهِ ،
and he who clings to its preservation's handhold وَ لا تَنَالُ أَيْدِي الْهَلَكَاتِ
will not be touched by the hands of disasters. مَنْ تَعَلَّقَ بِعُرْوَةِ عِصْمَتِهِ .
O God, since Thou hast given us help to recite it 4. اللَّهُمَّ فَإِذْ أَفَدْتَنَا الْمَعُونَةَ عَلَى تِلَاوَتِهِ ،
and made smooth the roughness of our tongues through the beauty of its expression, وَ سَهَّلْتَ جَوَاسِيَ أَلْسِنَتِنَا بِحُسْنِ عِبَارَتِهِ ،
place us among those who observe it as it should be observed, فَاجْعَلْنَا مِمَّنْ يَرْعَاهُ حَقَّ رِعَايَتِهِ ،
serve Thee by adhering in submission وَ يَدِينُ لَكَ بِاعْتِقَادِ التَّسْلِيمِ
to the firm text of its verses, لِمُحْكَمِ آيَاتِهِ ،
and seek refuge in admitting both its ambiguous parts وَ يَفْزَعُ إِلَى الْإِقْرَارِ بِمُتَشَابِهِهِ ،
and the elucidations of its clear signs! وَ مُوضَحَاتِ بَيِّنَاتِهِ .
5- O God, Thou sent it down upon Thy prophet Muhammad 5. اللَّهُمَّ إِنَّكَ أَنْزَلْتَهُ عَلَى نَبِيِّكَ مُحَمَّدٍ
(God bless him and his household) in summary form, صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ مُجْمَلًا ،
Thou inspired him with the science of its wonders to complement it, وَ أَلْهَمْتَهُ عِلْمَ عَجَائِبِهِ مُكَمَّلًا ،
Thou made us the heirs of its knowledge as interpreters, وَ وَرَّثْتَنَا عِلْمَهُ مُفَسَّراً ،
Thou made us to surpass him who is ignorant of its knowledge, وَ فَضَّلْتَنَا عَلَى مَنْ جَهِلَ عِلْمَهُ ،
and Thou gave us strength over it وَ قَوَّيْتَنَا عَلَيْهِ
to raise us above those not able to carry it. لِتَرْفَعَنَا فَوْقَ مَنْ لَمْ يُطِقْ حَمْلَهُ .
6- O God, just as Thou hast appointed our hearts as its carriers 6. اللَّهُمَّ فَكَمَا جَعَلْتَ قُلُوبَنَا لَهُ حَمَلَةً ،
and made known to us through Thy mercy its nobility and excellence, وَ عَرَّفْتَنَا بِرَحْمَتِكَ شَرَفَهُ وَ فَضْلَهُ ،
so also bless Muhammad, its preacher, فَصَلِّ عَلَى مُحَمَّدٍ الْخَطِيبِ بِهِ ،
and his Household, its guardians, وَ عَلَى آلِهِ الْخُزَّانِ لَهُ ،
and place us among those who confess that it has come from Thee, وَ اجْعَلْنَا مِمَّنْ يَعْتَرِفُ بِأَنَّهُ مِنْ عِنْدِكَ
lest doubt about attesting to it assail us, حَتَّى لَا يُعَارِضَنَا الشَّكُّ فِي تَصْدِيقِهِ ،
or deviation from its straightforward path shake us! وَ لَا يَخْتَلِجَنَا الزَّيْغُ عَنْ قَصْدِ طَرِيقِهِ .
7- O God, bless Muhammad and his Household 7. اللَّهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَى مُحَمَّدٍ وَ آلِهِ ،
and make us one of those who hold fast to its cord, وَ اجْعَلْنَا مِمَّنْ يَعْتَصِمُ بِحَبْلِهِ ،
seek haven from its ambiguities in its fortified stronghold, وَ يَأْوِي مِنَ الْمُتَشَابِهَاتِ إِلَى حِرْزِ مَعْقِلِهِ ،
rest in the shadow of its wing, وَ يَسْكُنُ فِي ظِلِّ جَنَاحِهِ ،
find guidance in the brightness of its morning, وَ يَهْتَدِي بِضَوْءِ صَبَاحِهِ ،
follow the shining of its disclosure, وَ يَقْتَدِي بِتَبَلُّجِ أَسْفَارِهِ ،
acquire light from its lamp, وَ يَسْتَصْبِحُ بِمِصْبَاحِهِ ،
and beg not guidance from any other! وَ لَا يَلْتَمِسُ الْهُدَى فِي غَيْرِهِ .
