Hujr b. 'Adi
 Shrine of Hujr b. 'Adi | |
| Personal Information | |
|---|---|
| Teknonym | Abu 'Abd al-Rahman |
| Epithet | Hujr al-Khayr |
| Place(s) of Residence | Kufa |
| Death/Martyrdom | 51 or 52 or 53/671-2, 672 or 672-3 |
| Cause of Death/Martyrdom | Protest against the law of cursing Imam 'Ali (a) |
| Burial Place | Marj 'Adhra, Syria |
| Religious Information | |
| Known for | Among companions of Imam Ali (a) |
|
Imam 'Ali (a) | |
|
Life Heritage Excellences Companions Related Topics |
Ḥujr b. ʿAdī b. Jabala al-Kindī (Arabic: حُجر بن عدي بن جبلة الکندي), was one of the companions of the Prophet (s) and one of the elite companions of Imam 'Ali (a), and was one of the noblemen and wise of Kufa.
He had an important role in many battles such as Jamal, Siffin, and Nahrawan. He was martyred in the way of supporting Imam 'Ali (a) by Mu'awiya.
According to al-Mas'udi, he was the first Muslim to enter Marj 'Adhra' -in time of the Islamic conquests- and was the first Muslim to be martyred there.
The killing of Hujr and his men caused the reaction of Imam al-Husayn (a), and even some of the nearest entourage of Mu'awiya like Malik b. Hubayra.
In 2013, Wahhabis of Jabhat al-Nusra demolished the grave of Hujr and exhumed his body and took it to an unknown location.
Lineage and Teknonym
Hujr b. 'Adi b. Mu'awiya b. Jabala al-Kindi al-Kufi, his teknonym was Abu 'Abd al-Rahman and was famous as "Hujr al-Khayr" and Hujr b. Adbar (Adbar was the epithet of his father). In some sources, his lineage is mentioned as Hujr b. 'Adi b. Bajla.[1]
Status
Hujr and his brother, Hani, converted to Islam in the time of the Prophet (s), and Hujr was one of the noble of his tribe.[2]
Hujr b. 'Adi was one of the great companions of the Prophet (s) who was famous for his asceticism, piety, and worship.
He is considered as worshiper and trustworthy in 'ilm al-rijal, he had only narrated hadiths from Imam 'Ali (a).[3]
In Islamic Conquests
Hujr participated in Islamic conquests, including the Battle of Qadisiyya 14/635.[4] In the Battle of Jalawla', he was the commander of the right wing of the army of Muslims.[5]
He was also present in the conquest of Syria and he was one of the army which conquered 'Adhra' (or Maraj 'Adhra'); in a report he is considered as the conqueror of 'Adhra'.[6]
Caliphate of Imam 'Ali (a)
After his presence in the conquests, he stayed in Kufa.[7] After the beginning of the caliphate of Imam 'Ali (a), he wanted to replace Ash'ath b. Qays with Hujr, as the head of the Kinda tribe; but Hujr apologized for he would not accept the leadership till Ash'ath b. Qays is alive.[8]
- Battle of Jamal
Before the Battle of Jamal, when Abu Musa al-Ash'ari, the governor of Kufa, was preventing people from supporting Imam 'Ali (a); Imam al-Hasan (a) with Hujr b. 'Adi and 'Ammar b. Yasir, went to the Mosque of Kufa, and forced Abu Musa al-Ash'ari out of the mosque and encouraged people to support Imam 'Ali (a). Imam 'Ali (a) assigned Hujr as the commander of Kinda, Hadramut, Quda'a, and Mahra tribes in the battle.[9]
- Battle of Siffin
In the Battle of Siffin (37/657) was one of the commanders of the army of Imam 'Ali (a) and the head of the combatants of Kinda tribe.[10]
- Arbitration
In the arbitration in the Battle of Siffin, Hujr was one of the witnesses of the agreement between 'Abu Musa al-Ash'ari and 'Amr b. al-'As.[11]
- Battle of Nahrawan
In the Battle of Nahrawan (38/658) he was the commander of the right wing of the army of Imam 'Ali (a) against Khawarij.[12]
When Mu'awiya sent Dahhak b. Qays to attack the nomads of Iraq and make insecurity; Imam 'Ali (a) sent Hujr with 4000 combatants to confront them. Hujr chased them to Tadmur, and defeated them.[13]
Caliphate of Imam al-Hasan (a)
After the martyrdom of Imam 'Ali (a) and beginning of Imam al-Hasan's (a) caliphate, and his war with Mu'awiya, the circumstances made Imam al-Hasan (a) to accept the peace with Mu'awiya; Hujr was one of the first that met with Imam al-Hasan (a) and objected the decision on peace with Mu'awiya, and tried to persuade Imam al-Hasan (a) to continue the fight; Imam al-Hasan (a) answered: "the tendency of the people of Iraq is to the peace", so he had acceded to the peace to protect the life of Shi'as.