8- O God, just as through it Thou hast set up Muhammad 8. اللَّهُمَّ وَ كَمَا نَصَبْتَ بِهِ مُحَمَّداً
as a guidepost to point to Thee عَلَماً لِلدَّلَالَةِ عَلَيْكَ ،
and through his Household Thou hast made clear Thy good pleasure's roads to Thee, وَ أَنْهَجْتَ بِآلِهِ سُبُلَ الرِّضَا إِلَيْكَ ،
so also bless Muhammad and his Household فَصَلِّ عَلَى مُحَمَّدٍ وَ آلِهِ ،
and make the Qur'an our mediation to the noblest stations of Thy honour, وَ اجْعَلِ الْقُرْآنَ وَسِيلَةً لَنَا إِلَى أَشْرَفِ مَنَازِلِ الْكَرَامَةِ ،
a ladder by which we may climb to the place of safety, وَ سُلَّماً نَعْرُجُ فِيهِ إِلَى مَحَلِّ السَّلَامَةِ ،
a cause for our being repaid وَ سَبَباً نُجْزَى بِهِ
with deliverance at the Plain of Resurrection, النَّجَاةَ فِي عَرْصَةِ الْقِيَامَةِ ،
and a means whereby we may reach وَ ذَرِيعَةً نَقْدَمُ بِهَا
the bliss of the House of Permanence! عَلَى نَعِيمِ دَارِ الْمُقَامَةِ .
9- O God, bless Muhammad and his Household, 9. اللَّهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَى مُحَمَّدٍ وَ آلِهِ ،
lessen for us through the Qur'an the weight of heavy sins, وَ احْطُطْ بِالْقُرْآنِ عَنَّا ثِقْلَ الْأَوْزَارِ ،
give to us the excellent qualities of the pious, وَ هَبْ لَنَا حُسْنَ شَمَائِلِ الْأَبْرَارِ ،
and make us follow the tracks of those who stood before Thee وَ اقْفُ بِنَا آثَارَ الَّذِينَ قَامُوا لَكَ بِهِ
in the watches of the night and the ends of the day, آنَاءَ اللَّيْلِ وَ أَطْرَافَ النَّهَارِ
such that Thou purifiest us from every defilement through its purification حَتَّى تُطَهِّرَنَا مِنْ كُلِّ دَنَسٍ بِتَطْهِيرِهِ ،
and makest us to follow the tracks of those who have taken illumination from its light وَ تَقْفُوَ بِنَا آثَارَ الَّذِينَ اسْتَضَاءُوا بِنُورِهِ ،
and whom expectation has not distracted from works, وَ لَمْ يُلْهِهِمُ الْأَمَلُ عَنِ الْعَمَلِ
cutting them off through its delusions' deceptions! فَيَقْطَعَهُمْ بِخُدَعِ غُرُورِهِ .
10- O God, bless Muhammad and his Household 10. اللَّهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَى مُحَمَّدٍ وَ آلِهِ ،
and appoint the Qur'an for us an intimate in the shadows of nights وَ اجْعَلِ الْقُرْآنَ لَنَا فِي ظُلَمِ اللَّيَالِي مُونِساً ،
and a guardian against the instigations of Satan and confusing thoughts, وَ مِنْ نَزَغَاتِ الشَّيْطَانِ وَ خَطَرَاتِ الْوَسَاوِسِ حَارِساً ،
for our feet an obstruction from passing to acts of disobedience, وَ لِأَقْدَامِنَا عَنْ نَقْلِهَا إِلَى الْمَعَاصِي حَابِساً ،
for our tongues a silencer without blight preventing a plunge into falsehood, وَ لِأَلْسِنَتِنَا عَنِ الْخَوْضِ فِي الْبَاطِلِ مِنْ غَيْرِ مَا آفَةٍ مُخْرِساً ،
for our limbs a restrainer from committing sins, وَ لِجَوَارِحِنَا عَنِ اقْتِرَافِ الْآثَامِ زَاجِراً ،
and for the scrutiny of heedfulness rolled up in heedlessness an unroller, وَ لِمَا طَوَتِ الْغَفْلَةُ عَنَّا مِنْ تَصَفُّحِ الِاعْتِبَارِ نَاشِراً ،
such that Thou attachest to our hearts the understanding of the Qur'an's wonders حَتَّى تُوصِلَ إِلَى قُلُوبِنَا فَهْمَ عَجَائِبِهِ ،
and its restraining similitudes وَ زَوَاجِرَ أَمْثَالِهِ
which immovable mountains in all their solidity الَّتِي ضَعُفَتِ الْجِبَالُ الرَّوَاسِي عَلَى صَلَابَتِهَا
were too weak to carry! عَنِ احْتِمَالِهِ .
11- O God, bless Muhammad and his Household 11. اللَّهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَى مُحَمَّدٍ وَ آلِهِ ،
and through the Qur'an make permanent the rightness of our outward selves, وَ أَدِمْ بِالْقُرْآنِ صَلَاحَ ظَاهِرِنَا ،
veil the ideas of confusing thoughts وَ احْجُبْ بِهِ خَطَرَاتِ الْوَسَاوِسِ
from the soundness of our innermost minds, عَنْ صِحَّةِ ضَمَائِرِنَا ،
wash away the dirt of our hearts and the ties of our heavy sins, وَ اغْسِلْ بِهِ دَرَنَ قُلُوبِنَا وَ عَلَائِقَ أَوْزَارِنَا ،
gather our scattered affairs, وَ اجْمَعْ بِهِ مُنْتَشَرَ أُمُورِنَا ،
quench the thirst of our burning heat in the standing place of the presentation to Thee, وَ أَرْوِ بِهِ فِي مَوْقِفِ الْعَرْضِ عَلَيْكَ ظَمَأَ هَوَاجِرِنَا ،
and clothe us in the robes of security وَ اكْسُنَا بِهِ حُلَلَ الْأَمَانِ
on the Day of the Greatest Terror at our uprising! يَوْمَ الْفَزَعِ الْأَكْبَرِ فِي نُشُورِنَا .
12- O God, bless Muhammad and his Household 12. اللَّهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَى مُحَمَّدٍ وَ آلِهِ ،
and through the Qur'an redress our lack - our destitution in poverty - وَ اجْبُرْ بِالْقُرْآنِ خَلَّتَنَا مِنْ عَدَمِ الْإِمْلَاقِ ،
drive toward us the comforts of life وَ سُقْ إِلَيْنَا بِهِ رَغَدَ الْعَيْشِ
and an abundance of plentiful provisions, وَ خِصْبَ سَعَةِ الْأَرْزَاقِ ،
turn aside blameworthy character traits and base moral qualities, وَ جَنِّبْنَا بِهِ الضَّرَائِبَ الْمَذْمُومَةَ وَ مَدَانِيَ الْأَخْلَاقِ ،
and preserve us from the pit of unbelief and the motives for hypocrisy, وَ اعْصِمْنَا بِهِ مِنْ هُوَّةِ الْكُفْرِ وَ دَوَاعِي النِّفَاقِ
such that the Qur'an may be for us at the resurrection a leader حَتَّى يَكُونَ لَنَا فِي الْقِيَامَةِ
to Thy good pleasure and Thy gardens, إِلَى رِضْوَانِكَ وَ جِنَانِكَ قَائِداً ،
for us in this world a protector against Thy displeasure and transgressing Thy bounds وَ لَنَا فِي الدُّنْيَا عَنْ سُخْطِكَ وَ تَعَدِّي حُدُودِكَ ذَائِداً ،
and for what is with Thee a witness وَ لِمَا عِنْدَكَ
by its declaring lawful the lawful and its declaring unlawful the unlawful! بِتَحْلِيلِ حَلَالِهِ وَ تَحْرِيمِ حَرَامِهِ شَاهِداً .