After that, Hujr met with Imam al-Husayn (a) and proposed his view about continuing the war with Mu'awiya, and Imam al-Husayn (a) told him to follow Imam al-Hasan (a).[14]
Rule of Mu'awiya
- Opposition to the Cursing of Imam 'Ali (a)
When Mughira b. Shu'ba (the governor of Kufa in the rule of Mu'awiya) started to curse Imam 'Ali (a) over the pulpit by the order of Mu'awiya, Hujr and 'Amr b. Hamiq with a number of their men opposed and stoned him.[15] Mughira tried to bring Hujr near to him by sending him money.[16]
- Capture
In year 50/670 Ziyad b. Abih, gained the rule of Kufa, in addition to the rule of Basra, by the order of Mu'awiya. He, warned Hujr about supporting 'Ali (a) and criticizing Mu'awiya, but he still was calling people against Mu'awiya.[17]
When Ziyad was in Basra, Hujr and his men stoned 'Amr b. Hurayth, the deputy of Ziyad in Kufa, because he was cursing Imam 'Ali (a). When Ziyad was informed about the event came to Kufa immediately and captured Hujr and his men.[18]
- In the Way to Syria
Ziyad sent the captured with 100 men of his army to Mu'awiya, and in his letter to Mu'awiya wrote that Hujr and his men have defied the ijma' about cursing Abu Turab [Imam 'Ali (a)] and refused the order of the caliph. He also attached the testifying of some of the elite of Kufa about the explicit opposition of Hujr to cursing Imam 'Ali (a).[19]
Martyrdom
When Hujr and his men reached 'Adhra' (Maraj 'Adhra'), 25 Km from Damascus, Mu'awiya issued their death warrant,[20] but with the intervention of some,[21] Hujr and his men were given the chance to save their lives by cursing Imam 'Ali (a); seven accepted,[22] but Hujr and six of his men rejected and were killed.
Al-Ya'qubi, wrote the number of the killed as 7 but had only named 6, among them Hujr.[23]
According to al-Mas'udi, seven saved themselves with cursing Imam 'Ali (a) and the other seven refused to curse Imam 'Ali (a) and were killed.[24] They were martyred beside graves they had dug, and beside open kafans (shrouds).[25]
- Before Martyrdom
Hujr and his men spent the night before their martyrdom in prayer and supplication, also he prayed two rak'as before his martyrdom.[26]
Aisha sent someone to prevent Mu'awiya from killing Hujr but her courier reached Mu'awiya after the martyrdom of Hujr.[27]
According to al-Mas'udi,[28] Hujr was the first Muslim to be killed with handcuff and in captivity. He was the first Muslim who entered 'Adhra', in the time of Islamic conquests, and was the first Muslim to be killed there.[29]
- Date of Martyrdom
There are different reports about the date of his martyrdom, al-Tabari and Ibn Athir mentioned 51/671-2, al-Ya'qubi 52/672, and Ibn Qutayba and al-Mas'udi 53/672-3 as the year of his martyrdom.[30] In a weak report, his martyrdom is mentioned in the year 50/670-1.[31]
According to Ibn Qutayba, later the two sons of Hujr b. 'Adi, 'Ubayd Allah and 'Abd al-Rahman who had tendency to Shi'a, were captivated and killed by Mus'ab b. al-Zubayr.[32]
Reactions against the killing of Hujr
- Reaction of the Entourage of Mu'awiya
The killing of Hujr and his men even made some of the nearest men of Mu'awiya object it. Malik b. Hubayra, told Mu'awiya that he had committed a dirty crime and Hujr had not done anything that deserve killing, Mu'awiya answered that he wanted to uproot the riot.
- Reaction of Imam al-Husayn (a)
Hearing the report about the martyrdom of Hujr was very hard for Imam al-Husayn (a), and in a letter to Mu'awiya, he considered the killing of Hujr as one of the evil deeds of Mu'awiya.[33]
- Reaction of Aisha
The killing of Hujr even raised the objection of Aisha, when Mu'awiya answered that his intention was the good of people, Aisha said:
- "I heard the Prophet (s): some people will be killed at 'Adhra' that Allah and the inhabitants of the heavens will be angered for them."[34]
Mausoleum
The mausoleum of Hujr was famous in Maraj 'Adhra'[35] and people would go there.
In May 2, 2013, Wahhabis of Jabhat al-Nusra demolished the mausoleum of Hujr and exhumed his body and took it to an unknown location.