13- O God, bless Muhammad and his Household 13. اللَّهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَى مُحَمَّدٍ وَ آلِهِ ،
and through the Qur'an make easy for our souls at death وَ هَوِّنْ بِالْقُرْآنِ عِنْدَ الْمَوْتِ عَلَى أَنْفُسِنَا
the distress of the driving, كَرْبَ السِّيَاقِ ،
the effort of the moaning, وَ جَهْدَ الْأَنِينِ ،
and the succession of the rattling, when souls reach the throats وَ تَرَادُفَ الْحَشَارِجِ إِذَا بَلَغَتِ النُّفُوسُ التَّرَاقِيَ ،
and it is said, 'Where is the enchanter?'; وَ قِيلَ مَنْ رَاقٍ
when the angel of death discloses himself to seize them from behind the veils of unseen things, وَ تَجَلَّى مَلَكُ الْمَوْتِ لِقَبْضِهَا مِنْ حُجُبِ الْغُيُوبِ ،
letting loose at them from the bow of destinies the arrows of the terror of lonesome separation, وَ رَمَاهَا عَنْ قَوْسِ الْمَنَايَا بِأَسْهُمِ وَحْشَةِ الْفِرَاقِ ،
and mixing for them from sudden death وَ دَافَ لَهَا مِنْ ذُعَافِ الْمَوْتِ
a cup poisoned to the taste; كَأْساً مَسْمُومَةَ الْمَذَاقِ ،
and when departure and release for the hereafter come close to us, وَ دَنَا مِنَّا إِلَى الْآخِرَةِ رَحِيلٌ وَ انْطِلَاقٌ ،
works become collars around the necks, وَ صَارَتِ الْأَعْمَالُ قَلَائِدَ فِي الْأَعْنَاقِ ،
and the graves become the haven وَ كَانَتِ الْقُبُورُ هِيَ الْمَأْوَى
until the appointed time of the Day of Encounter! إِلَى مِيقَاتِ يَوْمِ التَّلَاقِ .
14-O God, bless Muhammad and his Household, 14. اللَّهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَى مُحَمَّدٍ وَ آلِهِ ،
make blessed for us the arrival at the house of decay وَ بَارِكْ لَنَا فِي حُلُولِ دَارِ الْبِلَى ،
and the drawn out residence between the layers of the earth, وَ طُولِ الْمُقَامَةِ بَيْنَ أَطْبَاقِ الثَّرَى ،
appoint the graves, after separation from this world, the best of our waystations, وَ اجْعَلِ الْقُبُورَ بَعْدَ فِرَاقِ الدُّنْيَا خَيْرَ مَنَازِلِنَا ،
make roomy for us through Thy mercy the narrowness of our tombs, وَ افْسَحْ لَنَا بِرَحْمَتِكَ فِي ضِيقِ مَلَاحِدِنَا ،
and disgrace us not among those present at the Resurrection وَ لَا تَفْضَحْنَا فِي حَاضِرِي الْقِيَامَةِ
through our ruinous sins! بِمُوبِقَاتِ آثَامِنَا .
15- Through the Qur'an have mercy upon the lowliness of our station at the standing place of presentation to Thee, 15. وَ ارْحَمْ بِالْقُرْآنِ فِي مَوْقِفِ الْعَرْضِ عَلَيْكَ ذُلَّ مَقَامِنَا ،
make firm the slips of our feet during the shaking of the bridge across hell on the day of passage over it, وَ ثَبِّتْ بِهِ عِنْدَ اضْطِرَابِ جِسْرِ جَهَنَّمَ يَوْمَ الْمَجَازِ عَلَيْهَا زَلَلَ أَقْدَامِنَا ،
illuminate the darkness of our graves before the Uprising, وَ نَوِّرْ بِهِ قَبْلَ الْبَعْثِ سُدَفَ قُبُورِنَا ،
and deliver us from every distress on the Day of Resurrection وَ نَجِّنَا بِهِ مِنْ كُلِّ كَرْبٍ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ
and from the hardships of terrors on the Day of Disaster! وَ شَدَائِدِ أَهْوَالِ يَوْمِ الطَّامَّةِ
16- Whiten our faces on the day when the faces of wrongdoers are blackened 16. وَ بَيِّضْ وُجُوهَنَا يَوْمَ تَسْوَدُّ وُجُوهُ الظَّلَمَةِ
during the Day of Regret and Remorse, فِي يَوْمِ الْحَسْرَةِ وَ النَّدَامَةِ ،
appoint love for us in the breasts of the faithful, وَ اجْعَلْ لَنَا فِي صُدُورِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ وُدّاً ،
and make not life for us troublesome! وَ لَا تَجْعَلِ الْحَيَاةَ عَلَيْنَا نَكَداً .
17- O God, bless Muhammad, Thy servant and Thy messenger, 17. اللَّهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَى مُحَمَّدٍ عَبْدِكَ وَ رَسُولِكَ
just as He delivered Thy message, كَمَا بَلَّغَ رِسَالَتَكَ ،
executed Thy command, وَ صَدَعَ بِأَمْرِكَ ،
and counselled Thy servants! وَ نَصَحَ لِعِبَادِكَ .