Notes
- ↑ Amin, A'yan al-shi'a, vol.4 p.569
- ↑ Ibn Athir, Usd al-ghaba, vol.1 p.385
- ↑ Ibn Sa'd, Tabaqat, vol.6 p.220; Ibn 'Asakir, Tarikh madina Dimashq, vol.12 p.210
- ↑ Ibn Sa'd, Tabaqat, vol.6 p.217; Ibn Athir, Asad al-ghaba, vol.1 p.461; Ibn Qutayba, Al-Ma'arif, p.334
- ↑ Baladhari, Futuh al-Buldan, p.264; Tabari, Tarikh, vol.4 p.27
- ↑ Ibn 'Asakir, Tarikh madina Dimashq, vol.12 p.207,210-211
- ↑ Dinawari, al-Akhbar al-tiwal, p.145
- ↑ Dinawari, al-Akhbar al-tiwal, p.224
- ↑ Tabari, Tarikh, vol.4 p.485; Dinawari, al-Akhbar al-tiwal, p.145-146; Mufid, Al-Jamal wa al-nusra, p.255-256,320
- ↑ Ibn 'Asakir, Tarikh madina Dimashq, vol.12 p.210; Ibn Muzahim, Waq'a siffin, p.103-104, 195, 205, 243
- ↑ Tabari, Tarikh, vol.5 p.54; Dinawari, al-Akhbar al-tiwal, p.195-196; Ibn Muzahim, Waq'a siffin, p.506-507
- ↑ Tabari, Tarikh, vol.5 p.85; Dinawari, al-Akhbar al-tiwal, p.210
- ↑ Tabari, Tarikh, vol.5 p.135; Ya'qubi, Tarikh, vol.2 p.195-196
- ↑ Dinawari, al-Akhbar al-tiwal, p.220
- ↑ Tabari, Tarikh, vol.5 p.254; Ya'qubi, Tarikh, vol.2 p.230
- ↑ Dinawari, al-Akhbar al-tiwal, p.223
- ↑ Ibn Sa'd, Tabaqat, vol.6 p.218; Ya'qubi, Tarikh, vol.2 p.230
- ↑ Dinawari, al-Akhbar al-tiwal, p.223; cf. Ibn Sa'd, Tabaqat, vol.6 p.218
- ↑ Dinawari, al-Akhbar al-tiwal, p.223-224; Ya'qubi, Tarikh, vol.2 p.230; Ibn Sa'd, Tabaqat, vol.6 p.219; Tabari, Tarikh, vol.5 p.269-270
- ↑ Ibn Sa'd, Tabaqat, vol.6 p.219; Mas'udi, Muruj al-dhahab, vol.3 p.189
- ↑ Ya'qubi, Tarikh, vol.2 p.231
- ↑ Tabari, Tarikh, vol.5 p.275-278; cf. Ibn Sa'd, Tabaqat, vol.6 p.220
- ↑ Ya'qubi, Tarikh, vol.2 p.231
- ↑ Mas'udi, Murawwij, vol.3 p.188-189
- ↑ Ya'qubi, Tarikh, vol.2 p.231; Tabari, Tarikh, vol.5 p.275-277
- ↑ Tabari, Tarikh, vol.5 p.275
- ↑ Ibn Sa'd, Tabaqat, vol.6 p.219-220; Ibn Athir, Asad al-ghaba, vol.1 p.462; Dinawari, al-Akhbar al-tiwal, p.223-224
- ↑ Mas'udi, Murawwij, vol.3 p.188
- ↑ Ibn Sa'd, Tabaqat, vol.6 p.217; Ibn Athir, Asad al-ghaba, vol.1 p.462; Ya'qubi, Tarikh, vol.2 p.231
- ↑ Tabari, Tarikh, vol.5 p.253; Ibn Athir, Asad al-ghaba, vol.1 p.462; Ibn Qutayba, Al-Ma'arif, p.334; Ya'qubi, Tarikh, vol.2 p.231; Mas'udi, Murawwij, vol.3 p.188
- ↑ Mas'udi, Murawwij, vol.3 p.190
- ↑ Ibn Qutayba, Al-Ma'arif, p.334
- ↑ Dinawari, al-Akhbar al-tiwal, p.223-224; Tabari, Tarikh, vol.5 p.279; Kashshi, Ikhtiyar ma'rifa al-rijal, p.99
- ↑ Suyuti, al-Jami' al-saghir, vol.2 p.61; Ibn 'Asakir, Tarikh madina Dimashq, vol.12 p.226; Majlisi, Bihar, vol.18 p.124
- ↑ Ibn Athir, Asad al-ghaba, vol.1 p.462
References
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- Ibn Athir, 'Ali b. Muhammad, Asad al-ghaba fi ma'rifa al-sahaba. Cairo: 1970-1973
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