18- O God, on the Day of Resurrection make our Prophet (Thy blessings be upon him and his Household) 18. اللَّهُمَّ اجْعَلْ نَبِيَّنَا صَلَوَاتُكَ عَلَيْهِ وَ عَلَى آلِهِ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ
the nearest of the prophets to Thee in seat, أَقْرَبَ الْنَّبِيِّينَ مِنْكَ مَجْلِساً ،
the ablest of them before Thee with intercession, وَ أَمْكَنَهُمْ مِنْكَ شَفَاعَةً ،
the greatest of them with Thee in measure, وَ أَجَلَّهُمْ عِنْدَكَ قَدْراً ،
and the most eminent of them with Thee in rank! وَ أَوْجَهَهُمْ عِنْدَكَ جَاهاً .
19- O God, bless Muhammad and the Household of Muhammad, 19. اللَّهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَى مُحَمَّدٍ وَ آلِ مُحَمَّدٍ ،
ennoble his edifice, magnify his proof, وَ شَرِّفْ بُنْيَانَهُ ، وَ عَظِّمْ بُرْهَانَهُ ،
make weighty his balance, accept his intercession, وَ ثَقِّلْ مِيزَانَهُ ، وَ تَقَبَّلْ شَفَاعَتَهُ ،
bring near his mediation, whiten his face, complete his light, and raise his degree! وَ قَرِّبْ وَسِيلَتَهُ ، وَ بَيِّضْ وَجْهَهُ ، وَ أَتِمَّ نُورَهُ ، وَ ارْفَعْ دَرَجَتَهُ
20- Make us live according to his Sunna, 20. وَ أَحْيِنَا عَلَى سُنَّتِهِ ،
make us die in his creed, وَ تَوَفَّنَا عَلَى مِلَّتِهِ
take us on his road, make us travel his path, وَ خُذْ بِنَا مِنْهَاجَهُ ، وَ اسْلُكْ بِنَا سَبِيلَهُ ،
place us among the people who obey him, وَ اجْعَلْنَا مِنْ أَهْلِ طَاعَتِهِ ،
muster us in his band, lead us to up his pool, and give us to drink of his cup! وَ احْشُرْنَا فِي زُمْرَتِهِ ، وَ أَوْرِدْنَا حَوْضَهُ ، وَ اسْقِنَا بِكَأْسِهِ
21- And bless Muhammad and his Household, 21. وَ صَلِّ اللَّهُمَّ عَلَى مُحَمَّدٍ وَ آلِهِ ،
with a blessing through which Thou wilt take him صَلَاةً تُبَلِّغُهُ بِهَا
to the most excellent of Thy good, Thy bounty, and Thy generosity for which he hopes! أَفْضَلَ مَا يَأْمُلُ مِنْ خَيْرِكَ وَ فَضْلِكَ وَ كَرَامَتِكَ ،
Thou art Possessor of boundless mercy and generous bounty. إِنَّكَ ذُو رَحْمَةٍ وَاسِعَةٍ ، وَ فَضْلٍ كَرِيمٍ .
22- O God, repay him for Thy messages which he delivered, 22. اللَّهُمَّ اجْزِهِ بِمَا بَلَّغَ مِنْ رِسَالَاتِكَ ،
Thy signs which he passed on, وَ أَدَّى مِنْ آيَاتِكَ ،
the good counsel he gave to Thy servants, وَ نَصَحَ لِعِبَادِكَ ،
and the struggle he undertook in Thy way, وَ جَاهَدَ فِي سَبِيلِكَ ،
with the best Thou hast repaid any of Thy angels brought nigh أَفْضَلَ مَا جَزَيْتَ أَحَداً مِنْ مَلَائِكَتِكَ الْمُقَرَّبِينَ ،
and Thy prophets sent out and chosen! وَ أَنْبِيَائِكَ الْمُرْسَلِينَ الْمُصْطَفَيْنَ ،
And upon him and his Household, the good, the pure, be peace, God's mercy, and His blessings![1] وَ السَّلَامُ عَلَيْهِ وَ عَلَى آلِهِ الطَّيِّبِينَ الطَّاهِرِينَ وَ رَحْمَةُ اللَّهِ وَ بَرَكَاتُهُ .

Notes

References

  • Imam Zayn al-'Abidin 'Ali B. Al-Husayn (AS), The Psalms of Islam (As-sahifa Al-kamilah Al-sajjadiyya). Translated to English by William C. Chittick. The Muhammadi Trust of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, 1988.